Name: fluorescence imaging with one-nanometer accuracy (fiona)
Uploaded: 2014-09-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy FIONA at JoVE.com

Este trabalho foi financiado pelo NIH Grants 068.625, Subsídios NSF 1063188 e Centro de Física de células vivas 0822613. agradecimentos especiais vão para o Dr. Marina Marjanovic no Instituto Beckman para Ciência Avançada e Tecnologia para o dom de olhos de coelhos.

Declaração de Ética: O tecido da córnea de coelhos foi coletado de acordo com a Universidade de Illinois Institutional Animal Care e Uso diretrizes. Configuração 1 TIRFM NOTA: Utilizar óculos de laser de segurança o tempo todo. <ol><li> Certifique-se de que todos os componentes ópticos necessários listados na Lista de Materiais estão disponíveis e prontos para o alinhamento. Se necessário, usar substitutos com funções equivalentes de outras empre...

<ol>
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Fiona é uma técnica para localizar a posição de um emissor fluorescente (fluoróforo orgânico ou quantum dot) com precisão nanométrica e resolução temporal de até 1 ms 4 a 8. Quando os fótons suficientes são coletados, esta técnica permite determinar a posição de um emissor fluorescente com muito mais precisão do que o limite de difração (~ 200 nm) e, portanto, esta técnica abre uma maneira de observar o que não tem sido visto com microscopia óptica convencional / tradicional 4 - 8.<...

