Name: ex vivo preparations of the intact vomeronasal organ and accessory olfactory bulb
Uploaded: 2014-08-04T23:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb at JoVE.com

Denne forskning blev støttet af R00 DC011780 (JPM: NINDS, NIH), F30 DC011673 (GFH: NINDS, NIH) og UT Southwestern startproblemer midler (JPM).

Alle forsøg blev udført i overensstemmelse med protokoller godkendt af UT Southwestern Institutional Animal Care og brug Udvalg, og blev valgt for at minimere stress, ubehag og smerter opleves af forsøgsdyr. 1.. Dissektion Chamber En brugerdefineret dissektion kammer og små, tynde plastik planke er nødvendige for de bedste resultater (figur 1). Konstruere eller opnå en sådan afdeling på forhånd forsøger denne protokol. <p class="jove_...

<ol>
	<li>Bruce, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+exteroceptive+block+to+pregnancy+in+the+mouse.">An exteroceptive block to pregnancy in the mouse.</a> Nature. 184, 105 (1959).</li><li>Bellringer, J. F., Pratt, H. P., Keverne, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Involvement+of+the+vomeronasal+organ+and+prolactin+in+pheromonal+induction+of+delayed+implantation+in+mice.">Involvement of the vomeronasal organ and prolactin in pheromonal induction of delayed implantation in mice.</a> J Reprod Fertil. 59, 223-228 (1980).</li><li>Bean, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+agonistic+behavior+by+the+dual+olfactory+system+in+male+mice.">Modulation of agonistic behavior by the dual olfactory system in male mice.</a> Physiol Behav. 29, 433-437 (1982).</li><li>Meredith, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vomeronasal+organ+removal+before+sexual+experience+impairs+male+hamster+mating+behavior.">Vomeronasal organ removal before sexual experience impairs male hamster mating behavior.</a> Physiol Behav. 36, 737-743 (1986).</li><li>Hendrickson, R. C., Krauthamer, S., Essenberg, J. M., Holy, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+shapes+sex+selectivity+in+the+mouse+accessory+olfactory+bulb.">Inhibition shapes sex selectivity in the mouse accessory olfactory bulb.</a> J Neurosci. 28, 12523-12534 (2008).</li><li>Ben-Shaul, Y., Katz, L. C., Mooney, R., Dulac, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+vomeronasal+stimulation+reveals+sensory+encoding+of+conspecific+and+allospecific+cues+by+the+mouse+accessory+olfactory+bulb.">In vivo vomeronasal stimulation reveals sensory encoding of conspecific and allospecific cues by the mouse accessory olfactory bulb.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107, (2010).</li><li>Tolokh, I. I., Fu, X., Holy, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliable+sex+and+strain+discrimination+in+the+mouse+vomeronasal+organ+and+accessory+olfactory+bulb.">Reliable sex and strain discrimination in the mouse vomeronasal organ and accessory olfactory bulb.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 33, 13903-13913 (2013).</li><li>Luo, M., Fee, M. S., Katz, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Encoding+pheromonal+signals+in+the+accessory+olfactory+bulb+of+behaving+mice.">Encoding pheromonal signals in the accessory olfactory bulb of behaving mice.</a> Science. 299, 1196-1201 (2003).</li><li>Binns, K. E., Brennan, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+electrophysiological+activity+in+the+accessory+olfactory+bulb+and+medial+amygdala+associated+with+mate+recognition+in+mice.">Changes in electrophysiological activity in the accessory olfactory bulb and medial amygdala associated with mate recognition in mice.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 21, 2529-2537 (2005).</li><li>Leszkowicz, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noradrenaline-induced+enhancement+of+oscillatory+local+field+potentials+in+the+mouse+accessory+olfactory+bulb+does+not+depend+on+disinhibition+of+mitral+cells.">Noradrenaline-induced enhancement of oscillatory local field potentials in the mouse accessory olfactory bulb does not depend on disinhibition of mitral cells.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 35, 1433-1445 (2012).</li><li>Ames, A., Gurian, B. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+Recordings+from+Isolated+Mammalian+Retina+Mounted+as+a+Membrane.">Electrical Recordings from Isolated Mammalian Retina Mounted as a Membrane.</a> Arch Ophthalmol. 70, 837-841 (1963).</li><li>Flock, A. F., Strelioff, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+hair+cells+in+isolated+coils+from+the+guinea+pig+cochlea.">Studies on hair cells in isolated coils from the guinea pig cochlea.</a> Hear Res. 15, 11-18 (1984).</li><li>Woodbury, C. J., Ritter, A. M., Koerber, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+anatomy+of+individual+rapidly+adapting+low-threshold+mechanoreceptors+innervating+the+'hairy'+skin+of+newborn+mice:+early+maturation+of+hair+follicle+afferents.">Central anatomy of individual rapidly adapting low-threshold mechanoreceptors innervating the 'hairy' skin of newborn mice: early maturation of hair follicle afferents.</a> J Comp Neurol. 436, 304-323 (2001).</li><li>Llinas, R., Muhlethaler, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+electrophysiological+study+of+the+in+vitro,+perfused+brain+stem-cerebellum+of+adult+guinea-pig.">An electrophysiological study of the in vitro, perfused brain stem-cerebellum of adult guinea-pig.</a> The Journal of physiology. 404, 215-240 (1988).</li><li>Riviere, S., Challet, L., Fluegge, D., Spehr, M., Rodriguez, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formyl+peptide+receptor-like+proteins+are+a+novel+family+of+vomeronasal+chemosensors.">Formyl peptide receptor-like proteins are a novel family of vomeronasal chemosensors.</a> Nature. 459, 574-577 (2009).</li><li>Meeks, J. P., Holy, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+ex+vivo+preparation+of+the+intact+mouse+vomeronasal+organ+and+accessory+olfactory+bulb.">An ex vivo preparation of the intact mouse vomeronasal organ and accessory olfactory bulb.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 177, 440-447 (2009).</li><li>Leinders-Zufall, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasensitive+pheromone+detection+by+mammalian+vomeronasal+neurons.">Ultrasensitive pheromone detection by mammalian vomeronasal neurons.</a> Nature. 405, 792-796 (2000).</li><li>Kato, H. K., Chu, M. W., Isaacson, J. S., Komiyama, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+sensory+representations+in+the+olfactory+bulb:+modulation+by+wakefulness+and+experience.">Dynamic sensory representations in the olfactory bulb: modulation by wakefulness and experience.</a> 76, 962-975 (2012).</li><li>Meeks, J. P., Arnson, H. A., Holy, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Representation+and+transformation+of+sensory+information+in+the+mouse+accessory+olfactory+system.">Representation and transformation of sensory information in the mouse accessory olfactory system.</a> Nature. 13, 723-730 (2010).</li></ol>

