Name: using fluorescent proteins to monitor glycosome dynamics in the african trypanosome
Uploaded: 2014-08-19T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Fluorescent Proteins to Monitor Glycosome Dynamics in the African Trypanosome at JoVE.com

This work was funded by the Creative Inquiry Program for Undergraduate Research and the Calhoun Honors College at Clemson University.

1，一般锥虫畜牧<ol><li>称重固体为SDM79媒体制剂（ 表1）。 </li><li>保存在4℃的50毫升锥形或保鲜袋包。注：本产品保质期至少为6个月。 </li><li>解冻的胎牛血清（FBS）在37℃水浴，并通过逆周期混合。注：FBS是从供应商的无菌溶液好评。过滤消毒FBS降低其支持寄生虫的生长能力。 </li><li>一旦整个瓶解冻，热灭活血清30分钟，在56℃水浴，定期搅拌，尽量减少血清成分的沉淀。 </li><li>?...

<ol>
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Glycosomes是必不可少的，动态的，寄生虫特异性的细胞器。调节这些细胞器的生物合成，维持，增殖和重塑的过程可能包括可能被利用于治疗目的的药物靶标。尽管潜在的高丰度这样的药物靶点，glycosome生物合成领域已经落后于其它生物体类似过程的研究落后，主要是由于缺乏一个易于处理的，高吞吐量的系统，通过该监测快速，动态的细胞器中的反应在活细胞中。 荧光的细...