Por volta de 1882, Ernst Abbe descobriu que a resolução de um microscópio de luz visível é ~ λ / 2NA, ou ~ 200 nm (onde λ é o comprimento de onda e NA é a abertura numérica) 1,2. Por conseguinte, qualquer objecto mais pequeno do que esta dimensão que aparecem como uma mancha de difracção limitada, no microscópio óptico. No entanto, é possível determinar o centro do ponto, isto é, a localização do objecto, com uma precisão muito superior 3. Imagens de fluorescência com uma precisão de um nanômetro (Fiona) é uma técnica simples, mas útil para localizar fluorophores individuais com precisão nanométrica no plano xy 4. A precisão da localização, σ μ (ou seja, o erro padrão da média), depende do número total de fotões recolhidos, <img alt="Equação 1" fo:content-width="1in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51774/intro_eqn.jpg" width="100" /> , Onde N é o número de fotões, s é o desvio padrão da mancha fluorescente, um éo tamanho do pixel do detector de imagens, e b é o desvio padrão do fundo de 3,4. Para um fluoróforo que emite fótons ~ 10.000, FIONA pode alcançar ~ 1 nm precisão 4. FIONA pode ser utilizada para determinar com precisão a posição de um emissor estacionário, ou um movimento (assumindo que as imagens podem ser feita suficientemente rápida). FIONA pode ser aplicado, sequencialmente, para os quadros do filme e, assim, controlar o movimento da única molécula 4 a 8. Reagentes foto-proteção pode ser necessário garantir que a amostra não photodegrade. Além disso, o próprio objecto fluorescente pode ser de qualquer tamanho, menor ou maior do que a difracção LIMIT- por exemplo, pode consistir de um organelo (~ 1 mm) com muitas proteínas fluorescentes dispersas sobre a sua membrana. Usando FIONA ainda pode render um (nanômetros) média muito precisos de sua média de centro de massa. A grande melhoria na precisão de localização por Fiona permite resolver nanometer movimentos escala ao longo do tempo. Isso levou microscopia na escala de comprimento molecular 4 a 8. Desde a sua invenção, as variantes do fIONA têm sido desenvolvidos. Por exemplo, a imagem de campo claro com uma precisão de um nanômetro (bFIONA) 9, uma ligeira variante da FIONA, imagens e localiza objetos densos como melanossomas in vivo (objetos escuros contendo o pigmento melanina) com luz transmitida. Além disso, fIONA tem sido empregue para resolver vários corantes. Por exemplo, uma única molécula de alta resolução de imagem com fotodegradação (camarão) 10,11 ou uma única molécula de alta resolução co-localização (SHREC) 12 foram desenvolvidos para resolver dois corantes dentro de cerca de 10 nm. (Note-se que esta é a resolução, ou seja, a precisão com que se pode contar corantes idênticos separados.) Mais recentemente, a análise FIONA tem contribuído para o processo de localização de certos microscopia de super-resolução, como reco óptica estocásticamicroscopia nstruction (STORM) 13 e 15 e microscopia de localização ativados por foto (PALM) 16, em que fluorophores escuras temporárias está animado, e, em seguida, a fluorescência é localizada. Por várias vezes bastante interessante uma baixa densidade de corantes (menos do que um por difracção limitada local), e, em seguida, recolhendo a fluorescência, a análise de cada um deles por fIONA, pode-se construir um mapa de alta resolução. A resolução é, então, apenas limitado pelo número de fotões cada corante coloca fora, bem como coisas como manter a amostra estacionária (incluindo, por exemplo, a fase de microscópio), durante a aquisição. Neste trabalho, um resumo da técnica FIONA e descrever brevemente exemplos de pesquisas que têm sido realizadas utilizando FIONA é relatado. Em primeiro lugar, como configurar o equipamento necessário para experimentos de FIONA, ou seja, um total de microscopia de fluorescência de reflexão interna (TIRFM), com detalhes sobre o alinhamento da ótica, é descrito. Então, comorealizar uma experiência simples FIONA em localizar moléculas imobilizadas Cy3-DNA único meio de protocolos apropriados, é ilustrado. Depois disso, o uso de fIONA para medir o tamanho do passo de 36 nm, de um único motor de miosina Va truncado marcado com um quantum dot é apresentado. Miosina Va é uma proteína motora processive essencial que transporta carga celular enquanto translocação ao longo dos filamentos de actina. Aqui uma miosina Va construir truncada é utilizado para remover os domínios irrelevantes para o tamanho do passo, e com um marcador FLAG adicionado ao terminal C para permitir a facilidade de marcação com quantum dots funcionalizados com anticorpos anti-FLAG. Esta experiência é realizada em condições de baixa ATP para abrandar a miosina e permitir a utilização de longos tempos de exposição suficiente para obter uma boa contagem de fotões em cada quadro. Qualquer marcador fluorescente suficientemente brilhante pode ser substituído no seguinte protocolo. Por fim, é relatado recente esforço de estender a aplicação da FIONA a amostras de espessura. Como princípio de prova de, pontos quânticos foram embebidosem sol-gel e córneas do olho de coelho e, em seguida, analisados ​​e localizado com Fiona. Para imagem, uma objectiva de imersão em água 60X com NA = 1.2 foi usado porque este objectivo tem uma distância maior do que trabalhar utilizado anteriormente objetiva de imersão em óleo de 100X. Para compensar a perda na ampliação da objetiva, uma lente extra-ampliação (3.3X ou 4.0X) foi inserido no caminho de emissões. Além disso, a epi-fluorescência (não TIR), microscopia precisa de ser utilizado para acesso a regiões profundas nas amostras grossas. Mostra-se que os pontos quânticos embebidos no fundo do sol-gel e em córneas do olho de coelho (Z&gt; 200 mM) podem ser localizados com precisão 2-3 nm.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1083">
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:443px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Double-sided tape</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">--</td>
			<td>~ 75 um thick</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">EMCCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Andor Technology</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">DU-897E-CS0-#BV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Ultrasonic cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Branson</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">2510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Fluorescence filter set</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Chroma</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">49016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Actin polymerization buffer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Cytoskeleton&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">BSA02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Biotin G-actin</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Cytoskeleton&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">AB07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">G-actin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Cytoskeleton&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">AKL95</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">General actin buffer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Cytoskeleton&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">BSA01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Laser shutter (with driver)</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Electro-Optical Products Corp.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">SH-10-MP</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">IDL</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Exelis Visual Information Solutions</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">--</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Neutravidin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">PI-31000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Coverslip</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Fisherbrand&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">22X30-1.5</td>
			<td>0.16-0.19 mm thick</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Microscope slide</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Gold Seal Microslides&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">30103X1</td>
			<td>0.93-1.05 mm thick</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Plasma cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">PDC-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Glass bottom dish&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">In Vitro Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">D35-20-1.5-N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Cy3-DNA oligos</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">--</td>
			<td>5&#39;-Cy3/GCCTCGCTGCCGTCGCCA-3&#39;Bio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Fluorescent beads&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">T-7280</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Qdot 605-streptavidin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Q10101MP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Qdot605&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Q21301MP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Qdot705</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Q22021MP&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Qdot705 Antibody Conjugation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Q22061MP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">MathWorks</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">--</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Optical table</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Newport Corp</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">--</td>
			<td>RS4000 Series</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">60X Objective</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Plan Apo VC 60x WI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">100X Objective</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">PlanApo 100X/1.45 Oil &#8734;/0.17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">60X Objective</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">UPlanApo 60X/1.20W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">IX71/IX70/IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Origin</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">OriginLab</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">--</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Anti-FLAG antibody</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">F7425-.2MG</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">ATP</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">A7699</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">BME&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">63689-25ML-F</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">A7906</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">BSA-biotin</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">A8549-10MG</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">CK</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">C3755</td>
			<td>Creatine Phosphokinase from rabbit muscle</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">CP</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">P1937</td>
			<td>Phosphocreatine di(tris) salt</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">DTT</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">43815</td>
			<td>DL-Dithiothreitol</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">EGTA</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">E3889</td>
			<td>Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N&#8242;,N&#8242;-tetraacetic acid</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">93363-500G</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">HEPES&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">H0887</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">P9333</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">M1028</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">S7653</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">PCA</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">03930590</td>
			<td>Protocatechuic acid&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">PCD</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">P8279</td>
			<td>Protocatechuate-3,4-dioxygenase&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">TMOS</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">341436-25G</td>
			<td>Tetramethyl orthosilicate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Tris-HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">93363</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Trolox</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">238813</td>
			<td>6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">1&#8221; diameter broadband dielectric mirrors with mounts</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">BB1-E02, KM100</td>
			<td>Quantity: 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">&#189;&#8221; diameter posts</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">TR4</td>
			<td>Quantity &#8805; 6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">10x beam expander</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">BE10M-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">2&#8221; diameter broadband dielectric mirrors with mounts</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">BB2-E02, KM200</td>
			<td>Quantity: 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">2&#8221; diameter f = 300 mm lens with mount</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">LA1256-A, LMR2</td>
			<td>TIR lens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Fluorescent alignment target&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">VRC2SM1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Laser safety goggles</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">LG3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">ND filter(s)</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">FW1AND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Optical beam profiler</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">BP209-VIS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Post-mounted iris diaphragm</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ID25</td>
			<td>Quantity: 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Shearing interferometer</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">SI100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">XYZ translation stage, &#189;&#8221; travel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thorlabs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">T12XYZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Laser</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">World Star Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">TECGL-30</td>
			<td>532 nm, 30 mW</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fluorescence imaging with one-nanometer accuracy (fiona)

