Name: integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling for evaluation of chemical mobility in soils and established vegetation
Uploaded: 2014-07-04T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation at JoVE.com

作者承认工作人员在NCDA沙丘研究站与蒸渗仪的安装和折返协助。资金用于代表性的成果描述的实验是由中心的草坪环境研究和教育提供。视频和手稿的生产是由土壤科学和作物科学的北卡罗莱纳州立大学各部门的支持。

野外采样在这个实验中进行，并根据农业和消费者服务的北卡罗来纳部门的授权。 1，现场蒸渗仪的安装<ol><li>选择一个实验性的网站上，其中应用化学横向移动的机会不大（ 即 ，与很少或没有坡度的网站）。选择基础上的利益土壤和植被性质的网站。 </li><li>如果地块植被，植被拔插头式蒸渗仪的安装（ 图1A）之前。 </li><li>向下推动渗计成使用倒置后?...

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利用一个集成领域lysimetry和孔隙水采样方法使研究人员能够评估各种土地应用化学时空分布。化学物质在土壤和植被系统的命运可以通过许多环境过程和属性，例如向下淋溶，挥发，水解，光解，微生物转化/降解，植物吸收，土壤类型，土壤PH值16,17来控制。不像温室或实验室基础实验，从这里所描述的领域为基础的方法的结果与获得对研究的系统影响最小，因此可以外推到其他系统或设...

潜在的有毒化学品的常规运用的来源，如农药，化肥，污水/污泥，工业废弃物和城市垃圾1,2降落。这些化学物质的命运-其可以包括营养物，微量元素，有机物，以及它们相关的代谢物-通常不能很好地理解3。如果化学品管理不当，他们通过他们的转移和积聚于植物，地表水和地下水，威胁人类和环境健康的潜力。与可能达到10十亿人，到2050年全球人口中，有关于废物管理和粮食生产2日益增长的需求，以及土地利用的许多化学物质一直在增加3,4。因此，研究是必要的，量化的变换，流动性，负载限制，以及整体环境风险从需要土地处置或者说我们依靠增强作物健康的化学物质和产量。 许多策略已经被用来评估来自环境中的应用化学品的威胁。实验室为基础，模型系统的研究已进行提供有关控制化学品在土壤中的移动性的基本机制的信息。当分析在实验室化学命运，对“环境”，并输入完整的操作可以实现，但这些很少匹配真实世界的环境条件5,6。因此，实验室结果外推到现场设置可能会导致对化学威胁不准确的预测。与此相反，广泛的现场测量已被用于定义在环境中的化学行为。然而，大约从这些测量环境归趋的结论往往是由于经常使用低速率（ 例如几克-1）应用于化学品，以及在电子水文和生物地球化学过程之间复杂的相互作用复杂nvironment调节化学分布。 Lysimetry，包括现场lysimetry，历来被用于土壤和作物科学系统地评估应用到土壤和植被建立化学品的向下流动。甲渗漏​​测定计是由金属或塑料的一种装置，被放置到感兴趣的土壤和用于确定在已知量施加到一个狭窄区域的化学品的命运。从渗仪收集的土壤和植被的样品可用于评估化学分布随时间的演化。因为字段lysimetry是天然环境的条件下进行的，结果，可用于预测来自于化学应用到土壤系统实例场景。早期的蒸渗仪测量研究蒸腾，水分流动，和/或营养运动。现代蒸渗仪测量研究农药和养分消耗，农药运动，波动性和质量平衡，随着aforementioned测量3。 传统字段lysimetry的一个限制是，在土壤剖面的化学迁移率主要取决于固相的测量所定义，而较少关注到在水中溶解的化学浓度通过土壤渗滤 - 可能影响对地下水污染的可能性的重要组成部分从土地应用的化学品。虽然从渗仪底部渗滤液有时被收集用于分析，孔隙水浓度的这种做法限制深度分辨率，通常需要前实验显著挖土。相反，以获取有关土壤水分的化学品浓度数据，孔隙水采样器可以用在字段设置。孔隙水采样器安装在土壤中，从离散的，所需深度收集水，只有最低限度扰乱土壤系统。孔隙水采样器已经提到了很多名字，包括渗仪，吸痰立方米p渗仪，或土壤溶液取样器，卷积它们之间的区别与上述领域传统的蒸渗仪。在本文中，我们将使用术语“孔隙水采样器”，以减轻混乱。 在这里，我们表明，结合现场lysimetry和孔隙水采样评估应用到植物的土壤或bareground系统化学物质的向下淋失风险的一种实验方法。 Lysimetry一直以来，1700年7采用了功能强大的工具，而陶瓷孔隙水采样已自20世纪60年代初8使用。这些强大的技术整合，可以进行现场测定，同时尽量减少对土壤的扰动两种固体和溶解相的化学浓度分布。本文介绍了设计一个实验，包括选址，设备安装，样品采集时要考虑的因素。该方法与说明，评估一个企业的命运实验有机砷农药施加到bareground和已建立的草坪系统。描述的技术可以根据需要进行调整，研究​​的各种化学品的命运，从而提供宝贵的工具，以研究人员和政策制定者谁寻求理解的土地用于化学品的环境行为和命运。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1187">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:656px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:244px;">Prenart Super Quartz Samplers (PFTE/Quartz)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Prenart Equipment ApS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Any samplers for&#160; trace metal analysis can be used (e.g. SoilMoisture Equipment Corp.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Prenart Installation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Prenart Equipment ApS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Contains all items necessary to install porewater samplers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:244px;">2 L collecting bottles</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Prenart Equipment ApS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:656px;">Bottles can also be purchased from Fisher Scientific (02-923-2) or other laboratory supply companies, but fittings will need to be adjusted. Bottles can be covered with dark material if light sensitive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Portable vacuum pump</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Prenart Equipment ApS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Vacuporter from Decagon Devices or other field battery-operated or hand vacuum pump may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">1 oz HDPE Nalgene Bottles</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">03-313-4A</td>
			<td>Sample bottle type will depend on analyte of interest and may be glass</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Concentrated nitric acid</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A509-P212</td>
			<td>Oxidizing and corrosive-other acids may be needed for preservation and should be used with caution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">25 mm 0.2 &#181;m nylon syringe filters</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">28145-487</td>
			<td>Other filter types and pore sizes may be used, dependent on the analyte of interest and analytical instrumentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">60 mL Luer-Lok syringes</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-689-8</td>
			<td>Other sizes may be used depending on sample volume collected</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Portable pH meter</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">248481-A01</td>
			<td>Other pH meters can be used following calibration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Graduated Cylinder</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:244px;">Field lysimeters (metal, plastic, etc.)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Often these are constructed based on the researchers specifications</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Inverted Post Driver Tractor</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Any tractor can be used to install the lysimeters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Handheld Boom Sprayer</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>To apply the rate needed for application&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Polyethylene bags</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Other brands may be used for soil storage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Reciprocating saw</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Black &#38; Decker&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Any reciprocating saw can be used with a metal cutting attachment</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling for evaluation of chemical mobility in soils and established vegetation

