Name: generation of enterobacter sp. ysu auxotrophs using transposon mutagenesis
Uploaded: 2014-10-31T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Enterobacter sp. YSU Auxotrophs Using Transposon Mutagenesis at JoVE.com

The author would like to thank all of my undergraduate Independent Research Students and all of my Microbial Physiology graduate students who tested my transposon mutagenesis ideas during the 2010-2014 spring semesters. This work was funded by the Department of Biological Sciences at Youngstown State University.

1. Electroporation of Competent Cells5,11
<ol>
	<li>Dilute an O/N LB culture of Enterobacter sp. YSU 1/20 into 50 ml of fresh LB medium and grow with shaking at 120 rpm and 30 &#176;C to an O.D. (600 nm) between 0.4 and 0.6. Optionally, grow other bacterial strains at their optimal growth temperature.</li>
	<li>Chill the cells on ice for 5 min and centrifuge at 4 &#176;C and 7,000 x g for 5 min.</li>
	<li>Discard the supernatant, resuspend the cells in 50 ml of sterile ice cold water and centrifuge ...

<ol>
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L., Agarwala, R., Sch&#228;ffer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=a+Database+indexing+for+production+MegaBLAST+searches.">a Database indexing for production MegaBLAST searches.</a> Bioinformatics. 24 (16), 1757-1764 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, Z., Schwartz, S., Wagner, L., Miller, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+greedy+algorithm+for+aligning+DNA+sequences.">A greedy algorithm for aligning DNA sequences.</a> Journal of computational biology a journal of computational molecular cell biology. 7 (1-2), 203-214 (2000).</li><li>Holmes, A., Vinayak, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+two+multimetal+resistant+bacterial+strains:+Enterobacter+sp.+YSU+and+Stenotrophomonas+maltophilia+OR02.">Comparison of two multimetal resistant bacterial strains: Enterobacter sp. 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Transposon mutagenesis using a transposome is an efficient tool for generating auxotrophs in Enterobacter sp. YSU and other types of Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria3,4. The process was initiated by introducing the Tn5-derived transposome into the host by electroporation. To identify colonies with inserts, the untransformed target strain had to be sensitive to kanamycin in order to select for the resistance marker carried by the transposon. Some hosts produce restriction endonucleases...