布氏锥虫引起非洲昏睡病在人类和一种消耗性疾病，那加那病，牛。在这些疾病的治疗中使用的药物是陈旧的和非常有毒的，疫苗无法提供，并且对于耐药性的发展潜力就必须寻找新的药物靶标1。 在它的生命周期，T布氏，昆虫载体和哺乳动物宿主之间交替;两台主机，在目前非常不同的环境中的寄生虫必须生存。发生的许多代谢和形态的变化，因为寄生虫暴露于不同的环境条件。其中最显着的变化是单膜界的寄生虫特异性微体观察，称为glycosomes 13。 血糖水平相对较高（约5毫米）的血液和血液寄生虫（BSF）通过糖酵解WH产生ATP的专ILE线粒体代谢被抑制14。不像其它真核生物中，糖酵解发生在细胞质中，T.布氏最间隔化的glycosomes 14,15糖酵解酶。 à吸血过程中的寄生虫就由采采蝇和体验葡萄糖下降，其中下降到检测不到的水平之内被摄入的飞行15分钟。昆虫的新陈代谢，procyclic形式（PCF），寄生虫是更灵活和葡萄糖，以及氨基酸，如脯氨酸，可以在ATP 16-18的合成中使用。比较蛋白质组学研究揭示生命周期中glycosomal和依赖性变化线粒体蛋白与糖蛋白在血液中的寄生虫增加，参与TCA循环和呼吸链13,19线粒体蛋白。虽然许多研究都集中在BSF和PCF glycosomes之间的差异，知之甚少发生响应于被膜中的PCF glycosomes的变化ironmental变化。 在苍蝇的肠，血糖水平低，瞬间增加在喂食20。在大多数在体外研究中，PCF寄生虫生长在含葡萄糖的介质。然而，最近的研究已经表明，在反应显著PCF代谢变化成葡萄糖的可用性17。在没有葡萄糖，脯氨酸摄取和脯氨酸脱氢酶活性增加了18。这种变化在线粒体代谢很可能伴随着glycosome组成和形态的变化，但是，这并没有被直接评估。 电子和荧光显微镜是用来共同技术研究glycosome动力学T。布氏 2,21-24。这些协议是时间和劳动力密集型的，昂贵的，并且难以适应实时研究和高通量的协议。为了克服这个限制，荧光细胞器报告系统Used来研究哺乳动物和酵母细胞器系统已被修改用于T。布氏 12。 荧光的细胞器报告系统已被广泛用于在高等真核生物如酵母，植物和哺乳动物细胞25-27。在这样的系统中，荧光蛋白融合到靶向蛋白质到特定细胞器的氨基酸序列。靶蛋白的降解或合成是通过荧光测定和改变的细胞器组合物是通过改变细胞的荧光反射。 当增强型黄色荧光蛋白（EYFP）的开放读框融合至II型过氧化物酶体靶向序列（PTS2） 如图12所示 ，PTS2eYFP蛋白质导入到成熟，导入感受态glycosomes和荧光可以通过流式细胞仪进行监测。在glycosome组成变化是通过改变细胞的荧光反射。这个系统可以在甲阶辅助咏调控环境引起的变化glycosome组成的机制。 此手稿描述了一种glycosome报告系统在PCF中的寄生虫的产生结合流式细胞术监测活寄生虫实时glycosome动力学，并提供如何被用于跟踪响应于不同的环境变化glycosome组合物的例子。总之，glycosome组合物是由胞外葡萄糖浓度和对数相培养的通路影响到新鲜培养基触发变化glycosome组合物。此系统可以被修改以研究在锥虫及其它寄生虫其它细胞器的动态行为。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1257">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:396px;">Adenosine</td>
			<td style="width:425px;">Avocado Research Chemicals Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">A10781</td>
			<td style="width:256px;">SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-Alanine</td>
			<td>Avocado Research Chemicals Ltd</td>
			<td>A15804</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-arginine</td>
			<td>CalBiochem</td>
			<td>1820</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">p-aminobenzoic acid</td>
			<td>ICN Biomedicals</td>
			<td>102569</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Basal Medium Eagle Vitamin Solution (100X)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B6891</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Biotin</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP232-1</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH0224</td>
			<td>Cytomix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EDTA</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S311-100</td>
			<td>Cytomix ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EZNA Gel Extraction kit</td>
			<td>Omega Biotek</td>
			<td>D2500-01</td>
			<td>DNA purifiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Research grade Serum</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>03-600-511</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Folic acid</td>
			<td>ICN Biomedicals</td>
			<td>101725</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glucosamine HCl</td>
			<td>ICN Biomedicals</td>
			<td>194671</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glucose</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>15023-021</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td>CalBiochem</td>
			<td>3520</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>Ac15892-0010</td>
			<td>Freezing media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Graces insect cell media powder</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>11300-043</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hemin</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>194025</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Guanosine</td>
			<td>Avocado Research Chemicals Ltd</td>
			<td>A11328</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HEPES</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>194025</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP214-500</td>
			<td>Cytomix ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-methionine</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP388-100</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MEM Amino Acids (50X)</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>25-030-CI</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NEAA Mixture (100X)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>13-114E</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Minimal Essential Medium (1X) with L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>10-010-CM</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MOPS</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP308-500</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Biocarbonate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S233-500</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>30-002-CI</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-phenylalanine</td>
			<td>ICN Biomedicals</td>
			<td>102623</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>P217-500</td>
			<td>Cytomix ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium Phosphate Dibasic Anhydrous</td>
			<td>Fisheer</td>
			<td>P290-212</td>
			<td>Cytomix ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-proline</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP392-100</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-serine</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>56-45-1</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pyruvic acid, sodium salt</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>113-24-6</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-taurine</td>
			<td>TCI America</td>
			<td>A0295</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-threonine</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>72-19-5</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-tyrosine</td>
			<td>ICN Biomedicals</td>
			<td>103183</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">E.Z.N.A.Cycle Pure kit</td>
			<td>Omega Biotek</td>
			<td>D6492-02</td>
			<td>DNA purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Binding buffer</td>
			<td>Omega Biotek</td>
			<td>PDR041</td>
			<td>DNA purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SPW wash buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>Omega Biotek</td>
			<td>PDR045</td>
			<td>DNA purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gene Pulser Xcell&#160;</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>165-2660</td>
			<td>Trypanosome transformation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4 mm electroporation cuvettes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Trypanosome transformation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using fluorescent proteins to monitor glycosome dynamics in the african trypanosome

布氏锥虫是一种kinetoplastid寄生虫引起非洲人类锥虫病（HAT），或昏睡病和消耗性疾病，那加那病，牛1。哺乳动物宿主的血流和采采蝇矢量之间的寄生虫交替。许多细胞器的组合物，以响应这些不同的胞外条件2-5改变。 Glycosomes是高度专业化的过氧化物酶体中，许多参与糖酵解的酶是条块。在发展和环保监管的方式4-11 Glycosome成分的变化。目前，用于研究glycosome动力学中最常见的技术是电子和荧光显微镜;技术是昂贵，费时费力，而且不容易适用于高通量分析。 为了克服这些限制，荧光-glycosome报道系统中该增强型黄色荧光蛋白（EYFP）融合于过氧化物酶体靶向序列（PTS2），其引导融合蛋白glycosomes 12，已经建立。经PTS2eYFP融合蛋白的进口，glycosomes成为荧光。细胞器的降解和回收导致的​​荧光，可以通过流式细胞术测量的损失。大量的细胞（5000个细胞/秒）可在实时无需大量的样品制备待分析诸如固定和装配。这种方法提供了检测响应波动的环境条件变化的细胞器组成的快速路。

