Name: measurement of metabolic rate in drosophila using respirometry
Uploaded: 2014-06-24T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry at JoVE.com

ברצוננו להודות לאגודת מקס פלנק למימון המחקר שלנו.

<html> 1. הכנת Respirometers <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חותכים את קצה פיפטה 1,000 μl בסכין גילוח כדי לאפשר החדרה של micropipette נימי 50 μl, לנסות להשיג את קצה פיפטה ישרה ככל האפשר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים פיסת הקצף לתוך פיפטה ולדחוף אותו בקצה פיפטה. </li><li styl...

<ol>
	<li>Van Voorhies, W. A., Khazaeli, A. A., Curtsinger, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testing+the+&amp;#34;rate+of+living&amp;#34;+model:+further+evidence+that+longevity+and+metabolic+rate+are+not+inversely+correlated+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Testing the &amp;#34;rate of living&amp;#34; model: further evidence that longevity and metabolic rate are not inversely correlated in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Appl Physiol. 97, 1915-1922 (2004).</li><li>Ross, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-specific+decrease+in+aerobic+efficiency+associated+with+increase+in+oxygen+free+radical+production+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Age-specific decrease in aerobic efficiency associated with increase in oxygen free radical production in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Journal of Insect Physiology. 46, 1477-1480 (2000).</li><li>van Voorhies, W. A., Khazaeli, A. A., Curtsinger, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selected+contribution:+long-lived+Drosophila+melanogaster.+lines+exhibit+normal+metabolic+rates.">Selected contribution: long-lived Drosophila melanogaster. lines exhibit normal metabolic rates.</a> J Appl Physiol. 95, 2605-2613 (2003).</li><li>Hulbert, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+rate+is+not+reduced+by+dietary-restriction+or+by+lowered+insulin/IGF-1+signalling+and+is+not+correlated+with+individual+lifespan+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Metabolic rate is not reduced by dietary-restriction or by lowered insulin/IGF-1 signalling and is not correlated with individual lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Experimental Gerontology. 39, 1137-1143 (2004).</li><li>Ueno, T., Tomita, J., Kume, S., Kume, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+modulates+metabolic+rate+and+temperature+sensitivity+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Dopamine modulates metabolic rate and temperature sensitivity in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> PLoS ONE. 7, (2012).</li><li>Takeuchi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+temperature+preferences+and+energy+homeostasis+in+dystroglycan+mutants.">Changes in temperature preferences and energy homeostasis in dystroglycan mutants.</a> Science. 323, 1740-1743 (2009).</li><li>Kucherenko, M. M., Marrone, A. K., Rishko, V. M., Magliarelli Hde, F., Shcherbata, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+and+muscular+dystrophy:+a+genetic+screen+for+dystroglycan+and+dystrophin+interactors+in+Drosophila.+identifies+cellular+stress+response+components.">Stress and muscular dystrophy: a genetic screen for dystroglycan and dystrophin interactors in Drosophila. identifies cellular stress response components.</a> Developmental Biology. 352, 228-242 (2011).</li><li>Marrone, A. K., Kucherenko, M. M., Wiek, R., Gopfert, M. C., Shcherbata, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperthermic+seizures+and+aberrant+cellular+homeostasis+in+Drosophila+dystrophic.+muscles.">Hyperthermic seizures and aberrant cellular homeostasis in Drosophila dystrophic. muscles.</a> Scientific Reports. 1, 47 (2011).</li><li>Khazaeli, A. A., Van Voorhies, W., Curtsinger, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longevity+and+metabolism+in+Drosophila+melanogaster:+genetic+correlations+between+life+span+and+age-specific+metabolic+rate+in+populations+artificially+selected+for+long+life.">Longevity and metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster: genetic correlations between life span and age-specific metabolic rate in populations artificially selected for long life.</a> Genetics. 169, 231-242 (2005).</li><li>Elia, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+equivalents+of+CO2+and+their+importance+in+assessing+energy+expenditure+when+using+tracer+techniques.">Energy equivalents of CO2 and their importance in assessing energy expenditure when using tracer techniques.</a> The American Journal of Physiology. 260, (1991).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nature Methods. 9, 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Bharucha, K. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+epicurean+fly:+using+Drosophila+melanogaster.+to+study+metabolism.">The epicurean fly: using Drosophila melanogaster. to study metabolism.</a> Pediatric Research. 65, 132-137 (2009).</li><li>Rajan, A., Perrimon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Of+flies+and+men:+insights+on+organismal+metabolism+from+fruit+flies.">Of flies and men: insights on organismal metabolism from fruit flies.</a> BMC Biology. 11, 38 (2013).</li></ol>

