Name: whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from morphologically- and neurochemically-identified hippocampal interneurons
Uploaded: 2014-09-30T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons at JoVE.com

Gli autori desiderano ringraziare Ina Wolter per la sua eccellente assistenza tecnica. VGAT-Venus ratti transgenici sono stati generati da Drs. Y. Yanagawa, M. Hirabayashi e Y. Kawaguchi in Istituto Nazionale per le Scienze Fisiologiche, Okazaki, Giappone, utilizzando pCS2-Venere fornito dal Dr. A. Miyawaki.

Dichiarazione Etica: tutte le procedure e animale manutenzione sono stati eseguiti in conformità con le linee guida istituzionali, la legge tedesca Animal Welfare, il Consiglio direttiva 86/609 / CEE per quanto riguarda la protezione degli animali europea, e le linee guida delle autorità locali (Berlino, T-0215/11 ) 1 Preparazione di fette acuta-ippocampali <ol><li> Prendete un topo transgenico (da 17 a 24 giorni di età), che esprime la proteina fluorescente Venere / YFP sotto il promot...

<ol>
	<li>Freund, T. F., Buzs&#225;ki, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interneurons+of+the+hippocampus.">Interneurons of the hippocampus.</a> Hippocampus. 6 (4), 347-470 (1996).</li><li>Meyer, A. H., Katona, I., Blatow, M., Rozov, A., Monyer, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+labeling+of+parvalbumin-positive+interneurons+and+analysis+of+electrical+coupling+in+identified+neurons.">In vivo labeling of parvalbumin-positive interneurons and analysis of electrical coupling in identified neurons.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 22, 7055-7064 (2002).</li><li>Vida, I., Halasy, K., Szinyei, C., Somogyi, P., Buhl, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unitary+IPSPs+evoked+by+interneurons+at+the+stratum+radiatum-stratum+lacunosum-moleculare+border+in+the+CA1+area+of+the+rat+hippocampus+in+vitro.">Unitary IPSPs evoked by interneurons at the stratum radiatum-stratum lacunosum-moleculare border in the CA1 area of the rat hippocampus in vitro.</a> Journal of Physiolology. 506, 755-773 (1998).</li><li>Mody, I., De Koninck, Y., Otis, T. S., Soltesz, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bridging+the+cleft+at+GABA+synapses+in+the+brain.">Bridging the cleft at GABA synapses in the brain.</a> Trends Neurosci. 17 (12), 517-525 (1994).</li><li>Bartos, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+synaptic+inhibition+promotes+synchronized+gamma+oscillations+in+hippocampal+interneuron+networks.">Fast synaptic inhibition promotes synchronized gamma oscillations in hippocampal interneuron networks.</a> PNAS. 99, 13222-13227 (2002).</li><li>Cobb, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+effects+of+identified+interneurons+innervating+both+interneurons+and+pyramidal+cells+in+the+rat+hippocampus.">Synaptic effects of identified interneurons innervating both interneurons and pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus.</a> Neuroscience. 79 (3), 629-648 (1997).</li><li>Bartos, M., Vida, I., Jonas, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+mechanisms+of+synchronized+gamma+oscillations+in+inhibitory+interneuron+networks.">Synaptic mechanisms of synchronized gamma oscillations in inhibitory interneuron networks.</a> Nature Review Neurosci. 8, 45-56 (2007).</li><li>Ascoli, G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Petilla+terminology+nomenclature+of+features+of+GABAergic+interneurons+of+the+cerebral+cortex.">Petilla terminology nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex.</a> Nature Review Neurosci. 9, 557-568 (2008).</li><li>Klausberger, T., Somogyi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+diversity+and+temporal+dynamics+the+unity+of+hippocampal+circuit+operations.">Neuronal diversity and temporal dynamics the unity of hippocampal circuit operations.</a> Science. 321, 53-57 (2008).</li><li>Buhl, E. H., Szil&#225;gyi, T., Halasy, K., Somogyi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiological+properties+of+anatomically+identified+basket+and+bistratified+cells+in+the+CA1+areas+of+the+rat+hippocampus+in+vitro.">Physiological properties of anatomically identified basket and bistratified cells in the CA1 areas of the rat hippocampus in vitro.