Name: real-time cytotoxicity assays in human whole blood
Uploaded: 2014-11-07T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood at JoVE.com

We thank National Cancer Institute IMAT program from NIH for funding this work [R33 CA174616-01A1].

1. Target Cell Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Maintain target cells (e.g. Raji lymphoma cells) in growth media (RPMI 1640 culture medium, with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 4nM L-glutamine, and 500 IU/ml penicillin/ streptomycin) at 37oC in a 5% CO2 incubator.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the sample to pellet the target cells in a 15 ml tube. Centrifugation time varies with different cell types; centrifuge for 3 min at 468 x g for Raji cells.</li>
	<li>First aspirate any bubbles formed on...

<ol>
	<li>Hutchinson, L., Kirk, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+drug+attrition+rates--where+are+we+going+wrong.">High drug attrition rates--where are we going wrong.</a> Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 8, 189-1890 (2011).</li><li>Moreno, L., Pearson, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attrition+rates+be+reduced+in+cancer+drug+discovery.">Attrition rates be reduced in cancer drug discovery.</a> Informa healthcare. 8, 363-368 (2013).</li><li>Seok, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammation+and+Host+Response+to+Injury,+Large+Scale+Collaborative+Research+Program.+Genomic+responses+in+mouse+models+poorly+mimic+human+inflammatory+diseases.">Inflammation and Host Response to Injury, Large Scale Collaborative Research Program. Genomic responses in mouse models poorly mimic human inflammatory diseases.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110, 3507-3512 (2013).</li><li>Suntharalingam, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytokine+storm+in+a+phase+1+trial+of+the+anti-CD28+monoclonal+antibody+TGN1412.">Cytokine storm in a phase 1 trial of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412.</a> N Engl J Med. 355, 1018-1028 (2006).</li><li>Eastwood, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibody+TGN1412+trial+failure+explained+by+species+differences+in+CD28+expression+on+CD4++effector+memory+T-cells.">Monoclonal antibody TGN1412 trial failure explained by species differences in CD28 expression on CD4+ effector memory T-cells.</a> Br J Pharmacol. 161, 512-526 (2010).</li><li>Hsiao, S. C., Liu, H., Holstlaw, T. A., Liu, C., Francis, C. Y., Francis, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real+time+assays+for+quantifying+cytotoxicity+with+single+cell+resolution.">Real time assays for quantifying cytotoxicity with single cell resolution.</a> PLoS One. 8, 10-1371 (2013).</li><li>Wang, S. Y., Weiner, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rituximab:+a+review+of+its+use+in+non-Hodgkin&#8217;s+lymphoma+and+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia.">Rituximab: a review of its use in non-Hodgkin&#8217;s lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.</a> Expert Opin Biol Ther. 8, (2008).</li><li>Dalle, S., Thieblemont, C., Thomas, L., Dumontet, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies+in+clinical+oncology.">Monoclonal antibodies in clinical oncology.</a> Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 8, 523-532 (2008).</li><li>Brunner, K. T., Mauel, J., Cerottini, J. C., Chapuis, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assay+of+the+lytic+action+of+immune+lymphoid+cells+on+51-Cr-labelled+allogeneic+target+cells+in+vitro;+inhibition+by+isoantibody+and+by+drugs.">Quantitative assay of the lytic action of immune lymphoid cells on 51-Cr-labelled allogeneic target cells in vitro; inhibition by isoantibody and by drugs.</a> Immunology. 14, 181-196 (1968).</li><li>Korzeniewski, C., Callewaert, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+enzyme-release+assay+for+natural+cytotoxicity.">An enzyme-release assay for natural cytotoxicity.</a> J Immunol Methods. 64, (1983).</li><li>Gerlier, D., Thomasset, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+MTT+colorimetric+assay+to+measure+cell+activation.">Use of MTT colorimetric assay to measure cell activation.</a> Immunol Methods. 94, 57-63 (1986).</li><li>Toriello, N. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+microfluidic+bioprocessor+for+single-cell+gene+expression+analysis.">Integrated microfluidic bioprocessor for single-cell gene expression analysis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105, (2008).</li><li>Douglas, E. S., Hsiao, S. C., Onoe, H., Bertozzi, C. R., Francis, M. B., Mathies, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA-barcode+directed+capture+and+electrochemical+metabolic+analysis+of+single+mammalian+cells+on+a+microelectrode+array.">DNA-barcode directed capture and electrochemical metabolic analysis of single mammalian cells on a microelectrode array.</a> Lab on a Chip. 9, 2010-2015 (2008).</li><li>Mayr, L. M., Bojanic, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+trends+in+high-throughput+screening.">Novel trends in high-throughput screening.</a> Current opinion in pharmacology. 9, 580 (2009).</li><li>Zanella, F., Lorens, J. B., Link, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+content+screening:+seeing+is+believing.">High content screening: seeing is believing.</a> Trends in Biotechnology. 28, 237-245 (2010).</li><li>Coelho, J., P, L., Quinn, S., Murphy, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+image+analysis+for+high-content+screening+and+analysis.">Automated image analysis for high-content screening and analysis.</a> J Biomol Screen. 15, 726-734 (2010).</li><li>Sundberg, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+and+ultra-high-throughput+screening:+solution-+and+cell-based+approaches.">High-throughput and ultra-high-throughput screening: solution- and cell-based approaches.</a> Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 11, 47 (2000).</li><li>Simmons, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Personalized+medicine+is+more+than+genomic+medicine:+confusion+over+terminology+impedes+progress+towards+personalized+healthcare.">Personalized medicine is more than genomic medicine: confusion over terminology impedes progress towards personalized healthcare.</a> PERS MED. 9, 85 (2012).</li></ol>