בפרוטוקול זה, אנו מתארים שיטה זולה ואמינה למדידת 2 ייצור CO בזבובים. מצאנו כי ניסוי זה הוא קל, מהיר לביצוע ומייצר נתונים לשחזור כי הוא בהסכם עם מחקרים אחרים 1, 6, 9. הפרוטוקול המתואר כאן ניתן לשנות בקלות כדי להתאים את חומרי התקציב וזמין של כל מעבדה. הבנייה של כל ...

המחזור של Kreb יוכימיים מייצר ATP באמצעות החמצון של אצטט נגזרים מפחמימות, שומנים, חלבונים וייצור CO 2. בדרוזופילה, O 2 קלט בקורלציה ישירה עם CO 2 פלט ומשקף את רמת חילוף החומרים 1. לכן, מדידה של CO פלט 2 בהצלחה נעשתה שימוש במחקרים הקשורים להזדקנות ואת חילוף חומרים של 2-5. הנה המעבדה שלנו שינתה הגדרות ניסיוניות תוכננו בעבר, המאפשרת מדידה של 2 CO בייצור עד שמונה עשר דגימות ללא צורך בציוד מיוחד. אחרים ויש לנו השתמשנו בעבר בשיטה זו כדי להראות הבדלים בקצב חילוף חומרים בזבובים שחסרים בחלבון ניוון השרירים קשור, Dystroglycan (DG) 6-8. O 2 המשמשים לחילוף חומרי חמצוני מומר CO 2, אשר גורש כפסולת בדרכי הנשימה. Construction של respirometers יד מתואר המאפשר לקביעת שיעור O 2 נצרכים. זבובים ממוקמים במכל אטום בחומר שסופג גורש CO 2, ביעילות לחסל אותו ממצב צבירת הגזים. השינוי בנפח גז (לחץ ירד) נמדד על ידי העקירה של נוזל בנימי זכוכית מחוברת לrespirometer הסגור. היתרון העיקרי של שיטה זו על פני אחרים הוא העלות. מחקרים קודמים נמדדו CO 2 על ידי ייצור דרוזופילה באמצעות גז מנתחי מערכות וrespirometry טכני מתקדמות 1,9. למרות הציוד המורכב יותר, הרגישות של השיטה המתוארת כאן היא דומה לערכים מדווחים (טבלה 1). בנוסף, מספר קבוצות אחרות השתמשו וריאציות של טכניקה זו על מנת לקבוע את קצב חילוף חומרים יחסית בדרוזופילה 4-6. לכן, assay זה יכול לשמש כדי ליצור reliable, נתונים לשחזור רלוונטיים לחילוף חומרי דרוזופילה ללא רכישת ציוד מיוחד אשר יכולה להיות התקנה בכל מעבדה וניתן להשתמש בם למטרות חינוכיות. באופן כללי, הטכניקות המקובלות לקבוע את חילוף החומרים של אורגניזם היא למדוד את ה-CO 2 המיוצרים, O 2 צרכו, או שניהם 3,4,9. אמנם, ניתן להניח כי שווה ערך אחד O 2 מייצר שווה ערך אחד של CO 2, היחס המדויק של CO 2 שנוצר תלוי במצע חילוף החומרים מנוצלים 10. לפיכך, על מנת לקבוע את קצב חילוף חומרים ביחידות אנרגיה בצורה מדויקת יש צורך למדוד גם O 2 ו-CO 2 צרך הפיק. בשל כך, בשיטה המתוארת כאן היא דווקא רלוונטית להשוואת הבדלים בCO 2 ייצור בין בעלי חיים ולא הערך המוחלט. הטכניקה שלנו משלבת ייצור CO 2 של בעלי חיים רבים על פני תקופה של timדואר (1-2 שעות) ולכן חוזרת ממוצעת של פעילותם של בעלי החיים. אם יש סיבה להאמין שחיות ניסוי הן פחות פעילה מאשר חיות בקרת המדידה יכולה לשקף את הרמות שונות של פעילות ולא בהכרח חילוף חומרים.

