Name: analysis of the epithelial damage produced by entamoeba histolytica infection
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection at JoVE.com

This work was supported by grants from the Institute of Science and Technology of the Federal District (ICyTDF, 64/2012 to EO) and the Mexican Council for Science and Technology (Conacyt, 179895 to MS).

1. Establishment and Maintenance of E. histolytica Cultures
<ol>
	<li>Grow axenically (entirely free of all other contaminating organisms) 1 x 105 trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica strain HMl:IMSS clone A18 in 16 x 125 mm culture tubes with Teflon liner screw caps (or 1 x 106 trophozoites in a disposable T-25 flask) and 15 ml (or 50 ml in T-25 flask) of TYI-S-33 medium (TYI broth supplemented with 3% Diamond vitamin mixture, 10% heat inactivated adult bovine serum,...

<ol>
	<li>Faust, D. M., Guillen, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virulence+and+virulence+factors+in+Entamoeba+histolytica,+the+agent+of+human+amoebiasis.">Virulence and virulence factors in Entamoeba histolytica, the agent of human amoebiasis.</a> Microbes Infect. 14, 1428-1441 (2012).</li><li>Stauffer, W., Ravdin, J. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entamoeba+histolytica:+an+update.">Entamoeba histolytica: an update.</a> Curr Opin Infect Dis. 16, 479-485 (2003).</li><li>Santi-Rocca, J., Rigothier, M. C., Guillen, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host-microbe+interactions+and+defense+mechanisms+in+the+development+of+amoebic+liver+abscesses.">Host-microbe interactions and defense mechanisms in the development of amoebic liver abscesses.</a> Clin Microbiol Rev. 22, 65-75 (2009).</li><li>Turner, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intestinal+mucosal+barrier+function+in+health+and+disease.">Intestinal mucosal barrier function in health and disease.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 9, 799-809 (2009).</li><li>Garcia-Rivera, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entamoeba+histolytica+:+a+novel+cysteine+protease+and+an+adhesin+form+the+112+kDa+surface+protein.">Entamoeba histolytica : a novel cysteine protease and an adhesin form the 112 kDa surface protein.</a> Mol Microbiol. 33, 556-568 (1999).</li><li>Leippe, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amoebapores.">Amoebapores.</a> Parasitol Today. 13, 178-183 (1997).</li><li>Leippe, M., Bruhn, H., Hecht, O., Grotzinger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ancient+weapons:+the+three-dimensional+structure+of+amoebapore.">Ancient weapons: the three-dimensional structure of amoebapore.</a> A. Trends Parasitol. 21, 5-7 (2005).</li><li>Ocadiz, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EhCP112+is+an+Entamoeba+histolytica+secreted+cysteine+protease+that+may+be+involved+in+the+parasite-virulence.">EhCP112 is an Entamoeba histolytica secreted cysteine protease that may be involved in the parasite-virulence.</a> Cell Microbiol. 7, 221-232 (2005).</li><li>Sajid, M., McKerrow, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cysteine+proteases+of+parasitic+organisms.">Cysteine proteases of parasitic organisms.</a> Mol Biochem Parasitol. 120, 1-21 (2002).</li><li>Betanzos, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+EhCPADH112+complex+of+Entamoeba+histolytica+interacts+with+tight+junction+proteins+occludin+and+claudin-1+to+produce+epithelial+damage.">The EhCPADH112 complex of Entamoeba histolytica interacts with tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-1 to produce epithelial damage.</a> PLoS One. 8, (2013).</li><li>Lauwaet, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteinase+inhibitors+TPCK+and+TLCK+prevent+Entamoeba+histolytica+induced+disturbance+of+tight+junctions+and+microvilli+in+enteric+cell+layers+in+vitro.">Proteinase inhibitors TPCK and TLCK prevent Entamoeba histolytica induced disturbance of tight junctions and microvilli in enteric cell layers in vitro.</a> Int J Parasitol. 34, 785-794 (2004).</li><li>Leroy, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contact-dependent+transfer+of+the+galactose-specific+lectin+of+Entamoeba+histolytica+to+the+lateral+surface+of+enterocytes+in+culture.">Contact-dependent transfer of the galactose-specific lectin of Entamoeba histolytica to the lateral surface of enterocytes in culture.</a> Infect Immun. 63, 4253-4260 (1995).</li><li>Leroy, A., Lauwaet, T., De Bruyne, G., Cornelissen, M., Mareel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entamoeba+histolytica+disturbs+the+tight+junction+complex+in+human+enteric+T84+cell+layers.">Entamoeba histolytica disturbs the tight junction complex in human enteric T84 cell layers.</a> FASEB J. 14, 1139-1146 (2000).</li><li>Leroy, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disturbance+of+tight+junctions+by+Entamoeba+histolytica:+resistant+vertebrate+cell+types+and+incompetent+trophozoites.">Disturbance of tight junctions by Entamoeba histolytica: resistant vertebrate cell types and incompetent trophozoites.