Name: amide coupling reaction for the synthesis of bispyridine-based ligands and their complexation to platinum as dinuclear anticancer agents
Uploaded: 2014-05-28T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents at JoVE.com

1 N、N &#39;の合成- （1 -アルカン酸n-ジイル）diisonicotinamide <ol><li>すべての水分を除去されていることを確認するために、オーブン（100ºC、1時間）の単一首や3口丸底フラスコを乾燥させます。 </li><li>磁気撹拌棒と一緒にフラスコに、固体のイソニコチン酸、またはその誘導体を追加します。ジアミノリガンド（単数または複数）は、室温で固体である場合、（イソニコチン酸のモル数...

<ol>
	<li>Wheate, N. J., Walker, S., Craig, G. E., Oun, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+status+of+platinum+anticancer+drugs+in+the+clinic+and+in+clinical+trials.">The status of platinum anticancer drugs in the clinic and in clinical trials.</a> Dalton Trans. 39, 8113-8127 (2010).</li><li>Kiernan, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pain+with+platinum:+oxaliplatin+and+neuropathy.">The pain with platinum: oxaliplatin and neuropathy.</a> Eur. J. Cancer. 43, 2631-2633 (2007).</li><li>Markman, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+features+of+hypersensitivity+reactions+to+carboplatin.">Clinical features of hypersensitivity reactions to carboplatin.</a> J Clin. Oncol. 17, 1141-1145 (1999).</li><li>Ding, D., Allman, B. 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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platinum+formulations+as+anticancer+drugs+clinical+and+pre-clinical+studies.">Platinum formulations as anticancer drugs clinical and pre-clinical studies.</a> Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 11, 2623-2631 (2011).</li><li>Wheate, N. J., Collins, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-nuclear+platinum+complexes+as+anti-cancer+drugs.">Multi-nuclear platinum complexes as anti-cancer drugs.</a> Coord. Chem. Rev. 241, 133-145 (2003).</li><li>Gourley, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+phase+I+study+of+the+trinuclear+platinum+compound,+BBR3464,+in+combination+with+protracted+venous+infusional+5-fluorouracil+in+patients+with+advanced+cancer.">A phase I study of the trinuclear platinum compound, BBR3464, in combination with protracted venous infusional 5-fluorouracil in patients with advanced cancer.</a> Cancer Chemoth. Pharmacol. 53, 95-101 (2004).</li><li>Calvert, A. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase+II+clinical+study+of+BBR3464,+a+novel,+bifunctional+platinum+analogue,+in+patients+with+advanced+ovarian+cancer.">Phase II clinical study of BBR3464, a novel, bifunctional platinum analogue, in patients with advanced ovarian cancer.</a> Eur. J. Cancer. 37, (2001).</li><li>Jodrell, D. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase+II+studies+with+BBR3464,+a+novel+tri-nuclear+platinum+complex,+in+patients+with+gastric+or+gastro-oesophageal+adenocarcinoma.">Phase II studies with BBR3464, a novel tri-nuclear platinum complex, in patients with gastric or gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma.</a> Eur. J. Cancer. 40, 1872-1877 (2004).</li><li>William, W. N., Glisson, B. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+strategies+for+the+treatment+of+small-cell+lung+carcinoma.">Novel strategies for the treatment of small-cell lung carcinoma.</a> Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 8, 611-619 (2011).</li><li>Raynaud, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=cis-Amminedichloro(2-methylpyridine)+Platinum(II)+(AMD473),+a+novel+sterically+hindered+platinum+complex:+In+vivo+activity,+toxicology,+and+pharmacokinetics+in+mice.">cis-Amminedichloro(2-methylpyridine) Platinum(II) (AMD473), a novel sterically hindered platinum complex: In vivo activity, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics in mice.</a> Clin. Cancer Res. 3, 2063-2074 (1997).</li><li>Holford, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=biochemical+and+pharmacological+activity+of+the+novel+sterically+hindered+platinum+co-ordination+complex+cis-[amminedichloro(2-methylpyridine)]+platinum(II)+(AMD473).">biochemical and pharmacological activity of the novel sterically hindered platinum co-ordination complex cis-[amminedichloro(2-methylpyridine)] platinum(II) (AMD473).</a> Anti-Cancer Drug Des. 13, 1-18 (1998).</li><li>Munk, V. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigations+into+the+interactions+between+DNA+and+conformationally+constrained+pyridylamine+platinum(II)+analogues+of+AMD473.">Investigations into the interactions between DNA and conformationally constrained pyridylamine platinum(II) analogues of AMD473.</a> Inorg. Chem. 42, 3582-3590 (2003).</li><li>Wheate, N. J., Collins, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-nuclear+platinum+drugs:+A+new+paradigm+in+chemotherapy.">Multi-nuclear platinum drugs: A new paradigm in chemotherapy.</a> Curr. Med. Chem. - Anti-Cancer Agents. 5, 267-279 (2005).</li><li>Beale, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+phase+I+clinical+and+pharmacological+study+of+cis-diamminedichloro(2-methylpyridine)+platinumm+II+(AMD473).">A phase I clinical and pharmacological study of cis-diamminedichloro(2-methylpyridine) platinumm II (AMD473).</a> British journal of cancer. 88, 1128-1134 (2003).</li><li>Sessa, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+and+pharmacological+phase+I+study+with+accelerated+titration+design+of+a+daily+times+five+schedule+of+BBR3464,+a+novel+cationic+triplatinum+complex.">Clinical and pharmacological phase I study with accelerated titration design of a daily times five schedule of BBR3464, a novel cationic triplatinum complex.</a> Ann. Oncol. 11, 977-983 (2000).</li><li>Brown, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+aspects+of+the+platinum+anticancer+drugs+picoplatin+and+BBR3464+to+synthesize+a+new+family+of+sterically+hindered+dinuclear+complexes;+their+synthesis,+binding+kinetics+and+cytotoxicity.">Combining aspects of the platinum anticancer drugs picoplatin and BBR3464 to synthesize a new family of sterically hindered dinuclear complexes; their synthesis, binding kinetics and cytotoxicity.</a> Dalton Trans. 41, 11330-11339 (2012).</li><li>Still, B. M., Anil Kumar, P. G., Aldrich-Wright, J. R., Price, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=195Pt+NMR+-+Theory+and+application.">195Pt NMR - Theory and application.</a> Chem. Soc. Rev. 36, 665-686 (2007).</li><li>Wheate, N. J., Cullinane, C., Webster, L. K., Collins, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis,+cytotoxicity,+cell+uptake+and+DNA+interstrand+cross-linking+of+4,4'-dipyrazolylmethane-linked+multinuclear+platinum+anti-cancer+complexes.">Synthesis, cytotoxicity, cell uptake and DNA interstrand cross-linking of 4,4'-dipyrazolylmethane-linked multinuclear platinum anti-cancer complexes.</a> Anti-Cancer Drug Des. 16, 91-98 (2001).</li></ol>