Imagens de fluorescência com uma precisão de um nanômetro (Fiona) é uma técnica simples, mas útil para localizar fluorophores individuais com precisão nanométrica no plano xy. Aqui um resumo da técnica FIONA é relatado e exemplos de pesquisas que têm sido realizados utilizando FIONA são descritas resumidamente. Em primeiro lugar, como configurar o equipamento necessário para experimentos de FIONA, ou seja, um total de microscopia de fluorescência de reflexão interna (TIRFM), com detalhes sobre o alinhamento da ótica, é descrito. Em seguida, como para realizar uma experiência simples fIONA em localizar moléculas imobilizadas com Cy3 de ADN individuais utilizando os protocolos apropriados, seguindo-se a utilização de fIONA para medir o tamanho do passo de 36 nm, de um único motor de miosina Va truncado marcado com um quantum dot, é ilustrado. Por fim, o esforço recente para estender a aplicação da FIONA para amostras espessas é relatado. Mostra-se que, utilizando uma objectiva de imersão em água e pontos quânticos embebido profundamente em sol-gel e córneas do olho de coelho (&gt;200 mm), a precisão da localização 2-3 nm pode ser atingida.

A configuração típica TIRFM tipo objetivo é mostrado na Figura 3. Primeiro, amostra Cy3-DNA imobilizado na superfície foi fotografada. Uma imagem típica é mostrada na Figura 4a. A imagem foi feita com tempo de exposição de 0,5 seg, com ganho EM = 50 e sensibilidade CCD = 12,13 para a câmera. A função de espalhamento-ponto (PSF) de uma única molécula de DNA com Cy3 é mostrado na Figura 4b (a partir do local indicado pela seta da Figura 4-A),</stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy FIONA at JoVE.com

Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy FIONA

Fluorophores individuais podem ser localizados com precisão nanométrica usando FIONA. Aqui um resumo da técnica FIONA é relatado, e como a realização de experimentos Fiona é descrito.