</a> Arch Med Res. 31, (2000).</li><li>Lauwaet, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entamoeba+histolytica+trophozoites+transfer+lipophosphopeptidoglycans+to+enteric+cell+layers.">Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites transfer lipophosphopeptidoglycans to enteric cell layers.</a> Int J Parasitol. 34, 549-556 (2004).</li><li>Kissoon-Singh, V., Moreau, F., Trusevych, E., Chadee, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entamoeba+histolytica+Exacerbates+Epithelial+Tight+Junction+Permeability+and+Proinflammatory+Responses+in+Muc2(-/-)+Mice.">Entamoeba histolytica Exacerbates Epithelial Tight Junction Permeability and Proinflammatory Responses in Muc2(-/-) Mice.</a> Am J Pathol. 182, 852-865 (2013).</li><li>Lejeune, M., Moreau, F., Chadee, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prostaglandin+E2+produced+by+Entamoeba+histolytica+signals+via+EP4+receptor+and+alters+claudin-4+to+increase+ion+permeability+of+tight+junctions.">Prostaglandin E2 produced by Entamoeba histolytica signals via EP4 receptor and alters claudin-4 to increase ion permeability of tight junctions.</a> Am J Pathol. 179, 807-818 (2011).</li><li>Orozco, M. E., Martinez Palomo, A., Gonzalez Robles, A., Guarneros, G., Galindo, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactions+between+lectin+and+receptor+mediate+the+adhesion+of+E.+histolytica+to+epithelial+cells.+Relation+of+adhesion+to+the+virulence+of+the+strains.">Interactions between lectin and receptor mediate the adhesion of E. histolytica to epithelial cells. Relation of adhesion to the virulence of the strains.</a> Arch Invest Med (Mex). 13 Suppl 3, 159-167 (1982).</li><li>Diamond, L. S., Harlow, D. R., Cunnick, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+medium+for+the+axenic+cultivation+of+Entamoeba+histolytica+and+other+Entamoeba.">A new medium for the axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and other Entamoeba.</a> Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 72, 431-432 (1978).</li><li>Strober, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trypan+blue+exclusion+test+of+cell+viability.">Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability.</a> Curr Protoc Immunol. Appendix 3, (2001).</li><li>Arroyo, R., Orozco, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+and+identification+of+an+Entamoeba+histolytica+adhesin.">Localization and identification of an Entamoeba histolytica adhesin.</a> Mol Biochem Parasitol. 23, 151-158 (1987).</li><li>Diamond, L. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axenic+cultivation+of+Entamoeba+hitolytica.">Axenic cultivation of Entamoeba hitolytica.</a> Science. 134, 336-337 (1961).</li><li>Diamond, L. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techniques+of+axenic+cultivation+of+Entamoeba+histolytica+Schaudinn,+1903+and+E.+histolytica-like+amebae.">Techniques of axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903 and E. histolytica-like amebae.</a> J Parasitol. 54, 1047-1056 (1968).</li><li>Dukes, J. D., Whitley, P., Chalmers, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+MDCK+variety+pack:+choosing+the+right+strain.">The MDCK variety pack: choosing the right strain.</a> BMC Cell Biol. 12, (2011).</li><li>Espinosa-Cantellano, M., Martinez-Palomo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenesis+of+intestinal+amebiasis:+from+molecules+to+disease.">Pathogenesis of intestinal amebiasis: from molecules to disease.</a> Clin Microbiol Rev. 13, 318-331 (2000).</li><li>Martinez-Palomo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+bases+of+the+cytolytic+mechanisms+of+Entamoeba+histolytica.">Structural bases of the cytolytic mechanisms of Entamoeba histolytica.</a> J Protozool. 32, 166-175 (1985).</li><li>Martinez-Lopez, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+EhADH112+recombinant+polypeptide+inhibits+cell+destruction+and+liver+abscess+formation+by+Entamoeba+histolytica+trophozoites.">The EhADH112 recombinant polypeptide inhibits cell destruction and liver abscess formation by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites.</a> Cell Microbiol. 6, 367-376 (2004).</li><li>Ocadiz-Ruiz, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+the+silencing+of+the+Ehcp112+gene+on+the+in+vitro+virulence+of+Entamoeba+histolytica.">Effect of the silencing of the Ehcp112 gene on the in vitro virulence of Entamoeba histolytica.</a> Parasit Vectors. 6, 248 (2013).</li><li>Johnson, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+imaging+techniques+to+studies+of+epithelial+tight+junctions.">Applications of imaging techniques to studies of epithelial tight junctions.</a> Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 57, 111-121 (2005).</li></ol>