本研究では二核白金錯体は、潜在的な抗癌剤として合成されている。そうすることでビスピリジン架橋配位子は、イソニコチン酸可変長ジアミノアルカンを用いたアミドカップリング反応を介して合成した。以前は2〜8個のメチレン基およびそれらのそれぞれの白金錯体とビスピリジンリガンドおよびそのメチル類似体の合成が報告されている。本論文では、合成および精製方法は、それが?...

白金抗癌薬は、ヒト癌の治療における1薬剤の最も広く使用されている家族の一員のままである。それらの成功にもかかわらず、それらは重篤な用量を制限する副作用2-4によってその適用が制限される。患者に投与することができる限定された用量はまた、腫瘍が抵抗5を開発できることを意味する。このように、新たな薬物はphenanthriplatin 6およびphosphaplatin 7のように、副作用プロファイルを改善し、獲得耐性を克服するために開発され続けている。 1990年代後半に、三核プラチナ薬が開発された、BBR3464（ スキーム1）8、すなわち大手プラチナ薬剤、シスプラチンより試験管内で最大1,000 Xより細胞傷害性である。 BBR3464はまた、ヒト癌細胞株のパネル9で取得された耐性を克服することができる。残念ながら、BBR3464の活性の増加は50にマッチさ - 100に - 高い毒性を折り、そのその使用10月12日に制限されます。それはまた、簡単に、薬物のほとんどを意味する、体内で分解されるには、9そのまま癌の核に到達した。 ピコプラチンは、2 -メチル-ピリジン配位子（ スキーム1）13 を含有する単核白金系薬物である。この薬のメチル基は、生物学的な求核攻撃から保護します。ペプチド/タンパク質14〜16を含む特定のシステインおよびメチオニン。このように、薬物は非常に安定であり、BBR3464 17およびシスプラチンの両方と比較して癌核に達するはるかに高い濃度を有する。その還元反応性もピコプラチンはBBR3464とシスプラチン10,18,19と比較して、より高い最大耐量を有している。 このプロジェクトは、したがって、改善された生物学的安定性や重症度の低い副作用EFFEを表示する獲得耐性を克服することができます新薬を生産するBBR3464とピコプラチンの特性を組み合わせるように努めたカラット（ 例えば 、 図1）。そうすることで、二核白金錯体の範囲は、ビスピリジン架橋配位子20で調製した。リガンドは、イソニコチン酸、又は2 - メチル - イソニコチン酸、可変長ジアミノアルカンのようなその誘導体とのアミドカップリング反応を用いて製造される。 transplatin二モル当量の配位子の1モル当量の反応は、所望の白金錯体（ スキーム1）を得る。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="782">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:297px;">D2O</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">151882</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">99.9% D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:297px;">DMSO-d6</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">156914</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">99.96% D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:297px;">1,8-diaminooctane</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">D22401</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:152px;">98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:297px;">1,10-diaminodecane</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">D14204</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:152px;">98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:297px;">1,12-diaminododecane</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">D1,640-1</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:152px;">98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">Isonicotinic acid</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">I17508</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:152px;">99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="120">
			<td height="120" style="height:120px;width:297px;">1-Propylphosphonic anhydride solution</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">431303</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">50 wt% in ethyl acetate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:297px;">Trans-diaminodichloridoplatinum(II)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">P1525</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Dimethylsulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Z76855</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">&#62;99.9%, anhydrous</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">N,N&#8217;-dimethylformamide</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">227056</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">99.8%, anhydrous</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Triethylamine</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">T0886</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">&#62;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Nylon filter membranes</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">7402-004</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Pore size, 0.2 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Magnetic stirring hotplate</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Magnetic stirring bar&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Round bottom or three neck flask</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">Rubber septums of sufficient size for chosen round bottom or three neck flask</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">5 mL hypodermic syringes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Hypodermic needles</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Rubber party ballons</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Rubber bands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:297px;">A source of N2 gas</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Rotary evaporator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Drying oven</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">NMR tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">NMR spectrometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">500 mL beakers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Glass or plastic pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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	</tbody>
</table>

