Name: fluorescence imaging with one-nanometer accuracy (fiona)
Uploaded: 2014-09-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy FIONA at JoVE.com

这项工作是由美国国立卫生研究院资助068625，美国国家科学基金会资助1063188活细胞0822613.特别感谢滨海诺维奇博士贝克曼研究所高级科学技术对兔眼礼物的物理中心的支持。

道德声明：兔角膜组织收集，根据伊利诺伊州机构动物护理和使用指南的大学。 1 TIRFM设置注：戴激光护目镜所有的时间。 <ol><li>确保在材料清单中列出的所有必要的光学组件可用并准备调整。如果需要，可使用替代品与其他公司同等的功能。确保反射镜和透镜应该有防反射（AR）涂层配套的激光在使用。 </li><li>设置所有的光学元件的高度，以在显微镜...

<ol>
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FIONA是一种技术来定位具有纳米精度和时间分辨率的荧光发射（有机荧光团或量子点）的位置下降到1毫秒4-8。当足够的光子被收集，该技术允许对多比衍射极限（约200纳米）更精确地确定的荧光发射器的位置，因此该方法将打开的方式来观察哪些还没有被看到与常规的/传统的光学显微镜4 - 8。自从发明，FIONA已成功应用于观察走路多分子马达，如肌球蛋白和驱动蛋白。最近，连同...