</a> Hippocampus. 6, 294-305 (1996).</li><li>Kawaguchi, Y., Katsumara, H., Kosaka, T., Heizmann, C. W., Hama, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+spiking+cells+in+rat+hippocampus+(CA1+region)+contain+the+calcium-+binding+protein+parvalbumin.">Fast spiking cells in rat hippocampus (CA1 region) contain the calcium- binding protein parvalbumin.</a> Brain Res. 416 (2), 369-374 (1987).</li><li>Booker, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+GABAB-Receptor-Mediated+Effects+in+Perisomatic-+and+Dendrite-Targeting+Parvalbumin+Interneurons.">Differential GABAB-Receptor-Mediated Effects in Perisomatic- and Dendrite-Targeting Parvalbumin Interneurons.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (18), 7961-7974 (2013).</li><li>Uematsu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+chemical+composition+of+cortical+GABAergic+neurons+revealed+in+transgenic+Venus-expressing+rats.">Quantitative chemical composition of cortical GABAergic neurons revealed in transgenic Venus-expressing rats.</a> Cerebral Cortex. 18, 315-330 (2008).</li><li>Bischofberger, J., Engel, D., Li, L., Geiger, J. R. P., Jonas, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patch-clamp+recording+from+mossy+fiber+terminals+in+hippocampal+slices.">Patch-clamp recording from mossy fiber terminals in hippocampal slices.</a> Nature Protocols. 1, 2075-2081 (2006).</li><li>Houston, C. M., Bright, D. P., Sivilotti, L. G., Beato, M., Smart, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+Chloride+Ions+Regulate+the+Time+Course+of+GABA-Mediated+Inhibitory+Synaptic+Transmission.">Intracellular Chloride Ions Regulate the Time Course of GABA-Mediated Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (33), 10416-10423 (2009).</li><li>Sakmann, B., Neher, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patch+clamp+techniques+for+studying+ionic+channels+in+excitable+membranes.">Patch clamp techniques for studying ionic channels in excitable membranes.</a> Annual Review Physiology. 46, 455-472 (1984).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nature Methods. 9, 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Geiger, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patch-clamp+recording+in+brain+slices+with+improved+slicer+technology.">Patch-clamp recording in brain slices with improved slicer technology.</a> Pflugers Archives. 443, 491-501 (2002).</li><li>Malinow, R., Tsien, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presynaptic+enhancement+shown+by+whole-cell+recordings+of+long-term+potentiation+in+hippocampal+slices.">Presynaptic enhancement shown by whole-cell recordings of long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices.</a> Nature. 346, 177-180 (1990).</li><li>Vida, I., Bartos, M., Jonas, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shunting+inhibition+improves+robustness+of+gamma+oscillations+in+hippocampal+interneuron+networks+by+homogenizing+firing+rates.">Shunting inhibition improves robustness of gamma oscillations in hippocampal interneuron networks by homogenizing firing rates.</a> Neuron. 49 (1), 107-117 (2006).</li><li>Neu, A., F&#246;ldy, C., Soltesz, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postsynaptic+origin+of+CB1-dependent+tonic+inhibition+of+GABA+release+at+cholecystokinin-positive+basket+cell+to+pyramidal+cell+synapses+in+the+CA1+region+of+the+rat+hippocampus.">Postsynaptic origin of CB1-dependent tonic inhibition of GABA release at cholecystokinin-positive basket cell to pyramidal cell synapses in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus.</a> Journal of Physiology. 578 (1), 233-247 (2007).</li><li>Baude, A., Bleasdale, C., Dalezios, Y., Somogyi, P., Klausberger, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunoreactivity+for+the+GABAA+receptor+alpha1+subunit,+somatostatin+and+Connexin36+distinguishes+axoaxonic,+basket,+and+bistratified+interneurons+of+the+rat+hippocampus.">Immunoreactivity for the GABAA receptor alpha1 subunit, somatostatin and Connexin36 distinguishes axoaxonic, basket, and bistratified interneurons of the rat hippocampus.</a> Cerebral Cortex. 17, 2094-2107 (2007).</li></ol>