amide coupling reaction for the synthesis of bispyridine-based ligands and their complexation to platinum as dinuclear anticancer agents

Amide coupling reactions can be used to synthesize bispyridine-based ligands for use as bridging linkers in multinuclear platinum anticancer drugs. Isonicotinic acid, or its derivatives, are coupled to variable length diaminoalkane chains under an inert atmosphere in anhydrous DMF or DMSO with the use of a weak base, triethylamine, and a coupling agent, 1-propylphosphonic anhydride. The products precipitate from solution upon formation or can be precipitated by the addition of water. If desired, the ligands can be further purified by recrystallization from hot water. Dinuclear platinum complex synthesis using the bispyridine ligands is done in hot water using transplatin. The most informative of the chemical characterization techniques to determine the structure and gross purity of both the bispyridine ligands and the final platinum complexes is 1H NMR with particular analysis of the aromatic region of the spectra (7-9 ppm). The platinum complexes have potential application as anticancer agents and the synthesis method can be modified to produce trinuclear and other multinuclear complexes with different hydrogen bonding functionality in the bridging ligand.

ビスピリジンリガンドおよびそれらのそれぞれの二核白金錯体は1 H、13 Cおよび195にPt NMR（ 表1および2）、およびエレクトロスプレーイオン化質量分析により特徴付けられる。正確な融点は最高のC、HおよびNの含有率の元素分析によって決定される示差走査熱量測定および純度を用いて決定することができる。それが決定的に成功したアミドカップリ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents at JoVE.com

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

このプロトコルは、抗癌剤BBR3464とピコプラチンの態様を組み合わせた多核白金錯体の合成に使用するのに好適な架橋配位子を形成するためのイソニコチン酸とジアミノアルカンのアミドカップリング反応の使用を記載している。

ビスピリジン系リガンドの合成と二核抗癌剤として白金彼らの複合体形成のためのアミドカップリング反応

Amide coupling reactions can be used to synthesize bispyridine-based ligands for use as bridging linkers in multinuclear platinum anticancer drugs. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Anticancer Metal Complexes: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation by the MTT Assay

MTTアッセイにより合成と細胞毒性の評価：抗がん金属錯体

Titanium (IV) and vanadium (V) complexes are highly potent anticancer agents. A challenge in their synthesis refers to their hydrolytic instability; ...

化学

Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library

ペプチド第三級アミドライブラリのスプリット·アンド·プールの合成とキャラクタリゼーション

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid ...

Synthesis of Non-uniformly Pr-doped SrTiO3 Ceramics and Their Thermoelectric Properties

Synthesis of Non-uniformly Pr-doped SrTiO3 Ceramics and Their Thermoelectric Properties

非均一のPrをドープしたチタン酸ストロンチウムの合成<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;セラミックスとその熱電特性

We demonstrate a novel synthesis strategy for the preparation of Pr-doped SrTiO3 ceramics via a combination of solid state reaction and spark plasma ...

Synthesis and Reaction Chemistry of Nanosize Monosodium Titanate

ナノサイズ一ナトリウムチタン酸の合成と反応化学

This paper describes the synthesis and peroxide-modification of nanosize monosodium titanate (nMST), along with an ion-exchange reaction to load the ...

HKUST-1 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Vanillin

HKUST-1バニリンの合成のための不均一触媒として、

Vanillin (4-hydoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the main component of the extract of vanilla bean. The natural vanilla scent is a mixture of approximately ...

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

タンパク質のバイオコンジュゲートの合成<em&gt;経由で</em&gt;システイン - マレイミドケミストリー

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the ...

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

単一分子レベルでの環状ポリマーの合成と溶融状態におけるそれらの拡散運動のキャラクタリゼーション

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of cyclic polymers and a protocol for characterizing their diffusive motion in a melt state at the single ...

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

調製と<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;磁気共鳴イメージングのためのデンドリマーベースの造影剤のキャラクタリゼーション

Paramagnetic complexes of gadolinium(III) with acyclic or macrocyclic chelates are the most commonly used contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance ...

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

ナノワイヤーの合成プラチナ ニッケルと酸素還元性能の最適化

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen ...

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

安定した二環性 Aziridinium イオンと開環の Azaheterocycles の合成のための準備

Bicyclic aziridinium ions were generated by the removal of an appropriate leaving group through internal nucleophilic attack by nitrogen atom in the ...