围绕1882，阿贝发现，可见光显微镜的分辨率为〜λ/ 2NA，或〜200纳米（其中，λ是波长，NA是数值孔径）1,2。因此，比该尺寸更小的任何对象将显示为在光学显微镜衍射极限的光点。然而，这是可能的，以确定中心的点，即，该对象的位置，以更高的精度3。荧光成像与纳米精度（FIONA）是一个简单而有用的技术，本地化单个荧光基团与纳米精度在XY平面4。定位的精度，σμ（ 即 ，平均值的标准误差），取决于所收集的光子的总数， <img alt="式（1）" fo:content-width="1in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51774/intro_eqn.jpg" width="100" /> ，其中N是光子计数，s是荧光点的标准偏差，a是成像检测器的像素尺寸，而b是背景3,4的标准偏差。对于荧光发光〜10,000的光子，FIONA可以实现〜1nm的精度4。 FIONA可以用来精确地确定一个固定的发射器的位置或移动一个（假设图像可采取足够快）。 FIONA可以顺序地被施加到影片的帧，从而跟踪单分子4-8的动作。光保护性试剂可以是必要的，以确保样品不光降解。此外，该荧光物本身可以是任何尺寸的，比衍 ​​射LIMIT- 例如更小或更大，它可以由细胞器（〜1微米）与分散在其膜的许多荧光蛋白。使用FIONA仍然可以得到非常精确的（纳米）平均平均中心的质量的。在定位精度的巨大进步菲奥娜可以解决nanome三元规模的变动随着时间的推移。这已使显微镜到分子尺度4-8。 因为它的发明中，已开发FIONA的变体。例如，明场成像与纳米精度（bFIONA）9，FIONA轻微变形，图像和本地化致密的对象，如黑色素在体内 （深含黑色素的对象）与透射光。此外，FIONA已被用来解决多种染料。例如，单分子的高分辨率成像光漂白（虾）10,11或单分子高分辨率的共定位（SHREC）12已发展到在约10nm的解决两种染料。 （注意，这是分辨率，即可以如何准确地告诉完全相同染料分开。）最近，FIONA分析，以一定的超分辨率显微镜国产化进程作出了贡献，如随机光学RECOnstruction显微镜（STORM）13 - 15和光激活定位显微镜（PALM）16，其中临时暗的荧光团被激发，然后在荧光被本地化。由染料的反复刺激的相当低的浓度（小于每衍射受限斑），然后收集的荧光，通过FIONA他们每个人的分析，我们可以建立一个高分辨率的地图。分辨率则只是受限于光子的数量每种染料推出，以及类似的东西在采集过程中保持静止的样品（包括， 例如 ，在显微镜载物台）。 在本文中，FIONA技术的总结，并简要介绍了已使用FIONA报道进行研究的例子。首先，如何设置所需的设备FIONA实验， 也就是说 ，全内反射荧光显微镜（TIRFM），与上对准光学元件的细节进行说明。那么如何进行简单的FIONA实验上定位固定的Cy3-DNA单分子使用合适的协议，说明。在此之后，利用FIONA的测量单个截头肌球蛋白弗吉尼亚马达标有量子点的36纳米步长给出。肌球蛋白Va为一个重要的processive马达蛋白携带蜂窝货物而沿微丝易位。这里球蛋白弗吉尼亚州建造截断用来删除域无关的步长，并与FLAG标签添加到C端，使其很容易与功能化与抗FLAG抗体的量子点标记的。该实验是在低的ATP进行减缓肌球蛋白和允许使用足够长的曝光时间以获得良好的光子计数在每帧。任何足够亮的荧光标记物可被取代的以下协议。最后，报道近期扩大菲奥娜厚样本应用程序的努力。作为一种证明性的原则，量子点都湿透了在溶胶 - 凝胶和兔眼的角膜，然后成像并使用FIONA本地化。对于成像，具有呐60X水浸物镜= 1.2被使用，因为这一目标具有较长的工作距离比以前使用100倍油浸物镜。以补偿在放大的损失中的目标，一个额外的放大倍率透镜（3.3X或4.0X）插入在发射路径。此外，落射荧光（未TIR）镜需要被用来访问深区域中的厚样品中。它示出在溶胶 - 凝胶和在兔眼的角膜（Z&gt; 200微米），可以用2-3 nm的精度被定位浸泡深量子点。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1083">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:443px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Double-sided tape</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">--</td>
			<td>~ 75 um thick</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">EMCCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Andor Technology</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">DU-897E-CS0-#BV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Ultrasonic cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Branson</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">2510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Fluorescence filter set</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Chroma</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">49016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Actin polymerization buffer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Cytoskeleton&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">BSA02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Biotin G-actin</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Cytoskeleton&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">AB07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">G-actin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Cytoskeleton&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">AKL95</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">General actin buffer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Cytoskeleton&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">BSA01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Laser shutter (with driver)</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Electro-Optical Products Corp.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">SH-10-MP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">IDL</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Exelis Visual Information Solutions</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">--</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Neutravidin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">PI-31000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Coverslip</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Fisherbrand&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">22X30-1.5</td>
			<td>0.16-0.19 mm thick</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Microscope slide</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Gold Seal Microslides&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">30103X1</td>
			<td>0.93-1.05 mm thick</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Plasma cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">PDC-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Glass bottom dish&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">In Vitro Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">D35-20-1.5-N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Cy3-DNA oligos</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">--</td>
			<td>5&#39;-Cy3/GCCTCGCTGCCGTCGCCA-3&#39;Bio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Fluorescent beads&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">T-7280</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Qdot 605-streptavidin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Q10101MP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Qdot605&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Q21301MP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Qdot705</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Q22021MP&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Qdot705 Antibody Conjugation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Q22061MP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">MathWorks</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">--</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Optical table</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Newport Corp</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">--</td>
			<td>RS4000 Series</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">60X Objective</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Plan Apo VC 60x WI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">100X Objective</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">PlanApo 100X/1.45 Oil &#8734;/0.17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">60X Objective</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">UPlanApo 60X/1.20W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">IX71/IX70/IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Origin</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">OriginLab</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">--</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Anti-FLAG antibody</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">F7425-.2MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">ATP</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">A7699</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">BME&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">63689-25ML-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">BSA-biotin</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">A8549-10MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">CK</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">C3755</td>
			<td>Creatine Phosphokinase from rabbit muscle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">CP</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">P1937</td>
			<td>Phosphocreatine di(tris) salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">DTT</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">43815</td>
			<td>DL-Dithiothreitol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">EGTA</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">E3889</td>
			<td>Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N&#8242;,N&#8242;-tetraacetic acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">93363-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">HEPES&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">H0887</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">P9333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">M1028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">PCA</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">03930590</td>
			<td>Protocatechuic acid&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">PCD</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">P8279</td>
			<td>Protocatechuate-3,4-dioxygenase&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">TMOS</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">341436-25G</td>
			<td>Tetramethyl orthosilicate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Tris-HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">93363</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Trolox</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">238813</td>
			<td>6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">1&#8221; diameter broadband dielectric mirrors with mounts</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">BB1-E02, KM100</td>
			<td>Quantity: 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">&#189;&#8221; diameter posts</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">TR4</td>
			<td>Quantity &#8805; 6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">10x beam expander</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">BE10M-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">2&#8221; diameter broadband dielectric mirrors with mounts</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">BB2-E02, KM200</td>
			<td>Quantity: 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">2&#8221; diameter f = 300 mm lens with mount</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">LA1256-A, LMR2</td>
			<td>TIR lens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Fluorescent alignment target&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">VRC2SM1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Laser safety goggles</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">LG3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">ND filter(s)</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">FW1AND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Optical beam profiler</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">BP209-VIS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Post-mounted iris diaphragm</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ID25</td>
			<td>Quantity: 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Shearing interferometer</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">SI100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">XYZ translation stage, &#189;&#8221; travel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">T12XYZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Laser</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">World Star Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">TECGL-30</td>
			<td>532 nm, 30 mW</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fluorescence imaging with one-nanometer accuracy (fiona)