In order to study in vitro host-pathogen interactions during epithelial infection by E. histolytica, it is crucial to work with well-established cultures of both epithelial cells and trophozoites. For example, formerly, E. histolytica cultures had usually been established in association with certain species of bacteria or trypanosomatids22,23. However, co-cultivation of E. histolytica cultures is counterproductive for the study of host-pathogen interactions because observed ...

Entamoeba histolytica is a single cell protozoan responsible of human amoebiasis, an intestinal infection causing inflammation and diarrhea. E. histolytica infects up to 50 million individuals yearly, but only about 10% of infected people develop the symptoms associated to amoebiasis1. Infection occurs upon ingestion of contaminated food or water containing E. histolytica cysts. In the intestine, cysts produce live trophozoites that adhere to colon mucin and proliferate2. Trophozoites usually form cysts that are excreted via stools. In other cases and for yet unknown reasons, trophozoites break the intestinal epithelial layer and invade underlying tissues. In worst cases, they enter the blood stream and affect other organs such as the liver3.
Breaking the epithelial barrier requires disruption of epithelial transmembranal structures that maintain cells joined. Epithelial cell contacts are formed by the apical junctional complex consisting of tight (TJ) and adherens junctions (AJ), and desmosomes4. The most apical junctions are TJ, and therefore, they are the first barrier affronted by E. histolytica and some other pathogens during host invasion. TJ are comprised of transmembranal adhesion receptors such as claudins, occludin and junctional adhesion molecules (JAM) that engage in homo- or heterophilic interactions with receptors of the neighboring cell. They are intracellularly bound by scaffold molecules of the zonula occludens (ZO) family that connect adhesion receptors to actin cytoskeleton to provide further mechanical strength to the epithelium. TJ are responsible for sealing intestinal tissue from the gut lumen, preventing excessive water and solute leakage. Thus, after TJ are disrupted by the parasite, tissues are invaded. E. histolytica secretes several molecules such as: (i) those involved in adhesion of amoebae to target cells5; (ii) membrane-active factors participating in killing of host cells by exocytosis, for example the ion channel-forming peptides termed amoebapores6,7; and (iii) proteinases that degrade extracellular matrix proteins and mediate tissue disintegration5,8,9.
The cysteine protease EhCP112 and the adhesion molecule EhADH112 that together form the EhCPADH112 complex are two E. histolytica virulence proteins that play a major role in the disassembly of TJ 10. Live trophozoites, their total lysates and secreted products induce molecular changes in the TJ complex and functional disturbance of the epithelial barrier. In this study, it is shown that EhCP112 and EhADH112 interact with occludin and claudin-1 proteins leading to internalization and degradation of cell proteins, thus facilitating E. histolytica entrance through the paracellular pathway.
Our data and those of other groups11-17strongly suggest the necessity of specific host-pathogen interactions that allow parasite invasion. Unraveling the molecular basis of these interactions is of utmost importance for a better understanding of amoebiasis pathogenesis. Selective disturbance of TJ by trophozoites, characterized by increased paracellular permeability, can be measured by a decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). The transference of parasitic proteins towards host epithelia can be determined by immunofluorescence staining and confocal laser microscopy, a method that can also reveal co-localization of amoeba virulence factors with epithelial junctional markers indicating possible direct interactions. In this article, we describe in detail how epithelial cells and trophozoites are cultivated, harvested and manipulated to examine host-pathogen interactions and their consequences.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Entamoeba histolytica HM1:IMSS, Clone A&#160;</td>
			<td>IMSS Hospital, Mexico</td>
			<td>Without/number</td>
			<td>Virulent trophozoites18&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="8">TYI broth</td>
			<td rowspan="8">Becton, Dickinson and Company 
			Merck 
			Merck 
			Merck 
			J.T. Baker 
			Reproquifin 
			SIGMA-Aldrich 
			SIGMA-Aldrich</td>
			<td rowspan="8">211862 
			K35625437 626 
			21578 
			4873 
			3252-01 
			CAS 50-81-7 
			C7880 
			F-5879</td>
			<td rowspan="8">3.45% BBL Biosate peptone 
			58 mM glucose 
			39 mM NaCl 
			5 mM KH2PO4 
			6.5 mM K2HPO4 
			16.3 mM ascorbic acid 
			8.1 mM L-cysteine 
			&#160;0.1 mM ferric ammonium citrate, adjust pH 6.819</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum adult</td>
			<td>Microlab , Labs., Mex.</td>
			<td>SU146</td>
			<td>Use at 10% and inactivated to 56&#176; C for 30 min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond&#160; vitamin&#160; mixture- Tween 80</td>
			<td>In vitro</td>
			<td>SR-07</td>
			<td>Use at 3%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin&#160;</td>
			<td>Lakeside,&#160; M&#233;x.</td>
			<td>34564SSA IV</td>
			<td>0.5 IU/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td>Lakeside,&#160; M&#233;x.</td>