Descriviamo un metodo che combina tecniche elettrofisiologiche e neuroanatomiche caratterizzare funzionalmente i neuroni morphologically- e neurochimico-identificati in vitro; in particolare i diversi tipi di INs inibitorie corticali. Gli aspetti principali della procedura sono: (1) pre-selezione dei potenziali INs; (2) la registrazione intracellulare e la visualizzazione dei neuroni; e infine (3) analisi morfologica e immunocitochimica di INs registrati. Sebbene questo studio ha affrontato PV-in in particolare, il prot...

Circuiti neuronali ippocampali sono da tempo oggetto di intenso esame, per quanto riguarda sia l&#39;anatomia e la fisiologia, a causa del loro ruolo essenziale nell&#39;apprendimento e nella memoria, così come la navigazione spaziale in entrambi gli esseri umani e roditori. Analogamente, l&#39;organizzazione laminare prominente, ma semplice dell&#39;ippocampo rende questa regione un soggetto privilegiato di studi che riguardano proprietà strutturali e funzionali di reti corticali. Circuiti dell&#39;ippocampo sono costituiti da cellule eccitatorie principali (&gt; 80%) e una più piccola (10-20%), ma altamente diversificata coorte di interneuroni inibitori 1-3. Interneuroni liberano acido γ-aminobutirrico (GABA) dai loro terminali assoni che agisce a ionotropici veloce recettori GABA A (GABA A Rs) e lenti metabotropici GABA B recettori GABA B (Rs) 4. Questi meccanismi inibitori controbilanciano di eccitazione e regolano l&#39;eccitabilità delle cellule principali, e quindi latempi ir e modello di scarico. Tuttavia, GABA rilasciato da interneuroni agisce non solo sulle cellule principali, ma anche sugli stessi interneuroni 5,6. Recettori pre e post-sinaptici mediano di regolazione di ritorno e inibitori delle interazioni reciproche tra i vari tipi di interneuroni. Questi meccanismi inibitori nelle reti interneuroni sono ritenuti essere centrale per la generazione e la sagomatura di modelli di attività della popolazione, in particolare le oscillazioni a frequenze diverse 7. Whole-cell patch-clamp registrazione è un metodo consolidato per l&#39;esame delle proprietà intrinseche e delle interazioni sinaptiche dei neuroni. Tuttavia, a causa della elevata diversità di tipi di interneuroni, ricerca di interneuroni inibitori richiede rigorosa identificazione delle cellule registrate. Come tipi di interneuroni dell&#39;ippocampo sono caratterizzati da elementi particolari morfologici e l&#39;espressione marcatore neurochimico, anatomico combinata e immunocitochimica eSAME può fornire un mezzo per determinare l&#39;identità precisa 6,8,9 interneuroni. Nel presente lavoro si descrive un approccio sperimentale in cui whole-cell patch-clamp da neuroni singoli o coppie sinapticamente-accoppiati sono combinati con etichettatura intracellulare, seguito dal post-hoc analisi morfologica e immunocitochimica, permettendo la caratterizzazione di lenta GABA B recettore mediata effetti inibitori di interneuroni identificati. Come esempio, ci concentriamo su uno dei principali tipi di interneuroni, un sottoinsieme dei cosiddetti &quot;cellule canestro&quot; (BC), che innerva il soma e dendriti prossimali dei suoi obiettivi post-sinaptici ed è caratterizzata da un &quot;spike veloce&quot; (FS) scarico modello, un assone densamente che copre lo strato corpo cellulare, e l&#39;espressione della proteina legante il calcio parvalbumina (PV) 10,11. Questi interneuroni mostrano grandi correnti inibitorie post-sinaptiche, così come pre prominentemodulazione sinaptica della loro produzione sinaptica, in risposta al GABA B R di attivazione 12. La combinazione delle tecniche descritte qui può essere applicato altrettanto bene di indagare i meccanismi intrinseci o sinaptici in una varietà di altri tipi di neuroni identificati.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="725">
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:175px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">Transgenic vGAT-venus rats</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">see Uematsu et al., 2008</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">Venus (515&#160;nm) goggles</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">BLS Ltd., Hungary</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">Dissection tools</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">i.e. FST</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">For brain removal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:175px;">Vibratome</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VT1200S</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Or other high end vibratome with minimal vertical oscillation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">Slice holding chambers</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Custom-made in lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:175px;">Upright IR-DIC microscope</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Olympus, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BX50WI</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">With micromanipulator system; i.e. Luigs and Neumann, Kleindiek etc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">CCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Till Photonics</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VX55</td>
