Name: a simple behavioral assay for testing visual function in xenopus laevis
Uploaded: 2014-06-12T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis at JoVE.com

这项工作是由来自美国国立卫生研究院的赞助：EY015748，EY017964（MEZ），和EY019517（ASV）。这项工作还得到了防盲研究无限制补助金眼科部和中央纽约的狮子。我们还要感谢我们的动物技术员，马修丽尼，他无微不至的关怀动物和加强在该视频的明星。

动物护理 非洲爪蟾在这项研究中使用的蝌蚪生长，并提出处理根据实验动物的护理和使用经州医科大学IACUC和引导程序。 1，预行为设置：蝌蚪<ol><li>从市售来源获得受精爪蟾胚胎或体外受精的卵母细胞中，如前所述6。 </li><li>将囊胚神经板期胚胎在18˚C 60毫米并载0.1X孕产妇死亡率[10 X Marc的改良林格（MMR）解决方案股票（10毫米...

<ol>
	<li>Maurer, C. M., Huang, Y. Y., Neuhauss, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+zebrafish+oculomotor+behavior+to+model+human+disorders.">Application of zebrafish oculomotor behavior to model human disorders.</a> Rev Neurosci. 22 (1), 5-16 (2011).</li><li>Solessio, E., Scheraga, D., Engbretson, G. A., Knox, B. E., Barlow, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circadian+modulation+of+temporal+properties+of+the+rod+pathway+in+larval+Xenopus.">Circadian modulation of temporal properties of the rod pathway in larval Xenopus.</a> J Neurophysiol. 92 (5), 2672-2684 (2004).</li><li>Moriya, T., Kito, K., Miyashita, Y., Asami, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preference+for+background+color+of+the+Xenopus+laevis+tadpole.">Preference for background color of the Xenopus laevis tadpole.</a> J Exp Zool. 276 (5), 335-344 (1996).</li><li>Viczian, A. S., Solessio, E. C., Lyou, Y., Zuber, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+functional+eyes+from+pluripotent+cells.">Generation of functional eyes from pluripotent cells.</a> PLoS Biol. 7 (8), (2009).</li><li>Choi, R. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cone+degeneration+following+rod+ablation+in+a+reversible+model+of+retinal+degeneration.">Cone degeneration following rod ablation in a reversible model of retinal degeneration.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 52 (1), 364-373 (2011).</li><li>Viczian, A. S., Zuber, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+determination+using+the+animal+cap+transplant+(ACT)+assay+in+Xenopus+laevis.">Tissue determination using the animal cap transplant (ACT) assay in Xenopus laevis.</a> J Vis Exp. 16 (39), (2010).</li><li>Nieuwkoop, P. D., Faber, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Normal table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin) : a systematical and chronological survey of the development from the fertilized egg till the end of metamorphosis. , (1994).</li><li>Blackiston, D., Shomrat, T., Nicolas, C. L., Granata, C., Levin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+second-generation+device+for+automated+training+and+quantitative+behavior+analyses+of+molecularly-tractable+model+organisms.">A second-generation device for automated training and quantitative behavior analyses of molecularly-tractable model organisms.</a> PLoS One. 5 (12), (2010).</li><li>Rosemberg, D. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+spatio-temporal+behavior+of+zebrafish+in+the+open+tank+paradigm+after+a+short-period+confinement+into+dark+and+bright+environments.">Differences in spatio-temporal behavior of zebrafish in the open tank paradigm after a short-period confinement into dark and bright environments.</a> PLoS One. 6 (5), (2011).</li><li>Dong, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+Avoidance+in+Xenopus+Tadpoles+is+Correlated+With+the+Maturation+of+Visual+Responses+in+the+Optic+Tectum.">Visual Avoidance in Xenopus Tadpoles is Correlated With the Maturation of Visual Responses in the Optic Tectum.</a> J Neurophysiol. 101 (2), 803-815 (2009).</li><li>Lan, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noggin+Elicits+Retinal+Fate+In+Xenopus+Animal+Cap+Embryonic+Stem+Cells.">Noggin Elicits Retinal Fate In Xenopus Animal Cap Embryonic Stem Cells.</a> Stem Cells. 27 (9), 2146-2152 (2009).</li><li>De Robertis, E. M., Kuroda, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dorsal-ventral+patterning+and+neural+induction+in+Xenopus+embryos.">Dorsal-ventral patterning and neural induction in Xenopus embryos.</a> Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 20, 285-308 (2004).</li></ol>

我们在这里报告，可以很容易地进行下一个星期由受过训练的最低限度实验室人员一个简单的视觉引导行为分析。而其他检测需要专门的设备和专业技术在动物行为，此法可快速测试，以确定视觉功能。另一个行为分析中，视觉回避试验中，已开发，以确定如何在顶盖有助于视觉感知在爪 10。该测定法测量空间的调谐和对比敏感度响应于移动与稳定的背景，因此，可以测量比简单?...