			<td>75757SSA IV</td>
			<td>35 &#181;g/ mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyrex 15 mL screw cap culture tubes with PTFE lined phenolic caps</td>
			<td>Corning-Pyrex</td>
			<td>9826-16X</td>
			<td>16x125 mm, capacity 15 mL and caps fabricated from special formula resistant to effects of temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture plates, 6 Well</td>
			<td>Corning-Costar</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td>Sterile plates, well diameter 34.8 mm and growth area 9.5 cm2.&#160; Rings on lid prevent cross-contamination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25cm2 cell culture flask</td>
			<td>Corning-Costar</td>
			<td>430168</td>
			<td>Canted neck flasks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MDCK (Madin Darby canine kidney) type I</td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>CCL34</td>
			<td>Kidney epithelial cells grown between the 60th and 90th passage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>12800-017</td>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium with high glucose.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neonate Calf Serum</td>
			<td>In vitro</td>
			<td>S-02</td>
			<td>Use at 10%.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin mixture&#160;</td>
			<td>In vitro&#160;</td>
			<td>A-01</td>
			<td>Stock solution 10,000 U/&#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>AMSA</td>
			<td>398MJ94SSA IV</td>
			<td>Stock solution 100 IU/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin solution&#160;</td>
			<td>In vitro</td>
			<td>EN-005</td>
			<td>0.05% enzyme solution without calcium and magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>75cm2 cell culture flask</td>
			<td>Corning-Costar</td>
			<td>430720</td>
			<td>Canted neck flasks for trophozoite culture in TYI-S-33 medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transwell permeable supports</td>
			<td>Corning-Costar</td>
			<td>3470</td>
			<td>0.4. &#181;m polyster membrane, 6.5 mm insert in 24 well plate, growth area 0.3 cm2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 well cell culture dish&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning-Costar</td>
			<td>3524</td>
			<td>Clear polystyrene, treated for optimal cell attachment, sterilized by gamma radiation and certified non-pyrogenic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete Mini</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11836 153 001</td>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail inhibits a broad spectrum of serine, cysteine and metallo-proteases. Final concentration 1 mM&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido (4-guanidino) butane (E-64)</td>
			<td>SIGMA-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E3132</td>
			<td>Cystein protease inhibitor, final concentration 40 &#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p&#945;ZO-1&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>402200</td>
			<td>IgG rabbit policlonal&#160; antibody&#160; against&#160; a synthetic peptide in the middle region of the ZO-1 human protein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m&#945;EhCPADH112</td>
			<td>Homemade antibody</td>
			<td>Without/ Number</td>
			<td>IgM mouse monoclonal antibody&#160; against&#160; 444-601 epitope located at C-terminal of EhCPADH11221,27</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC-goat anti-mouse IgM</td>
			<td>Zymed</td>
			<td>62-6811</td>
			<td>Fluorescein isotiocyanate (FITC)-labelled goat anti-mouse secondary&#160; antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRITC- goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Zymed</td>
			<td>816114</td>
			<td>Tetramethyl-rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-labelled&#160; goat anti-rabbit IgG&#160; secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STX2 Electrode</td>
			<td>World Precision Instrument&#160;</td>
			<td>102711</td>
			<td>Consists of a fixed pair of double electrodes, 4 mm wide and 1 mm thick. Each stick of the electrode pair contains a silver/silver-chloride pellet for measuring voltage and a silver electrode for passing current. For use with EVOM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EVOM epithelial voltohmmeter</td>
			<td>World Precision Instrument&#160;</td>
			<td>12111</td>
			<td>Use in resistance mode and maintain unplugged during TER measurements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neubauer chamber</td>
			<td>MEARIENFELD</td>
			<td>610610</td>
			<td>Hemocytometer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica TCS_SP5_MO</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>Without/number</td>
			<td>Laser confocal microscopy with Leica microsystems CMS Gmbh/leica Las af Lite/BIN software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectashield</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>Mounting medium for fluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4&#180;, 6-diamino-2-phenylindole (Dapi)</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>D-9542</td>
			<td>0.05 mM final concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>US Biological</td>
			<td>A-1310</td>
			<td>0.5%&#160; final concentration for blocking solution</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of the epithelial damage produced by entamoeba histolytica infection