VNO-Eventuelt ex vivo, der er beskrevet i denne protokol er et nyttigt alternativ til bedøvet in vivo 5-7 og akut levende skive 17 eksperimenter af AOB funktion. I modsætning til akutte AOB skive eksperimenter, som også udsætte kredsløbselementer for elektrofysiologiske og optiske optagelser, dette præparat bevarer alle sensoriske afferente og intra-AOB forbindelser. Selv om dette også kan siges om bedøvede in vivo metoder, tilstedeværelsen af bedøvelsesmidler n...

Sensorisk forarbejdning i pattedyrs hjerne typisk strækker sig over flere gensidigt forbundne neuronale kredsløb, som hver udtrækker særlige kendetegn fra sanseindtryk. I følenerverne, tidlig informationsbehandling er afgørende for normal perception og adfærd. I tilbehøret olfaktoriske system (AOS), tilbehøret lugtekolben (AOB) er den primære neurale kredsløb, der forbinder den sensoriske periferien til downstream strukturer, der dikterer hormonbalance 1,2, aggression 3 og ophidselse 4.. Som sådan er informationsbehandling inden for denne kreds stærkt knyttet til ændringer i dyrs adfærd. Tilbehøret lugtekolben ligger i mus og rotter ved den dorsale / caudale / posteriore aspekt af de vigtigste lugtekolben (MOB) under den tætte, vaskulariseret rhinal sinus. Den Eventuelt modtager afferente innervation fra axoner på perifer vomeronasal sensoriske neuroner (VSNs), der bor i vomeronasal Organ (VON), en lilll blind-ended rør i den forreste snude lige over den bløde gane. Disse axoner krydse sarte ark septal væv ved den mediale grænse af den nasale passager. Adskillige undersøgelser har aftestede AOB neurale reaktioner på kilder AOS lugte (såsom mus urin) in vivo ved hjælp af bedøvede mus 5-7 eller frit udforske dyr 8. Den heroiske bedøvet in vivo studier involverede (a) tracheotomies at sikre dyb anæstesi og forhindre maveindhold stimuli 5-7, (b) stimulering af det sympatiske cervikale ganglion 6 eller direkte kanylering af vomeronasal orgel 5,7 for at indføre ikke-flygtige lugt og (c) craniotomies med eller uden frontallappen ablations at tillade elektrode avancement i AOB 6. Awake / opfører undersøgelser 8-10 involveret kirurgisk implantation af et mikrodrev. I sum, disse eksperimentelle paradigmer er kraftfuld, men yderst vanskelig og kræver ofte anæstesi. (ex vivo) med en vis succes 11-15. Fordi forbindelserne mellem VNO og AOB forblive ipsilateral, og fordi midterlinjen septal væv kan blive udsat for iltet superfusate i en enkelt halvkugle, vi søgt at udvikle en sådan enkelt-halvkugle ex vivo metode til at isolere disse strukturer og samtidig bevare deres funktionelle tilslutningsmuligheder. Vi har for nylig lykkedes at nå dette mål 16. Dette præparat holder både VNO og AOB live og funktionelt forbundet til på mindst 4 - 6 timer, fordi begge axoner (langs midterlinjen blødt septal væv) og AOB er forholdsvis lavvandet &lt;600 um funktioner, der er tilgængelige for superfusioneret iltet kunstig cerebrospinalvæske ( aCSF). Dette VNO-Eventuelt ex vivo forberedelse tillader introduktion af kontrollerede stimuli i VNO via en tynd kanyle, ogdirekte visuel adgang til den lille AOB for målrettet elektrode placering og / eller live fluorescens mikroskopi. Denne metode er fordelagtig, hvis man ønsker at studere disse kredsløb i fravær af anæstetika. Fordi denne fremgangsmåde skærer centrifugal-forbindelser, er det ikke velegnet til undersøgelser af centrifugal modulering af AOB funktion. VNO-Eventuelt ex vivo forberedelse er svært at lære, men når nået producerer en pålidelig platform, som man kan undersøge kredsløb organisation, informationsbehandling, og neurale plasticitet i denne kraftfulde sensoriske kredsløb.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14002-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Scissors-Straight</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14060-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Scissors-Curved</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14061-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adson Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11006-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#3 Scalpel Handle</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10003-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#11 Scalpel Blades</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>3120030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight Carbon Steel Razor Blades</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm Petri Dish</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-772-21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection Chamber</td>