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measurement of metabolic rate in drosophila using respirometry

הפרעות מטבוליות הן בעיה שכיחה המשפיעה על בריאות אדם. לכן, הבנת המנגנונים המווסתים את חילוף חומרים היא משימה מדעית חשובה. יש גנים מחלה גורמת רבים בבני האדם homologue לטוס, מה שהופך את דרוזופילה מודל טוב ללמוד מסלולי איתות מעורבים בהתפתחות של הפרעות שונות. בנוסף, העקיבות של דרוזופילה מפשטת מסכי גנטיים כדי לסייע בזיהוי מטרות טיפוליות חדשניות שעשויים לווסת את חילוף החומרים. על מנת לבצע מסך כזה שיטה פשוטה ומהירה לזיהוי שינויים במצב מטבולים של זבובים היא הכרחית. באופן כללי, ייצור פחמן דו חמצני הוא אינדיקטור טוב של הוצאה חמצון המצע והאנרגיה מתן מידע על מצב מטבולים. בפרוטוקול זה אנו מציגים שיטה פשוטה למדידת CO 2 פלט מזבובים. טכניקה זו יכולה באופן פוטנציאלי לסייע בזיהוי של הפרעות גנטיות המשפיעות על קצב חילוף חומרים.

על מנת להראות כי השיטה היא רגישה מדדנו CO 2 ייצור מסוג בר (אורגון R) זכר עף ב18, 25, ו29 מעלות צלזיוס וזבובים שעברו מוטציה לDG. זבובים הועלו ב ° C25 ולאחר מכן עברו לטמפרטורה הניסיונית במשך 5 ימים לפני המדידה. כצפוי למיני ectothermic זה, כמות ה-CO 2 המיוצרת גדל עם טמפ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry at JoVE.com

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

הפרעות מטבוליות הן בין אחת המחלות הנפוצות ביותר בבני אדם. אורגניזם המודל גנטי הצייתן ד melanogaster יכול לשמש כדי לזהות גנים רומן שמווסתים את חילוף חומרים. מאמר זה מתאר שיטה פשוטה יחסית המאפשרת ללמוד את קצב חילוף חומרים בזבובים על ידי מדידת ייצור CO 2 שלהם.

מדידה של קצב חילוף החומרים ב<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em&gt; באמצעות Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial ...

measurement-of-metabolic-rate-in-drosophila-using-respirometry

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Biology

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

High-resolution Measurement of Odor-Driven Behavior in Drosophila Larvae

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral paradigm, the experimenter usually assumes that the rapid diffusion of odorant molecules from the source leads to the creation of a stable gradient in the dish. To establish a quantitative correlation between sensory inputs and behavioral responses, it is necessary to achieve a more thorough characterization of the odorant stimulus conditions. In this video article, we describe a new method allowing the construction of odorant gradients with stable and controllable geometries. We briefly illustrate how these gradients can be used to screen for olfactory defects (full and partial anosmia) and to study more subtle features of chemotaxis behavior.

In this video article, we describe a new method allowing the construction of odorant gradients with stable and controllable geometries. We briefly illustrate how these gradients can be used to screen for olfactory defects (full and partial anosmia) and to study more subtle features of chemotaxis behavior.

ברזולוציה גבוהה מדידה של התנהגות ריח מונחה על הזחלים תסיסנית

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral ...