			<td style="width:251px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:175px;">505 nm LED system</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Cairn Research</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">OptiLED system</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Or mercury lamp or other LED system i.e. CooLED.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:175px;">Multiclamp 700B&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Axon Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Alternatively 2x Axopatch 200B amplifiers&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:175px;">WinWCP acquisition software</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">John Dempster, Strathclyde University</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Any quality acquisition software could be used, i.e. EPHUS, pClamp, Igor etc.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">Electrode Puller</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Sutter</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">P-97</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Used with box-filament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:175px;">Borosilicate pipette glass</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Hilgenberg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">1405020</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">2&#160;mm outer, 1&#160;mm inner diameter, no filament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:175px;">Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Minipuls</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Other pumps or gravity feed could be used instead</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">Digital Thermometer</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">Digital Manometer</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Supertech, Hungary</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:251px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="34" rowspan="2" style="height:34px;width:175px;">Isolated constant voltage stimulator</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:148px;">Digitimer, Cambridge</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:152px;">DS-2A</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:251px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="34" rowspan="2" style="height:34px;width:175px;"><a name="RANGE!A19:D34">Biocytin</a></td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:148px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:152px;">B1592</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Otherwise known as &#949;-Biotinoyl-L-Lysine&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">DL-AP5(V) disodium salt</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Abcam Biochemicals</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">ab120271</td>
			<td style="width:251px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">DNQX disodium salt</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Abcam Biochemicals</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">ab120169</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Alternatively NBQX or CNQX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">Gabazine (SR95531)</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Abcam Biochemicals</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">ab120042</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Alternatively bicuculline methiodide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">R-Baclofen</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Abcam Biochemicals</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">ab120325</td>
			<td style="width:251px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">CGP-55,845 hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Tocris</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">1248</td>
			<td style="width:251px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">Streptavidin 647</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">S32357</td>
			<td style="width:251px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:175px;">anti-PV mouse monoclonal antibody</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Swant, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">235</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Working concentration 1:5000-1:10,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:175px;">anti-mouse secondary antibody&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">A11030</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">If using Venus or GFP rodent using a red-channel (i.e. 546 nm) is advisable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Vector Labs</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">S-1000</td>
			<td style="width:251px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">Microscopy slides</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Any high quality brand&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">Glass coverslips</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Usually 22 x 22 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">Agar spacers</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Agar block, cut on vibratome to 300 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:175px;">Laser scanning confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Olympus, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fluoview FV1000</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Or other comparable system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:175px;">Fiji (Fiji is just ImageJ)</td>
			<td>http://fiji.sc/Fiji</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">See Schindelin et al., 2012</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from morphologically- and neurochemically-identified hippocampal interneurons