Imagens de fluorescência com um nanômetros Precisão (Fiona)

Fluorescence imaging with one-nanometer accuracy (FIONA) is a simple but useful technique for localizing single fluorophores with nanometer precision in ...

fluorescence-imaging-with-one-nanometer-accuracy-fiona

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy (FIONA)

Born Normalization for Fluorescence Optical Projection Tomography for Whole Heart Imaging

Optical projection tomography is a three-dimensional imaging technique that has been recently introduced as an imaging tool primarily in developmental biology and gene expression studies. The technique renders biological sample optically transparent by first dehydrating them and then placing in a mixture of benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate in a 2:1 ratio (BABB or Murray s Clear solution). The technique renders biological samples optically transparent by first dehydrating them in graded ethanol solutions then placing them in a mixture of benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate in a 2:1 ratio (BABB or Murray s Clear solution) to clear. After the clearing process the scattering contribution in the sample can be greatly reduced and made almost negligible while the absorption contribution cannot be eliminated completely. When trying to reconstruct the fluorescence distribution within the sample under investigation, this contribution affects the reconstructions and leads, inevitably, to image artifacts and quantification errors.. While absorption could be reduced further with a permanence of weeks or months in the clearing media, this will lead to progressive loss of fluorescence and to an unrealistically long sample processing time. This is true when reconstructing both exogenous contrast agents (molecular contrast agents) as well as endogenous contrast (e.g. reconstructions of genetically expressed fluorescent proteins).

We suggest a Born normalized approach for Optical Projection Tomography (BnOPT) that accounts for the absorption properties of imaged samples to obtain accurate and quantitative fluorescence tomographic reconstructions. We use the proposed algorithm to reconstruct the fluorescence molecular probe distribution within small animal organs.

Normalização nascido para Tomografia Projeção de fluorescência óptica para imagens de todo o coração

Optical projection tomography is a three-dimensional imaging technique that has been recently introduced as an imaging tool primarily in developmental ...

Biologia

Mesoscopic Fluorescence Tomography for In-vivo Imaging of Developing Drosophila

Visualizing developing organ formation as well as progession and treatment of disease often heavily relies on the ability to optically interrogate molecular and functional changes in intact living organisms. Most existing optical imaging methods are inadequate for imaging at dimensions that lie between the penetration limits of modern optical microscopy (0.5-1mm) and the diffusion-imposed limits of optical macroscopy (&gt;1cm) [1]. Thus, many important model organisms, e.g. insects, animal embryos or small animal extremities, remain inaccessible for in-vivo optical imaging. 
Although there is increasing interest towards the development of nanometer-resolution optical imaging methods, there have not been many successful efforts in improving the imaging penetration depth. The ability to perform in-vivo imaging beyond microscopy limits is in fact met with the difficulties associated with photon scattering present in tissues. Recent efforts to image entire embryos for example [2,3] require special chemical treatment of the specimen, to clear them from scattering, a procedure that makes them suitable only for post-mortem imaging. These methods however evidence the need for imaging larger specimens than the ones usually allowed by two-photon or confocal microscopy, especially in developmental biology and in drug discovery.
We have developed a new optical imaging technique named Mesoscopic Fluorescence Tomography [4], which appropriate for non-invasive in-vivo imaging at dimensions of 1mm-5mm. The method exchanges resolution for penetration depth, but offers unprecedented tomographic imaging performance and it has been developed to add time as a new dimension in developmental biology observations (and possibly other areas of biological research) by imparting the ability to image the evolution of fluorescence-tagged responses over time. As such it can accelerate studies of morphological or functional dependencies on gene mutations or external stimuli, and can importantly, capture the complete picture of development or tissue function by allowing longitudinal time-lapse visualization of the same, developing organism.
The technique utilizes a modified laboratory microscope and multi-projection illumination to collect data at 360-degree projections. It applies the Fermi simplification to Fokker-Plank solution of the photon transport equation, combined with geometrical optics principles in order to build a realistic inversion scheme suitable for mesoscopic range. This allows in-vivo whole-body visualization of non-transparent three-dimensional structures in samples up to several millimeters in size.
We have demonstrated the in-vivo performance of the technique by imaging three-dimensional structures of developing Drosophila tissues in-vivo and by following the morphogenesis of the wings in the opaque Drosophila pupae in real time over six consecutive hours.