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced physical performance and increased risk of disease. Individual aging is manifest at the population level as an increase in age-dependent mortality, which is often measured in the laboratory by observing lifespan in large cohorts of age-matched individuals. Experiments that seek to quantify the extent to which genetic or environmental manipulations impact lifespan in simple model organisms have been remarkably successful for understanding the aspects of aging that are conserved across taxa and for inspiring new strategies for extending lifespan and preventing age-associated disease in mammals.
The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an attractive model organism for studying the mechanisms of aging due to its relatively short lifespan, convenient husbandry, and facile genetics. However, demographic measures of aging, including age-specific survival and mortality, are extraordinarily susceptible to even minor variations in experimental design and environment, and the maintenance of strict laboratory practices for the duration of aging experiments is required. These considerations, together with the need to practice careful control of genetic background, are essential for generating robust measurements. Indeed, there are many notable controversies surrounding inference from longevity experiments in yeast, worms, flies and mice that have been traced to environmental or genetic artifacts1-4. In this protocol, we describe a set of procedures that have been optimized over many years of measuring longevity in Drosophila using laboratory vials. We also describe the use of the dLife software, which was developed by our laboratory and is available for download (<a href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software">http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software</a>). dLife accelerates throughput and promotes good practices by incorporating optimal experimental design, simplifying fly handling and data collection, and standardizing data analysis. We will also discuss the many potential pitfalls in the design, collection, and interpretation of lifespan data, and we provide steps to avoid these dangers.

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism for exploring the molecular basis of longevity regulation. This protocol will discuss the steps involved in generating a reproducible, population-based measurement of longevity as well as potential pitfalls and how to avoid them.

מדידה של תוחלת חיים ב<em&gt; דרוזופילה melanogaster</em

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced ...

A High-throughput Method for Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Conscious Mice

The measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard in kidney function assessment. Currently, investigators determine GFR by measuring the level of the endogenous biomarker creatinine or exogenously applied radioactive labeled inulin (3H or 14C). Creatinine has the substantial drawback that proximal tubular secretion accounts for ~50% of total renal creatinine excretion and therefore creatinine is not a reliable GFR marker. Depending on the experiment performed, inulin clearance can be determined by an intravenous single bolus injection or continuous infusion (intravenous or osmotic minipump). Both approaches require the collection of plasma or plasma and urine, respectively. Other drawbacks of radioactive labeled inulin include usage of isotopes, time consuming surgical preparation of the animals, and the requirement of a terminal experiment. Here we describe a method which uses a single bolus injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate-(FITC) labeled inulin and the measurement of its fluorescence in 1-2 &mu;l of diluted plasma. By applying a two-compartment model, with 8 blood collections per mouse, it is possible to measure GFR in up to 24 mice per day using a special work-flow protocol. This method only requires brief isoflurane anesthesia with all the blood samples being collected in a non-restrained and awake mouse. Another advantage is that it is possible to follow mice over a period of several months and treatments (i.e. doing paired experiments with dietary changes or drug applications). We hope that this technique of measuring GFR is useful to other investigators studying mouse kidney function and will replace less accurate methods of estimating kidney function, such as plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen.

Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard for kidney function assessment. Here we describe a high-throughput method which allows the determination of GFR in conscious mice by using a single bolus injection, determination of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-inulin in plasma and calculation of GFR by a two-phase exponential decay model.

שיטת תפוקה גבוהה למדידה של קצב סינון הגלומרולרי בעכברים בהכרה

The measurement of  glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard in kidney function  assessment. Currently, investigators determine GFR by ...

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

Drosophila has proven to be a useful model system for analysis of behavior, including flight. The initial flight tester involved dropping flies into an oil-coated graduated cylinder; landing height provided a measure of flight performance by assessing how far flies will fall before producing enough thrust to make contact with the wall of the cylinder. Here we describe an updated version of the flight tester with four major improvements. First, we added a &#34;drop tube&#34; to ensure that all flies enter the flight cylinder at a similar velocity between trials, eliminating variability between users. Second, we replaced the oil coating with removable plastic sheets coated in Tangle-Trap, an adhesive designed to capture live insects. Third, we use a longer cylinder to enable more accurate discrimination of flight ability. Fourth we use a digital camera and imaging software to automate the scoring of flight performance. These improvements allow for the rapid, quantitative assessment of flight behavior, useful for large datasets and large-scale genetic screens.

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

Here we describe a method for rapid and accurate measurement of flight performance in Drosophila, enabling high-throughput screening.

שיטה משופרת למדידה מדויקת והמהירה של טיסה בביצועים<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em

Drosophila has proven to be a useful model system for analysis of behavior, including flight. The initial flight tester involved dropping flies into an ...