潜在的有毒化学品的常规应用到土地，以满足废物管理和粮食生产日益增长的需求，但这些化学品的命运往往不能很好地理解。在这里，我们展示了一个集成领域lysimetry和孔隙水采样的方法，用于评估施用到土壤和植被建立化学品的流动性。渗仪，金属或塑料制成的空心柱，打入bareground或植物的土壤。孔隙水取样器，它是市售的，并使用真空收集渗透的土壤水分，被安装在所述测渗仪内的预定深度。在下列化学应用到试验田预先安排的时间，​​孔隙水被收集，并且渗仪，包含土壤和植被，被挖掘出来。通过分析蒸渗仪土壤，植被和孔隙水，向下的浸出率，土壤保持能力，以及植物吸收的利息化学化学浓度可以量化。由于现场lysimetry和孔隙水采样是根据自然环境条件和土壤干扰最小进行的，得出结果项目实际情况的方案，并提供有价值的信息，为化学品管理。由于化学品越来越多地应用到全世界的土地，所描述的技术可用于确定应用的化学物质是否对不良反应对人体健康或环境。

这种方法允许对化学品的命运数据的积累应用到bareground和植被土壤系统5,10。这种方法被用来评估砷（以As计）向下淋溶，吸收和易位转化为狗牙根植物（ 狗牙根 ）以下应用的有机砷除草剂味精甲基砷酸（MSMA）系统9。自1960年以来，MSMA已用于非农田，草坪草和棉花产量，但是可能有应用由于可以通过土壤向下渗漏，污染地下水11,12日益受到关注。美国环境保护署（E...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation at JoVE.com

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

现场lysimetry和孔隙水采样允许研究人员评估施用到土壤和植被建立化学品的命运。本协议的目的是演示如何安装所需的仪表和过程集成领域lysimetry和孔隙水采样实验收集样本，进行化学分析。

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

评定一体化厌氧消化和水热碳化对生物能源生产

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal ...

科研

环境科学

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

校准被动采样 - NH多情节场测量<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;与动态管法和被动采样的组合排放

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

A Bending Test for Determining the Atterberg Plastic Limit in Soils

弯曲试验在土壤确定阿太堡限塑

The thread rolling test is the most commonly used method to determine the plastic limit (PL) in soils. It has been widely criticized, because a ...

Extraction and Analysis of Microbial Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Soils

提取及土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸分析

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) are key components of microbial cell membranes. The analysis of PLFAs extracted from soils can provide information about ...

Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

修改和叶鼓风机-VAC的节肢动物领域采样中的应用

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

土壤重采样的方法监控森林土壤的化学浓度的变化

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Sampling Soils in a Heterogeneous Research Plot

在异构研究图中取样土壤

Soils are highly heterogeneous. In general, the number of soil samples required for soil research has always been determined arbitrarily and the ...

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

一种用于气溶胶取样的新型便携式体外曝光盒

This protocol introduces a new in vitro exposure system, capable of being worn, including its characterization and performance. Air-liquid interface (ALI) ...

Combined Size and Density Fractionation of Soils for Investigations of Organo-Mineral Interactions

土壤联合粒径与密度的分离研究

Combined size and density fractionation (CSDF) is a method used to physically separate soil into fractions differing in particle size and mineralogy. CSDF ...