Mesoscopic Fluorescence Tomography for In-vivo Imaging of Developing Drosophila

Mesoscopic fluorescence tomography operates beyond the penetration limits of tissue-sectioning fluorescence microscopy. The technique is based on multi-projection illumination and a photon transport description. We demonstrate in-vivo whole-body 3D visualization of the morphogenesis of GFP-expressing wing imaginal discs in Drosophila melanogaster.

Mesoscópica de fluorescência para Tomografia In-vivo Imaging de desenvolvimento Drosophila</em

Visualizing  developing organ formation as well as progession and treatment of disease often  heavily relies on the ability to optically interrogate ...

Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy

We describe a simple fluorescence microscopy-based real-time method for observing DNA replication at the single-molecule level. A circular, forked DNA template is attached to a functionalized glass coverslip and replicated extensively after introduction of replication proteins and nucleotides (Figure 1). The growing product double-strand DNA (dsDNA) is extended with laminar flow and visualized by using an intercalating dye. Measuring the position of the growing DNA end in real time allows precise determination of replication rate (Figure 2). Furthermore, the length of completed DNA products reports on the processivity of replication. This experiment can be performed very easily and rapidly and requires only a fluorescence microscope with a reasonably sensitive camera.


This protocol demonstrates a simple single-molecule fluorescence microscopy technique for visualizing DNA replication by individual replisomes in real time.

Replicação de DNA visualizar Único molécula com microscopia de fluorescência

We describe a simple fluorescence microscopy-based real-time method for observing DNA replication at the single-molecule level. A circular, forked DNA ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Mitosis After siRNA Transfection

Changes in cellular organization and chromosome dynamics that occur during mitosis are tightly coordinated to ensure accurate inheritance of genomic and cellular content. Hallmark events of mitosis, such as chromosome movement, can be readily tracked on an individual cell basis using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of mammalian cell lines expressing specific GFP-tagged proteins. In combination with RNAi-based depletion, this can be a powerful method for pinpointing the stage(s) of mitosis where defects occur after levels of a particular protein have been lowered. In this protocol, we present a basic method for assessing the effect of depleting a potential mitotic regulatory protein on the timing of mitosis. Cells are transfected with siRNA, placed in a stage-top incubation chamber, and imaged using an automated fluorescence microscope. We describe how to use software to set up a time-lapse experiment, how to process the image sequences to make either still-image montages or movies, and how to quantify and analyze the timing of mitotic stages using a cell-line expressing mCherry-tagged histone H2B. Finally, we discuss important considerations for designing a time-lapse experiment. This strategy is complementary to other approaches and offers the advantages of 1) sensitivity to changes in kinetics that might not be observed when looking at cells as a population and 2) analysis of mitosis without the need to synchronize the cell cycle using drug treatments. The visual information from such imaging experiments not only allows the sub-stages of mitosis to be assessed, but can also provide unexpected insight that would not be apparent from cell cycle analysis by FACS.

Here we describe a basic protocol to image and quantify the mitotic timing of live mammalian tissue culture cells after siRNA transfection.

Lapso de tempo de imagens de Mitose Depois de Transfection siRNA

Changes in cellular organization and chromosome dynamics that occur during mitosis are tightly coordinated to ensure accurate inheritance of genomic and ...

Cell Electrofusion Visualized with Fluorescence Microscopy

Cell electrofusion is a safe, non-viral and non-chemical method that can be used for preparing hybrid cells for human therapy. Electrofusion involves application of short high-voltage electric pulses to cells that are in close contact. Application of short, high-voltage electric pulses causes destabilization of cell plasma membranes. Destabilized membranes are more permeable for different molecules and also prone to fusion with any neighboring destabilized membranes. Electrofusion is thus a convenient method to achieve a non-specific fusion of very different cells in vitro. In order to obtain fusion, cell membranes, destabilized by electric field, must be in a close contact to allow merging of their lipid bilayers and consequently their cytoplasm. In this video, we demonstrate efficient electrofusion of cells in vitro by means of modified adherence method. In this method, cells are allowed to attach only slightly to the surface of the well, so that medium can be exchanged and cells still preserve their spherical shape. Fusion visualization is assessed by pre-labeling of the cytoplasm of cells with different fluorescent cell tracker dyes; half of the cells are labeled with orange CMRA and the other half with green CMFDA. Fusion yield is determined as the number of dually fluorescent cells divided with the number of all cells multiplied by two.