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

Drosophila larvae are used in many behavioral studies, yet a simple device for measuring basic parameters of larval activity has not been available. This protocol repurposes an instrument often used to measure adult activity, the TriKinetics Drosophila activity monitor (MB5 Multi-Beam Activity Monitor) to study larval activity. The instrument can monitor the movements of animals in 16 individual 8 cm glass assay tubes, using 17 infrared detection beams per tube. Logging software automatically saves data to a computer, recording parameters such as number of moves, times sensors were triggered, and animals&#8217; positions within the tubes. The data can then be analyzed to represent overall locomotion and/or position preference as well as other measurements. All data are easily accessible and compatible with basic graphing and data manipulation software. This protocol will discuss how to use the apparatus, how to operate the software and how to run a larval activity assay from start to finish.

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

This report describes a method for measuring Drosophila larval activity using the TriKinetics Drosophila Activity Monitor. The device employs infrared beams to detect movements of up to 16 individual animals. Data can be analyzed to represent motion parameters including rates and the positions of the animals within the assay chambers.

מדידה של הזחל פעילות ב<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em&gt; צג פעילות

Drosophila larvae are used in many behavioral studies, yet a simple device for measuring basic parameters of larval activity has not been available. This ...

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both mitochondrial (respiration) and non-mitochondrial (other redox) reactions consume oxygen, but these reactions can be easily distinguished by chemical inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. However, while mitochondrial oxygen consumption is an unambiguous and direct measurement of respiration rate2, the same is not true for extracellular acid production and its relationship to glycolytic rate 3-6. Extracellular acid produced by cells is derived from both lactate, produced by anaerobic glycolysis, and CO2, produced in the citric acid cycle during respiration. For glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to lactate- + H+ and the export of products into the assay medium is the source of glycolytic acidification. For respiration, the export of CO2, hydration to H2CO3 and dissociation to HCO3- + H+ is the source of respiratory acidification. The proportions of glycolytic and respiratory acidification depend on the experimental conditions, including cell type and substrate(s) provided, and can range from nearly 100% glycolytic acidification to nearly 100% respiratory acidification 6. Here, we demonstrate the data collection and calculation methods needed to determine respiratory and glycolytic contributions to total extracellular acidification by whole cells in culture using C2C12 myoblast cells as a model.

Glycolysis is a defining metabolic marker in multiple biological systems. Monitoring glycolysis by measuring the extracellular flux of H+ is common, but requires correction to be quantitative and unambiguous. Here, we demonstrate how to gather and correct extracellular flux data to distinguish between respiratory and glycolytic sources of extracellular acidification.

מדידה וניתוח של תאי ייצור חומצה לקביעת glycolytic דרג

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both ...

Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Production from Radiolabeled Substrates in Drosophila melanogaster

The power of Drosophila genetics is increasingly being applied to questions of hormone signaling and metabolism and to the development of models of human disease in this organism. Sensitive methods for measurements of parameters such as metabolic rates are needed to drive the understanding of physiology and disease in small animals such as the fruit fly. The method described here assesses fuel oxidation in small numbers of adult flies fed food containing trace amounts of 14C-labeled substrates such as glucose or fatty acid. After the feeding period and any additional experimental manipulations, flies are transferred to short tubes capped with mesh, which are then placed in glass vials containing KOH-saturated filter paper that traps exhaled, radiolabeled CO2 generated from oxidation of radiolabeled substrates as potassium bicarbonate, KHCO3. This radiolabeled bicarbonate is measured by scintillation counting. This is a quantitative, reproducible, and simple approach for the study of fuel oxidation. The use of radiolabeled glucose, fatty acids, or amino acids allows determination of the contribution of these different fuel sources to energy metabolism under different conditions such as feeding and fasting and in different genetic backgrounds. This complements other approaches used to measure in vivo energy metabolism and should further the understanding of metabolic regulation.

Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Production from Radiolabeled Substrates in Drosophila melanogaster

This paper describes a method for the measurement of fuel oxidation in Drosophila melanogaster in which trace amounts of specific radiolabeled metabolic substrates are fed to flies. The exhaled radiolabeled CO2 that is a produced from fuel oxidation is collected and measured.