			<td>Custom&#160;</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>See Fig. 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Delrin plastic plank 0.6 cm x 1.5 cm x 0.1 cm</td>
			<td>Custom&#160;</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dow Corning Silicon Vacuum grease</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>146355D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#5 Forceps, Student</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91150-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#5 Forceps, Biologie Tip</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11295-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#5 Forceps, Student</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91150-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas Spring Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15000-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.0045&#34; Polyimide Tubing</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>823400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/16&#34; Male Luer</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>EW-45505-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/16&#34; Tubing</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-171-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Two ton epoxy</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>5E157</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ValveBank Pressurized Perfusion Kit</td>
			<td>AutoMate Scientific</td>
			<td>09-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ValveLink digital/manual controller</td>
			<td>AutoMate Scientific</td>
			<td>01-18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2 dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2 hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>myo-inositol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na-pyruvate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na-ascorbate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ex vivo preparations of the intact vomeronasal organ and accessory olfactory bulb

Musen tilbehør olfaktoriske system (AOS) er en specialiseret sensorisk vej til påvisning af ikke-flygtige sociale lugte, feromoner og kairomones. Den første neurale kredsløb i AOS vej, kaldet tilbehøret lugtekolben (AOB), spiller en vigtig rolle i etableringen af ​​sex-typiske adfærd, såsom territorial aggression og parring. Denne lille (&lt;1 mm 3) kredsløb besidder evnen til at skelne mellem unikke adfærdsmæssige tilstande, såsom køn, stamme, og stress fra chemosensory signaler i sekreter og ekskreter fra artsfæller. Mens den kompakte organisation af denne ordning giver unikke muligheder for optagelse fra store dele af kredsløbet samtidig efterforskning af sensorisk forarbejdning i AOB stadig en udfordring, hovedsagelig på grund af sin eksperimentelt ufordelagtig placering i hjernen. Her viser vi en etapevis dissektion, der fjerner den intakte AOB i en enkelt halvkugle af den forreste mus kraniet, så tilslutioner til både de perifere vomeronasal sensoriske neuroner (VSNs) og lokale neuronal kredsløb intakte. Proceduren udsætter AOB overflade til direkte visuel inspektion, lette elektrofysiologiske og optiske optagelser fra AOB kredsløbselementer i fravær af bedøvelsesmidler. Ved at indsætte en tynd kanyle ind i den vomeronasal Organ (VON), som huser VSNs, kan man direkte udsætte periferien til sociale lugte og feromoner, mens du optager nedstrøms aktivitet i AOB. Denne procedure gør det muligt for kontrollerede undersøgelser AOS informationsbehandling, der kan kaste lys over mekanismer, der forbinder feromon eksponering over for ændringer i adfærd.