In this video we demonstrate efficient electrofusion of cells in vitro by means of modified adherence method using electroporation and the subsequent detection of fused cells visualization with fluorescence microscopy.

Electrosoldável célula visualizado com microscopia de fluorescência

Cell electrofusion is a safe, non-viral and non-chemical method that can be used for preparing hybrid cells for human therapy. Electrofusion involves ...

Simultaneous Multicolor Imaging of Biological Structures with Fluorescence Photoactivation Localization Microscopy

Localization-based super resolution microscopy can be applied to obtain a spatial map (image) of the distribution of individual fluorescently labeled single molecules within a sample with a spatial resolution of tens of nanometers. Using either photoactivatable (PAFP) or&#160;photoswitchable (PSFP) fluorescent proteins fused to proteins of interest, or organic dyes conjugated to antibodies or other molecules of interest, fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy (FPALM) can simultaneously image multiple species of molecules within single cells. By using the following approach, populations of large numbers (thousands to hundreds of thousands) of individual molecules are imaged in single cells and localized with a precision of ~10-30 nm. Data obtained can be applied to understanding the nanoscale spatial distributions of multiple protein types within a cell. One primary advantage of this technique is the dramatic increase in spatial resolution: while diffraction limits resolution to ~200-250 nm in conventional light microscopy, FPALM can image length scales more than an order of magnitude smaller. As many biological hypotheses concern the spatial relationships among different biomolecules, the improved resolution of FPALM can provide insight into questions of cellular organization which have previously been inaccessible to conventional fluorescence microscopy. In addition to detailing the methods for sample preparation and data acquisition, we here describe the optical setup for FPALM. One additional consideration for researchers wishing to do super-resolution microscopy is cost: in-house setups are significantly cheaper than most commercially available imaging machines. Limitations of this technique include the need for optimizing the labeling of molecules of interest within cell samples, and the need for post-processing software to visualize results. We here describe the use of PAFP and PSFP expression to image two protein species in fixed cells. Extension of the technique to living cells is also described.

We demonstrate the use of fluorescence photo activation localization microscopy (FPALM) to simultaneously image multiple types of fluorescently labeled molecules&#160;within cells. The techniques described yield the localization of thousands to hundreds of thousands of individual fluorescent labeled proteins, with a precision of tens of nanometers&#160;within single cells.

Simultânea Multicolor Imagem de Estruturas Biológicas com fluorescência Fotoativação Localização Microscopia

Localization-based super resolution microscopy can be applied to obtain a spatial map (image) of the distribution of individual fluorescently labeled ...

Rapid Analysis and Exploration of Fluorescence Microscopy Images

Despite rapid advances in high-throughput microscopy, quantitative image-based assays still pose significant challenges. While a variety of specialized image analysis tools are available, most traditional image-analysis-based workflows have steep learning curves (for fine tuning of analysis parameters) and result in long turnaround times between imaging and analysis. In particular, cell segmentation, the process of identifying individual cells in an image, is a major bottleneck in this regard.
Here we present an alternate, cell-segmentation-free workflow based on PhenoRipper, an open-source software platform designed for the rapid analysis and exploration of microscopy images. The pipeline presented here is optimized for immunofluorescence microscopy images of cell cultures and requires minimal user intervention. Within half an hour, PhenoRipper can analyze data from a typical 96-well experiment and generate image profiles. Users can then visually explore their data, perform quality control on their experiment, ensure response to perturbations and check reproducibility of replicates. This facilitates a rapid feedback cycle between analysis and experiment, which is crucial during assay optimization. This protocol is useful not just as a first pass analysis for quality control, but also may be used as an end-to-end solution, especially for screening. The workflow described here scales to large data sets such as those generated by high-throughput screens, and has been shown to group experimental conditions by phenotype accurately over a wide range of biological systems. The PhenoBrowser interface provides an intuitive framework to explore the phenotypic space and relate image properties to biological annotations. Taken together, the protocol described here will lower the barriers to adopting quantitative analysis of image based screens.