荧光成像与纳米精度（FIONA）是一个简单而有用的技术，本地化单个荧光基团与纳米精度在XY平面上。在这里，FIONA技术的总结报告，并已使用FIONA进行研究的例子进行了简要介绍。首先，如何设置所需的设备FIONA实验， 也就是说 ，全内反射荧光显微镜（TIRFM），与上对准光学元件的细节进行说明。那么如何进行一个简单的FIONA实验的本地化固定的Cy3-DNA单分子使用合适的协议，其次是利用FIONA来衡量一个截断的肌球蛋白弗吉尼亚州电机标有量子点的36纳米的步长，说明。最后，据报道最近努力FIONA的适用范围扩大至厚的样品。它表明，用水浸物镜和量子点浸泡深在溶胶 - 凝胶和兔眼的角膜（&gt;200微米），为2-3纳米的定位精度都可以实现。

一个典型的客观型TIRFM设置示于图3，首先，表面固定的Cy3-DNA样品进行成像。一个典型的图像示于图4a。该图像是用曝光时间0.5秒，用EM增益= 50，CCD灵敏度= 12.13的摄像机。单一的Cy3-DNA分子的点扩散函数（PSF）是如图4b所示 （由图4a中的箭头所指示的点），其中显色条显示的像素强度的比例。实际的光子计数能够通过由转换系数，α= CCD灵敏度/ EM增?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy FIONA at JoVE.com

Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy FIONA

荧光成像与一纳米精度（FIONA）

单荧光团可与纳米精度利用FIONA本地化。这里的FIONA技术的总结报告，以及如何进行FIONA实验进行说明。

Fluorescence imaging with one-nanometer accuracy (FIONA) is a simple but useful technique for localizing single fluorophores with nanometer precision in ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy (FIONA)

Born Normalization for Fluorescence Optical Projection Tomography for Whole Heart Imaging

生于正常化荧光整个心脏成像的光学投影层析成像

Optical projection tomography is a three-dimensional imaging technique that has been recently introduced as an imaging tool primarily in developmental ...

科研

生物学

Mesoscopic Fluorescence Tomography for In-vivo Imaging of Developing Drosophila

Mesoscopic Fluorescence Tomography for In-vivo Imaging of Developing Drosophila

为介观荧光体层摄影术在体内成像的发展果蝇</em

Visualizing  developing organ formation as well as progession and treatment of disease often  heavily relies on the ability to optically interrogate ...

Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy

可视化的单分子荧光显微镜下的DNA复制

We describe a simple fluorescence microscopy-based real-time method for observing DNA replication at the single-molecule level. A circular, forked DNA ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Mitosis After siRNA Transfection

有丝分裂的siRNA转染后的时间推移成像

Changes in cellular organization and chromosome dynamics that occur during mitosis are tightly coordinated to ensure accurate inheritance of genomic and ...

Cell Electrofusion Visualized with Fluorescence Microscopy

荧光显微镜下细胞电融合的可视化

Cell electrofusion is a safe, non-viral and non-chemical method that can be used for preparing hybrid cells for human therapy. Electrofusion involves ...

Simultaneous Multicolor Imaging of Biological Structures with Fluorescence Photoactivation Localization Microscopy

Localization-based super resolution microscopy can be applied to obtain a spatial map (image) of the distribution of individual fluorescently labeled ...

Rapid Analysis and Exploration of Fluorescence Microscopy Images

快速分析和荧光显微镜图像的探索

Despite rapid advances in high-throughput microscopy, quantitative image-based assays still pose significant challenges. While a variety of specialized ...

Visualizing Stromule Frequency with Fluorescence Microscopy

可视化Stromule频率与荧光显微镜

Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but ...

Mixed Primary Cultures of Murine Small Intestine Intended for the Study of Gut Hormone Secretion and Live Cell Imaging of Enteroendocrine Cells

小鼠小肠的混合原代培养拟肠激素分泌的研究和活细胞成像的肠内分泌细胞的供

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, with hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells located along the length of the gastrointestinal ...

Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching of Yellow Fluorescent Protein Tagged p62 in Aggresome-like Induced Structures

黄荧光蛋白标记 p62 在攻击样诱导结构中光漂白后的荧光恢复

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)&#160;is a microscopy technique that can be used to quantify protein mobility in live cells. In a typical ...