非洲爪蟾已被用来作为一种模式生物来研究眼的形成。眼睛快速发展，成长到成熟，在不到一个星期的那些对视觉发育和功能的影响测试基因或通路。来测试视觉功能，视动和optomotor反应已被用于在斑马鱼和爪蟾蝌蚪，分别1,2。由于非洲爪蟾蝌蚪的眼睛比斑马鱼相对较小，此法需要使用专门的设备和训练有素的人员来检测在非洲爪蟾的微妙尾巴翻转和眼动行为。在非洲爪蟾的更健壮的行为是偏爱使用白色背景，在此3所述游泳在一个罐中。当放置在一个半黑/半白罐蝌蚪，预变质蝌蚪迅速游到水箱的白边。我们以前使用此测定法来确定是否多能干细胞衍生的眼睛的功能4。这里，我们报告了详细的版本该测定的，它可以被用来测试premetamorphic 爪蟾蝌蚪的视觉功能。 此法比optomotor响应试验简单，因为它只需要安装数码摄像机，数码相机的软件和标准的设备在大多数非洲爪蟾的实验室发现。此外，记录的响应并不需要特别的训练来统计结果。我们的代表性的结果表明，在相同组的蝌蚪，已经经历双视网膜干切断，游随机周围的罐中。我们还包括来自代表蝌蚪的行为分析结果，显示一只眼睛可以为视觉反应测试。工作表已经被包括在内，以便在试验过程中获得的号码可以被插入和分析。此表可用于确定测试的蝌蚪是否有一个视觉响应。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="654">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1/2-gal. Flex-Tank with Cover</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">eNasco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SB19271M</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">size: 5-3/8&#34; x 7&#34; x 3-3/4&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Black electrical tape</td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">White tissue paper</td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Large Inoculating Turntable</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50809-022</td>
			<td>size: Dia 114.3 x&#160; H 76.2 mm (4 1/2&#160; x&#160; 3&#34;)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Durasorb Underpad</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">82004-836</td>
			<td>size: 43.2 x 60.1 cm (17 x 24&#34;)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Kim wipe</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Krackeler Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1945-34155-CS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Standard Tripod</td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">iSight camera or webcam</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Apple</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M8817LL/A</td>
			<td>Good for larger tadpoles but small ones are difficult to see</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Portable computer</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Apple/PC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">various</td>
			<td>We used a 13&#34; MacBook, 2 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo running MacOSX Lion 10.7.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MiniDV Handycam Camcorder</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">SONY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DCR-HC42</td>
			<td>Connected by firewire to the computer with a 6-conductor and 4-conductor alpha FireWire 400&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Handycam Station</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">SONY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DCRA-C121</td>
			<td>This can be used for connecting firewire to camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">QuickTime Player software</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Quicktime</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Version 10.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">26 Gauge Needle (5/8&#34; length)</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BD305115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Dumont #5 Forceps Biology</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11295-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Disposables</td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Gentamicin Sulfate [50 mg/ml]</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17-528Z</td>
			<td>Stored at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9644388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Instant Ocean</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Doctors Foster and Smith</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CD-116528</td>
			<td>Stock solution = 100 g/L stored at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Sodium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S0876</td>
			<td>Stock solution = 0.4 M stored at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Tricaine (Ethyl-3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt)</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A5040</td>
			<td>Stock solution = 10% stored at -20&#730;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">In vitro fertilized embryos</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">eNasco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LM00490MX</td>
			<td>100 embryos/unit</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple behavioral assay for testing visual function in xenopus laevis

在青蛙的蝌蚪视功能测量， 非洲爪蟾 ，允许筛选的盲目性在活的动物。在视动反应是已经在测试的所有脊椎动物中观察到一个基于视觉的，反身的行为。蝌蚪眼睛小所以尾部翻转响应作为替代措施，这需要训练有素的技术人员来记录微妙的响应。我们开发了一种替代行为分析基础上的事实，蝌蚪喜欢当放置在一个用黑色和白色的边槽上槽的白边游泳。这里提出的分析是，创建一个容易测量的响应一种廉价，简单的替代方法。该装置由一个三脚架，摄像头和嵌套测试的坦克，在大多数非洲爪蟾实验室一应俱全。本文包括一个电影展示蝌蚪的行为，前后切断视神经后。为了测试一只眼睛的功能，我们还包括下列国家代表蝌蚪在每只眼睛的视网膜进行干切断连续数天的sentative结果。未来的研究可以制定此法的自动版本测试许多蝌蚪的视力一次。

以前的报告显示，premetamorphic 爪蟾蝌蚪喜欢游泳，黑色/ ​​白色背心的白边，并呼吁该试验中，背景色彩偏好分析3，我们为了测试的两种蝌蚪眼在视功能改变了这一试验不到一个星期。以这种方式，他们的眼睛可以被收集用于组织学检查。 我们在这里显示了如何响应是由于视觉线索。在电影1中，在左面板和右面板的蝌蚪是相同的动物。在左边是...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis at JoVE.com

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

一个简单的行为分析在检测视觉功能<em&gt;非洲爪蟾</em

非洲爪蟾蝌蚪喜欢上一个黑/白罐的白边游泳。此行为是由他们的愿景指导。基于这种情况，我们提出了一个简单的实验来测试蝌蚪的视觉功能。

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response ...

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Neuroscience

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

The Vermicelli and Capellini Handling Tests: Simple quantitative measures of dexterous forepaw function in rats and mice

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The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...