Prototrophic bacteria grow in M-9 minimal salts medium containing glucose (M-9 medium), converting glucose through central carbon metabolism pathways to generate precursors, such as amino acids, nucleic acids and vitamins, for biosynthesis1. M-9 medium contains ammonium chloride as a nitrogen source, sodium and potassium phosphate as a buffer and phosphorous source, magnesium sulfate as a sulfur source and glucose as a carbon and energy source. Luria-Bertani (LB) medium is rich in amino acids from tryptone and in vitamins and growth factors from yeast extract. It supports the growth of auxotrophs that cannot synthesize amino acids, vitamins and other growth factors required for growth on M-9 medium. Thus, prototrophs will grow in LB and M-9 medium, whereas auxotrophs will grow in LB medium but not in M-9 medium. By introducing mutations into a prototrophic population of bacteria and identifying mutated genes that cause auxotrophic phenotypes, it is possible to obtain a better understanding of the metabolism in a bacterial strain.
Transposon mutagenesis can be used to identify many of the genes required for growth on glucose in M-9 medium. Transposons insert themselves randomly into the host genome2. By spotting transposon transformants on LB agar plates and replica plating them onto M-9 medium agar plates, it is possible to screen for auxotrophs. Interrupted genes are identified through gene rescue. This study uses a commercially available Tn5-derived transposome which is shipped as a solution of a linear transposon DNA segment mixed with transposase protein. The DNA segment lacks a transposase gene but contains a gene for kanamycin resistance, an R6K&#947; replication origin and two mosaic motifs which are DNA sequences for transposase binding at each end of the segment3,4. Since the transposase protein is added directly to the DNA, the DNA segment alone is defined as the transposon, and the DNA/transposase protein complex is defined as the transposome. The transposome is transformed by electroporation5 into a kanamycin sensitive host (Figure 1A). Colonies that grow on LB agar plates containing kanamycin (LB-kan) have transposon inserts (Figure 1B), and replica plated transformants that fail to grow on M-9 medium agar plates containing kanamycin (M-9-kan) are auxotrophs (Figire 1C). Genomic DNA from a mutant is purified and partially digested with the 4-base cutting restriction endonuclease, BfuC I (Figure 1D). The ligated DNA is transformed into a strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) that contains the pir gene (Figure 1E). This gene allows the new plasmid containing the transposon and flanking host chromosomal region to replicate in E. coli6. The kanamycin resistance gene serves as a selectable marker for the new plasmid. Finally, sequencing using primers complementary to each end of the transposon and Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis7,8 of the resulting sequence are used to determine the identity of the interrupted genes.
This transposome mutagenesis strategy provides three advantages3. First, since the transposase protein is bound directly to the transposon, insertion does not depend on expression of the transposase gene within the host. Once the transposon incorporates itself into the host genome, the transposase is degraded, preventing additional movement of the transposon. However, additional movement cannot be prevented if the host possesses an endogenous Tn5 transpositional element. Second, introduction of the transposome by electroporation makes it possible to use it in a wide variety of hosts. It also eliminates the need to introduce the transposon by bacterial conjugation or by viral infection. Both processes require host susceptibility. Third, inclusion of the kanamycin resistance gene and the R6K&#947; replication origin in the transposome makes it easier to identify the interrupted gene. Transposon-interrupted regions can be stored and sequenced as plasmids, eliminating the need to use the inverse polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for gene identification.
The protocol presented in this video describes each step for transposon mutagenesis of Enterobacter sp. YSU9 using a transposome from its introduction into the bacterial cells to the identification of the putative gene it interrupted. In addition to previously published protocols3,4,10, detailed methods for using replica plating to screen for auxotrophs are presented. This mutagenesis technique may be used for investigating other phenotypes, such as antibiotic and metal resistances, in different types of bacteria, for identifying the minimal number of genes required for growth under defined culture conditions in synthetic biology studies, or for teaching a laboratory component of a genetics or microbial physiology course.&#160;&#160;

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="707">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">EZ-Tn5 R6K&#947;ori/KAN-2 Tnp Transposome Kit</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Epicentre (Illumina)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TSM08KR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">EC100D pir+ Electrocompetent E. coli</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Epicentre (Illumina)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ECP09500</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Capable of replicating plasmids with an R6K&#947; replication origin at a low copy number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">EC100D pir-116 Electrocompetent E. coli</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Epicentre (Illumina)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EC6P095H</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Capable of replicating plasmids with an R6K&#947; replication origin at a high copy number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">5X M-9 Salts</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DF048517</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lennox LB Broth</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP1427-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Agar</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Amresco, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">J637-1KG</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Solid media contained 1.6% (w/v) agar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Kanamycin Sulfate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Amresco, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0408-25G</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">When required, media contained 50 &#956;g/ml kanamycin sulfate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">D-Glucose Monohydrate</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Amresco, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0643-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Amresco, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">J850-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tryptone</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Amresco, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">J859-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P4504-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Amresco, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">X190-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP214-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">MgSO2</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP213-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="92">
			<td height="92" style="height:92px;width:216px;">Super Optimal Broth with Catabolite Repression (SOC) medium</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;">0.5% (w/v) yeast extract, 2% (w/v) tryptone, 10 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 20 mM MgSO4 and 20 mM Glucose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BfuC I</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R0636S</td>
			<td>Partial digestion of genomic DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Xho I</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R0146S</td>
			<td>Plasmid digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">T4 DNA Ligase</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M0202S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Nuclease Free Water</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Amresco, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E476-1L</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">For dissolving precipitated DNA and restriction endonuclease reactions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">GenomeLab DTCS - Quick Start Kit</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">608120</td>
			<td>DNA sequencing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1120A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Wizard Plus SV Minipreps DNA Purification System</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1460</td>
			<td>Plasmid purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Replica Plating Block</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">09-718-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Velveteen Squares</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">09-718-2</td>
			<td>Replica plating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PetriStickers</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Diversified Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PSTK-1100</td>
			<td>Grid for replica plating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FB0875712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gene Pulser II</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Electroporation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Electroporation Cuvettes &#8211; 2 mm</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">BioExpress</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E-5010-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CentriVap DNA Vacuum Concentrator</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Labconco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7970010</td>
			<td>Drying DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CEQ 2000XL DNA Analysis System</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>DNA sequencing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Vector NTI Advance 11.5.0</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12605099</td>
			<td>DNA sequence analysis</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of enterobacter sp. ysu auxotrophs using transposon mutagenesis