מדידת ייצור פחמן דו-חמצני מן radiolabeled מצעים ב<em&gt; תסיסנית</em

The power of Drosophila genetics is increasingly being applied to questions of hormone signaling and metabolism and to the development of models of human ...

Mixed Primary Cultures of Murine Small Intestine Intended for the Study of Gut Hormone Secretion and Live Cell Imaging of Enteroendocrine Cells

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, with hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells located along the length of the gastrointestinal epithelium. Despite their physiological importance, enteroendocrine cells represent only a small fraction of the epithelial cell population and in the past, their characterization has presented a considerable challenge resulting in a reliance on cell line models. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the isolation and culture of mixed murine small intestinal cells. These primary cultures have been used to identify the signaling pathways underlying the stimulation and inhibition of gut peptide secretion in response to a number of nutrients and neuropeptides as well as pharmacological agents. Furthermore, in combination with the use of transgenic fluorescent reporter mice, we have demonstrated that these primary cultures become a powerful tool for the examination of fluorescently-tagged enteroendocrine cells at the intracellular level, using methods such as patch clamping and single-cell calcium and cAMP-FRET imaging.

This protocol describes the isolation and culture of mixed murine small intestinal cells. These primary intestinal cultures enable the investigation of signaling pathways underlying gut peptide secretion using a number of techniques.

תרבויות עיקריות מעורבות של Murine מעי דק המיועד לחקר הפרשת הורמון גוט וההדמיה של תא חי תאי Enteroendocrine

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, with hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells located along the length of the gastrointestinal ...

Measurement of Energy Metabolism in Explanted Retinal Tissue Using Extracellular Flux Analysis

High acuity vision is a heavily energy-consuming process, and the retina has developed several unique adaptations to precisely meet such demands while maintaining transparency of the visual axis. Perturbations to this delicate balance cause blinding illnesses, such as diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, the understanding of energy metabolism changes in the retina during disease is imperative to the development of rational therapies for various causes of vison loss. The recent advent of commercially-available extracellular flux analyzers has made the study of retinal energy metabolism more accessible. This protocol describes the use of such an analyzer to measure contributions to retinal energy supply through its two principle arms - oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis - by quantifying changes in oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) as proxies for these pathways. This technique is readily performed in explanted retinal tissue, facilitating assessment of responses to multiple pharmacologic agents in a single experiment. Metabolic signatures in retinas from animals lacking rod photoreceptor signaling are compared to wild-type controls using this method. A major limitation in this technique is the lack of ability to discriminate between light-adapted and dark-adapted energy utilization, an important physiologic consideration in retinal tissue.

This technique describes real time recording of oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates in explanted mouse retinal tissues using an extracellular flux analyzer.

מדידה של חילוף החומרים האנרגיה ברקמת הרשתית Explanted באמצעות ניתוח השטף חוץ-תאית

High acuity vision is a heavily energy-consuming process, and the retina has developed several unique adaptations to precisely meet such demands while ...

High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Bioenergetics in Cells and Tissues Using Chamber- and Plate-Based Respirometers

High-resolution respirometry (HRR) allows monitoring oxidative phosphorylation in real-time for analysis of individual cellular energy states and assessment of respiratory complexes using diversified substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocols. Here, the usage of two high-resolution respirometry devices is demonstrated, and a basic collection of protocols applicable for the analysis of cultured cells, skeletal and heart muscle fibers, and soft tissues such as the brain and liver are presented. Protocols for cultured cells and tissues are provided for a chamber-based respirometer and cultured cells for a microplate-based respirometer, both encompassing standard respiration protocols. For comparative purposes, CRISPR-engineered HEK293 cells deficient in mitochondrial translation causing multiple respiratory system deficiency are used with both devices to demonstrate cellular defects in respiration. Both respirometers allow for comprehensive measurement of cellular respiration with their respective technical merits and suitability dependent on the research question and model under study.

Assessing oxidative phosphorylation using high-resolution respirometers has become an integral part of the functional analysis of mitochondria and cellular energy metabolism. Here, we present protocols for the analysis of cellular energy metabolism using chamber and microplate-based high-resolution respirometers and discuss the key benefits of each device.