At opnå succes med dette præparat tager omfattende praksis, og har flere trin, hvor det kan mislykkes. Man skal forvente at kræve mange forsøg, før at opnå succes. Den brugerdefinerede dissektion kammer er nødvendig for en vellykket gennemførelse af denne protokol, og bør indhentes før start de senere faser af dissektion. Kammeret design vist i figur 1 er tilstrækkelig til dette formål, og kan være fremstillet af forholdsvis billige plastmaterialer med minimal bearbejdning krav. Hvis man ma...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb at JoVE.com

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

Ex vivo Tilberedninger af den intakte Vomeronasal orgel og tilbehør lugtekolben

Musen tilbehør lugtekolben (AOB) har været vanskeligt at studere i forbindelse med sensoriske kodning. Her viser vi en dissektion, der producerer en ex vivo præparat, hvori AOB neuroner forbliver funktionelt forbundet til deres perifere indgange, lette forskning i behandling af oplysninger af muse feromoner og kairomones.

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

Multielectrode Array Recordings of the Vomeronasal Epithelium

Understanding neural circuits requires methods to record from many neurons simultaneously. For in vitro studies, one currently available technology is ...

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

Targeting Olfactory Bulb Neurons Using Combined In Vivo Electroporation and Gal4-Based Enhancer Trap Zebrafish Lines

Targeting Olfactory Bulb Neurons Using Combined In Vivo Electroporation and Gal4-Based Enhancer Trap Zebrafish Lines

In vivo electroporation is a powerful method for delivering DNA expression plasmids, RNAi reagents, and morpholino anti-sense oligonucleotides to specific ...

Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals

Imaging Lugt-Evoked Aktiviteter i musen lugtekolben bruger optisk reflektans og autofluorescens signaler

In the brain, sensory stimulation activates distributed populations of neurons among functional modules which participate to the coding of the stimulus. ...

Imaging Neuronal Responses in Slice Preparations of Vomeronasal Organ Expressing a Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor

Imaging Neuronal Svar på Slice Varer af Vomeronasal Organ udtryk for en genetisk kodet Calcium Sensor

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects chemosensory signals that carry information about the social, sexual and reproductive status of the individuals within ...

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

Det olfaktoriske system som en model til at studere axonal vækstmønstre og morfologi<em&gt; In Vivo</em

The olfactory system has the unusual capacity to generate new neurons throughout the lifetime of an organism. Olfactory stem cells in the basal portion of ...

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Optagelse Temperatur-induceret neuronal aktivitet gennem Overvågning Calcium Ændringer i det olfaktoriske pære af<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. ...

In-depth Physiological Analysis of Defined Cell Populations in Acute Tissue Slices of the Mouse Vomeronasal Organ

Dybdegående Fysiologisk Analyse af Definerede Cell populationer i Akut Tissue Skiver af Mouse vomeronasale organ

In most mammals, the vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a chemosensory structure that detects both hetero- and conspecific social cues. Vomeronasal sensory ...

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

Quadruple Immunostaining af Olfactory Bulb til Visualisering af Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

The mouse olfactory system is often used to study mechanisms of neural circuit formation&#12288;because of its simple anatomical structure. An Olfactory ...

Preparation of Rat Sciatic Nerve for Ex Vivo Neurophysiology

Preparation of Rat Sciatic Nerve for Ex Vivo Neurophysiology

Forberedelse af rotte iskiasnerve til Ex Vivo neurofysiologi

Ex vivo preparations enable the study of many neurophysiological processes in isolation from the rest of the body while preserving local tissue structure. ...