Prototrophic bacteria grow on M-9 minimal salts medium supplemented with glucose (M-9 medium), which is used as a carbon and energy source. Auxotrophs can be generated using a transposome. The commercially available, Tn5-derived transposome used in this protocol consists of a linear segment of DNA containing an R6K&#947; replication origin, a gene for kanamycin resistance and two mosaic sequence ends, which serve as transposase binding sites. The transposome, provided as a DNA/transposase protein complex, is introduced by electroporation into the prototrophic strain, Enterobacter sp. YSU, and randomly incorporates itself into this host&#8217;s genome. Transformants are replica plated onto Luria-Bertani agar plates containing kanamycin, (LB-kan) and onto M-9 medium agar plates containing kanamycin (M-9-kan). The transformants that grow on LB-kan plates but not on M-9-kan plates are considered to be auxotrophs. Purified genomic DNA from an auxotroph is partially digested, ligated and transformed into a pir+ Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain. The R6K&#947; replication origin allows the plasmid to replicate in pir+ E. coli strains, and the kanamycin resistance marker allows for plasmid selection. Each transformant possesses a new plasmid containing the transposon flanked by the interrupted chromosomal region. Sanger sequencing and the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) suggest a putative identity of the interrupted gene. There are three advantages to using this transposome mutagenesis strategy. First, it does not rely on the expression of a transposase gene by the host. Second, the transposome is introduced into the target host by electroporation, rather than by conjugation or by transduction and therefore is more efficient. Third, the R6K&#947; replication origin makes it easy to identify the mutated gene which is partially recovered in a recombinant plasmid. This technique can be used to investigate the genes involved in other characteristics of Enterobacter sp. YSU or of a wider variety of bacterial strains.

Transformation of Enterobacter sp. YSU by electroporation with the transposome initiated random genome insertion into the host genome (Figure 1A,B). A successful electroporation yielded several thousand transformants which grew on LB-kan plates. To obtain 300-400, well-spaced colonies per plate, the amount of transformation mixture spread on each LB-kan agar plate was optimized. Each transformant contained at least one transposon insert, but it was not clear if an important gene for growth on M-...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Enterobacter sp. YSU Auxotrophs Using Transposon Mutagenesis at JoVE.com

Generation of Enterobacter sp. YSU Auxotrophs Using Transposon Mutagenesis

Enterobacter sp. YSU grows in glucose minimal salts medium. Auxotrophs are generated by transforming it with a transposome which randomly inserts itself into the host genome. Mutants are found by replica plating from complex medium to minimal medium. Interrupted genes are identified by gene rescue and sequencing.

Generation of Enterobacter sp. YSU Auxotrophs Using Transposon Mutagenesis

Prototrophic bacteria grow on M-9 minimal salts medium supplemented with glucose (M-9 medium), which is used as a carbon and energy source. Auxotrophs can ...

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We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying ...

An Introduction to Worm Lab: from Culturing Worms to Mutagenesis

This protocol describes procedures to maintain nematodes in the laboratory and how to mutagenize them using two alternative methods: ethyl methane ...

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

The efficient generation of genetic diversity represents an invaluable molecular tool that can be used to label DNA synthesis, to create unique molecular ...

Single Oocyte Bisulfite Mutagenesis

Epigenetics encompasses all heritable and reversible modifications to chromatin that alter gene accessibility, and thus are the primary mechanisms for ...

Rapid and Efficient Zebrafish Genotyping Using PCR with High-resolution Melt Analysis

Zebrafish is a powerful vertebrate model system for studying development, modeling disease, and performing drug screening. Recently a variety of genetic ...

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

This manuscript illustrates a protocol for efficiently creating integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood using ...

A Protocol for Functional Assessment of Whole-Protein Saturation Mutagenesis Libraries Utilizing High-Throughput Sequencing

Site-directed mutagenesis has long been used as a method to interrogate protein structure, function and evolution. Recent advances in massively-parallel ...