Interneuroni inibitori GABAergici svolgono un ruolo centrale nei circuiti neuronali del cervello. Interneuroni comprendono un piccolo sottoinsieme della popolazione neuronale (10-20%), ma mostrano un elevato livello di eterogeneità fisiologica, morfologica, e neurochimici, che riflettono le loro diverse funzioni. Pertanto, l&#39;indagine di interneuroni fornisce importanti informazioni ai principi di organizzazione e funzionamento dei circuiti neuronali. Ciò, tuttavia, richiede un approccio fisiologico e neuroanatomica integrato per la selezione e l&#39;identificazione dei tipi di interneuroni individuali. Whole-cell patch-clamp registrazione da acuta fettine di cervello di animali transgenici, che esprimono proteine ​​fluorescenti sotto i promotori di marcatori specifici di interneuroni, fornisce un metodo efficace per individuare e caratterizzare elettrofisiologicamente proprietà intrinseche e sinaptiche di tipi di interneuroni specifici. Combinato con etichettatura colorante intracellulare, questo approccio può essere esteso con il post-hoc moanalisi rphological e immunocitochimica, consentendo l&#39;identificazione sistematica dei neuroni registrati. Questi metodi possono essere personalizzati per soddisfare una vasta gamma di questioni scientifiche riguardanti le proprietà funzionali dei diversi tipi di neuroni corticali.

A condizione che la qualità fetta è sensibilmente buona, la registrazione da entrambi CA1 PC e FS-in possono essere raggiunti con difficoltà minima. La linea di topo transgenico che esprime Venere / YFP sotto il promotore vGAT 13 non identifica inequivocabilmente FS-in, o anzi jacket. Tuttavia registrazioni da INs in ed intorno a str. piramidale, dove la densità di FS-in è in genere alta 1, si traduce in una elevata probabilità di selezionare FS-in (Figura 2B). FS-in...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons at JoVE.com

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

Whole-cell patch-clamp registrazioni da Morphologically- e neurochimico-identificati interneuroni dell&#39;ippocampo

Reti corticali sono controllati da un piccolo, ma diverso insieme di interneuroni inibitori. Indagine funzionale degli interneuroni richiede quindi la registrazione mirata e l&#39;identificazione rigorosa. Qui descritto è un approccio combinato che coinvolge le registrazioni whole-cell da coppie singole o sinapticamente-accoppiati di neuroni con etichettatura intracellulare, post-hoc analisi morfologica e immunocitochimica.

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Patch Clamp Recordings from Mouse Retinal Neurons in a Dark-adapted Slice Preparation

Bloccare Registrazioni patch da neuroni della retina del mouse in un Dark-adattato Preparazione Slice

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Paired Patch Clamp Recordings from Motor-neuron and Target Skeletal Muscle in Zebrafish

Accoppiato a pinza registrazioni patch da Motor-neurone e muscolo scheletrico bersaglio in Zebrafish

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target muscle.  ...

Patch Clamp Recordings in Inner Ear Hair Cells Isolated from Zebrafish

Registrazioni patch clamp in cellule interne dell&#39;orecchio Capelli Isolato da Zebrafish

Patch  clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated  from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this  ...

Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation

Cellula intera Patch Clamp per lo studio dei meccanismi di Infrared Stimolazione Neurale

It has been  demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to  elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of ...

Patch Clamp Recordings from Embryonic Zebrafish Mauthner Cells

Bloccare Registrazioni patch da cellule embrionali Zebrafish Mauthner

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large  reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key  neurons involved in a characteristic ...

Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

Associati a cellule intere registrazioni in organotipiche fettine di ippocampo

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Registrazioni Whole-cell patch-clamp nel cervello fette

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Subcellular Patch-clamp Recordings from the Somatodendritic Domain of Nigral Dopamine Neurons

Subcellulari patch-clamp dal dominio Somatodendritic di nigral dopamina neuroni

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings for Electrophysiological Determination of Ion Selectivity in Channelrhodopsins

Registrazioni patch-clamp intere cellule per la determinazione elettrofisiologica della selettività ionica in Channelrhodopsins

Over the past decade, channelrhodopsins became indispensable in neuroscientific research where they are used as tools to non-invasively manipulate ...

Auditory Brainstem Response and Outer Hair Cell Whole-cell Patch Clamp Recording in Postnatal Rats

Risposta uditiva del tronco cerebrale ed esterna della cellula ciliata cellule intere Patch Clamp registrazione in ratti postnatali

The outer hair cell is one of the two types of sensory hair cells in the mammalian cochlea. They alter their cell length with the receptor potential to ...