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amoebiasis, a major cause of diarrhea and hepatic abscess in tropical countries. Infection is initiated by interaction of the pathogen with intestinal epithelial cells. This interaction leads to disruption of intercellular structures such as tight junctions (TJ). TJ ensure sealing of the epithelial layer to separate host tissue from gut lumen. Recent studies provide evidence that disruption of TJ by the parasitic protein EhCPADH112 is a prerequisite for E. histolytica invasion that is accompanied by epithelial barrier dysfunction. Thus, the analysis of molecular mechanisms involved in TJ disassembly during E. histolytica invasion is of paramount importance to improve our understanding of amoebiasis pathogenesis. This article presents an easy model that allows the assessment of initial host-pathogen interactions and the parasite invasion potential. Parameters to be analyzed include transepithelial electrical resistance, interaction of EhCPADH112 with epithelial surface receptors, changes in expression and localization of epithelial junctional markers and localization of parasite molecules within epithelial cells.

For a successful E. histolytica culture, two important conditions must be fulfilled: growth in axenic conditions and harvest in logarithmic phase. Previously, cultures of E. histolytica were readily established in association with certain species of bacteria or trypanosomatids22. However, nowadays it is common to have axenic cultivation of this parasite meaning an indefinite subcultivation of amoebae in an environment free of metabolizing bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or metazoan cells. Addition...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection at JoVE.com

Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection

Human infection by Entamoeba histolytica leads to amoebiasis, a major cause of diarrhea in tropical countries. Infection is initiated by pathogen interactions with intestinal epithelial cells, provoking the opening of cell-cell contacts and consequently diarrhea, sometimes followed by liver infection. This article provides a model to assess the early host-pathogen interactions to improve our understanding of amoebiasis pathogenesis.

Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amoebiasis, a major cause of diarrhea and hepatic abscess in tropical countries. Infection is ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

In vitro tRNA Methylation Assay with the Entamoeba histolytica DNA and tRNA Methyltransferase Dnmt2 (Ehmeth) Enzyme

In vitro tRNA Methylation Assay with the Entamoeba histolytica DNA and tRNA Methyltransferase Dnmt2 Ehmeth Enzyme

Protozoan parasites are among the most devastating infectious agents of humans responsible for a variety of diseases including amebiasis, which is one of ...

Development of a Negative Selectable Marker for Entamoeba histolytica

Development of a Negative Selectable Marker for Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis and infects up to 10% of the world's population. The molecular techniques that have enabled the ...

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&#x2019;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

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The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed ...

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

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The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

Analysis of the Solvent Accessibility of Cysteine Residues on Maize rayado fino virus Virus-like Particles Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana Plants and Cross-linking of Peptides to VLPs

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Mimicking  and exploiting virus properties and physicochemical and physical  characteristics holds promise to provide solutions to some of  the world's ...

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination

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Latex agglutination reagents are widely used in microbial diagnosis, identification and serotyping. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a major ...

Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH

Defective DNA repair leads to increased genomic instability, which is the root cause of mutations that lead to tumorigenesis. Analysis of the frequency ...