在这个系统中，观察到在glycosome组合物中的葡萄糖依赖性变化。当细胞生长在含葡萄糖的介质，两个总体观察;一个亮点，一个朦胧（ 图2A）。昏暗的细胞怀有不成熟glycosomes，并未进口PTS2eYFP而明亮的细胞怀有成熟和未成熟glycosomes 12的混合物。当葡萄糖是存在于所述介质，glycosome蛋白的错误定位是致死15,28和glycosome蛋白表达可能紧密进口耦合。这种紧密调控负责暗淡的...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Fluorescent Proteins to Monitor Glycosome Dynamics in the African Trypanosome at JoVE.com

Using Fluorescent Proteins to Monitor Glycosome Dynamics in the African Trypanosome

Glycosome dynamics in African trypanosomes are difficult to study by traditional cell biology techniques such as electron and fluorescence microscopy. As a means of observing dynamic organelle behavior, a fluorescent-organelle reporter system has been used in conjunction with flow cytometry to monitor real-time glycosome dynamics in live parasites.

利用荧光蛋白监视非洲锥虫Glycosome动态

Trypanosoma brucei is a kinetoplastid parasite that causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, and a wasting disease, nagana, in ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

The Use of Carboxyfluorescein Diacetate Succinimidyl Ester (CFSE) to Monitor Lymphocyte Proliferation

The Use of Carboxyfluorescein Diacetate Succinimidyl Ester CFSE to Monitor Lymphocyte Proliferation

羧基荧光素二醋酸琥珀酰亚胺酯（CFSE）用于监视淋巴细胞增殖

Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) is an effective and popular means to monitor lymphocyte division1-3.  CFSE covalently labels long-lived ...

科研

免疫与感染

A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition

的视觉检测，以监测T6SS介导的细菌竞争

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are molecular  nanomachines allowing Gram-negative bacteria to transport and inject proteins  into a wide variety of ...

Use of In vivo Imaging to Monitor the Progression of Experimental Mouse Cytomegalovirus Infection in Neonates

Use of In vivo Imaging to Monitor the Progression of Experimental Mouse Cytomegalovirus Infection in Neonates

使用<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;影像监测进展的实验小鼠巨细胞病毒感染的新生儿

Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV or HHV-5) is a life-threatening  pathogen in immune-compromised individuals. Upon congenital or neonatal  infection, the virus ...

Monitoring Changes in Membrane Polarity, Membrane Integrity, and Intracellular Ion Concentrations in Streptococcus pneumoniae Using Fluorescent Dyes

Monitoring Changes in Membrane Polarity, Membrane Integrity, and Intracellular Ion Concentrations in Streptococcus pneumoniae Using Fluorescent Dyes

监测改变膜极性，膜完整性和细胞内离子浓度<em&gt;肺炎链球菌</em&gt;使用荧光染料

Membrane depolarization and ion fluxes are events that have been studied extensively in biological systems due to their ability to profoundly impact ...

Using Fluorescent Proteins to Visualize and Quantitate Chlamydia Vacuole Growth Dynamics in Living Cells

Using Fluorescent Proteins to Visualize and Quantitate Chlamydia Vacuole Growth Dynamics in Living Cells

利用荧光蛋白可视化和定量<em&gt;衣原体</em&gt;液泡生长动态的活细胞

The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia elicits a great burden on global public health. C.&#160;trachomatis is the leading bacterial cause of ...

The Mesenteric Lymph Duct Cannulated Rat Model: Application to the Assessment of Intestinal Lymphatic Drug Transport

在肠系膜淋巴管空心​​大鼠模型：应用肠淋巴药物运输的评估

The intestinal lymphatic system plays key roles in fluid transport, lipid absorption and immune function. Lymph flows directly from the small intestine ...

Bioluminescence Imaging to Detect Late Stage Infection of African Trypanosomiasis

生物发光成像检测到非洲锥虫病的晚期感染

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a multi-stage disease that manifests in two stages; an early blood stage and a late stage when the parasite invades ...

"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy (TIRFM)

"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy TIRFM

“吞噬体封闭试验”可视化吞噬体形成的三个维度利用全内反射荧光显微镜（TIRFM）

Phagocytosis is a mechanism used by specialized cells to internalize and eliminate microorganisms or cellular debris. It relies on profound rearrangements ...

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

乙型肝炎病毒记者系统的开发监控复制周期的早期阶段

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), ...

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

人类的过表达和纯化<em&gt;顺</emβ-肾上腺素转移酶<em&gt;大肠杆菌</em

Prenyltransferases (PT) are a group of enzymes that catalyze chain elongation of allylic diphosphate using isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) via multiple ...