Here we describe a workflow for rapidly analyzing and exploring collections of fluorescence microscopy images using PhenoRipper, a recently developed image-analysis platform.

Análise rápida e Exploração de microscopia de fluorescência Images

Despite rapid advances in high-throughput microscopy, quantitative image-based assays still pose significant challenges. While a variety of specialized ...

Visualizing Stromule Frequency with Fluorescence Microscopy

Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but whose functions remain mysterious. Alongside growing attention on the role of chloroplasts in coordinating plant responses to stress, interest in stromules and their relationship to chloroplast signaling dynamics has increased in recent years, aided by advances in fluorescence microscopy and protein fluorophores that allow for rapid, accurate visualization of stromule dynamics. Here, we provide detailed protocols to assay stromule frequency in the epidermal chloroplasts of Nicotiana benthamiana, an excellent model system for investigating chloroplast stromule biology. We also provide methods for visualizing chloroplast stromules in vitro by extracting chloroplasts from leaves. Finally, we outline sampling strategies and statistical approaches to analyze differences in stromule frequencies in response to stimuli, such as environmental stress, chemical treatments, or gene silencing. Researchers can use these protocols as a starting point to develop new methods for innovative experiments to explore how and why chloroplasts make stromules.

Protocols to investigate the dynamics of chloroplast stromules, the stroma-filled tubules that extend from the surface of chloroplasts, are described.

Visualizando Frequency Stromule com microscopia de fluorescência

Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but ...

Mixed Primary Cultures of Murine Small Intestine Intended for the Study of Gut Hormone Secretion and Live Cell Imaging of Enteroendocrine Cells

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, with hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells located along the length of the gastrointestinal epithelium. Despite their physiological importance, enteroendocrine cells represent only a small fraction of the epithelial cell population and in the past, their characterization has presented a considerable challenge resulting in a reliance on cell line models. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the isolation and culture of mixed murine small intestinal cells. These primary cultures have been used to identify the signaling pathways underlying the stimulation and inhibition of gut peptide secretion in response to a number of nutrients and neuropeptides as well as pharmacological agents. Furthermore, in combination with the use of transgenic fluorescent reporter mice, we have demonstrated that these primary cultures become a powerful tool for the examination of fluorescently-tagged enteroendocrine cells at the intracellular level, using methods such as patch clamping and single-cell calcium and cAMP-FRET imaging.

This protocol describes the isolation and culture of mixed murine small intestinal cells. These primary intestinal cultures enable the investigation of signaling pathways underlying gut peptide secretion using a number of techniques.

Culturas primárias mistas de Murino Intestino Delgado destinadas ao estudo de Gut hormonal Secreção e imagens de células vivas de Células Enteroendócrinas

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, with hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells located along the length of the gastrointestinal ...

Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching of Yellow Fluorescent Protein Tagged p62 in Aggresome-like Induced Structures

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)&#160;is a microscopy technique that can be used to quantify protein mobility in live cells. In a typical FRAP experiment, steady-state fluorescence is observed by repeated imaging with low-intensity laser light. Subsequently, the fluorescent molecules are rapidly and irreversibly impaired via brief exposure to high-intensity laser light. Information about protein mobility is obtained by monitoring the recovery of fluorescence. We used FRAP to determine the mobility of p62 in aggresome-like induced structures (ALIS) in murine macrophages after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Because many existing FRAP protocols are either incomplete or complex, our goal was to provide a comprehensive, practical, and straightforward step-by-step protocol for FRAP experiments with live cells. Here, we describe RAW264.7 macrophage transfection with yellow fluorescent protein-p62 (YFP-p62), induction of ALIS by exposing the cells to LPS, and a step-by-step method for collecting prebleach and postbleach FRAP images and data analysis. Finally, we discuss important factors to consider when conducting a FRAP experiment.

We describe a comprehensive and practical protocol for fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments with live cells. Although the protocol was used to measure the mobility of yellow fluorescent protein-tagged p62 in aggresome-like induced structures, it can be applied to a variety of microscopy systems and fluorescent proteins.

Recuperação de fluorescência após p62 fotobranqueamento de amarelo fluorescente proteína marcados em Aggresome induzida por estruturas

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)&#160;is a microscopy technique that can be used to quantify protein mobility in live cells. In a typical ...