WCA is a critical in vitro anti-cancer screening tool with single cell resolution12-16, ideally utilized after traditional target screenings such as CDC and ADCC assays9-11, and before preclinical animal tests. Currently, primary target screening assays such as CDC or ADCC assays are all performed in a simplified media or a buffer system. However, drug candidates that show efficacy in these simplified buffer system are not always effective in the more complex whole blood system. Therefore, ...

Recent advances in the pharmaceutical industry have led to an increased interest in realizing the specific identifications of tumor cell antibodies and personalized cancer treatments; however, several obstacles are encountered in the process. Only 5% of agents that have anticancer activity in preclinical development are licensed after showing sufficient efficacy in phase II-III testing1,2. The preclinical strategies (both in vitro and in vivo) are suboptimal as many examples have shown that antitumor drugs behave differently in human and in laboratory animals mainly due to their different blood components3-5.
To address the necessity of an antitumor drug screening platform and to provide a check-point before costly animal experiments and clinical trials, a human whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA) is proposed for evaluating antitumor drug efficacy in a more relevant biological environment. The whole blood cytotoxicity assay can be used to evaluate the response of individual cells to antibodies and other drug candidates in human whole blood.
The WCA is developed by incorporating high-throughput cell positioning technology with high-throughput and high-content imaging6. By utilizing an automated imaging system, the number of both living and dead cells can be determined with a high degree of precision. Due to the fact that target cells are immobilized on the same focal plane, WCA is able to provide quantitative cytotoxicity analysis in real time without the removal of red blood cells. Moreover, the automatic imaging system provides several advantages such as that only target cells that have reached the specified criteria (e.g., fluorescently labeled cells, and cell morphology) are gated and processed. Also, it allows the production of 144 plates per day. Consequently, this imaging capability and throughput allows running of high-content and high-throughput experiments simultaneously. By combining WCA and the automated imaging system, high throughput quantitative cell cytotoxicity analysis can be achieved within a more biological relevant environment.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="761">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Name/Discription</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:336px;">Cell attachment 96 well plate kits&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Adheren</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AP9601</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:336px;">Suspension Single cell array 8 well chamber slide</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Adheren</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS0801</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:336px;">Adherent Single cell array 8 well chamber slide</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Adheren</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS0802</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Lymphoma cell line CD20+</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CCL-86</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Raji cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Lymphoma cell line CD20-</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CRL-8083</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">MC/CAR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11875-119</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Thermo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30070.01HI</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Peni/Strep</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">15070063</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Cytosolic dye</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C7025</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Cell Tracker Green</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Rituxan (Biosimilar)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Eureka Therapeutics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Human whole blood</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Allcells</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WB001</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Propidium Iodide</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P4170-10MG</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Automatic imaging system</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Contact Vendor</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Cell Reporter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Cell counting program</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Contact Vendor</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Cell Reporter</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

real-time cytotoxicity assays in human whole blood

A live cell-based whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA) that allows access to temporal information of the overall cell cytotoxicity is developed with high-throughput cell positioning technology. The targeted tumor cell populations are first preprogrammed to immobilization into an array format, and labeled with green fluorescent cytosolic dyes. Following the cell array formation, antibody drugs are added in combination with human whole blood. Propidium iodide (PI) is then added to assess cell death. The cell array is analyzed with an automatic imaging system. While cytosolic dye labels the targeted tumor cell populations, PI labels the dead tumor cell populations. Thus, the percentage of target cancer cell killing can be quantified by calculating the number of surviving targeted cells to the number of dead targeted cells. With this method, researchers are able to access time-dependent and dose-dependent cell cytotoxicity information. Remarkably, no hazardous radiochemicals are used. The WCA presented here has been tested with lymphoma, leukemia, and solid tumor cell lines. Therefore, WCA allows researchers to assess drug efficacy in a highly relevant ex&#160;vivo condition.

Anti-CD20 antibodies and lymphoma cells (Raji cells and MC/CAR) were chosen as a model system to demonstrate the whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA)7,8. Raji cells had high copy number of CD20 on the cell surface, while MC/CAR cells had low copy number of CD20 on their membrane. Targeted cells were first stained green with green fluorescence cytosolic dyes and arrayed on the 96-well plate. 10,000 - 50,000 target lymphoma cells were immobilized in each well. 180 &#181;l of freshly drawn human whole blood was a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood at JoVE.com

Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

The whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA) is a cytotoxicity assay developed by incorporating high-throughput cell positioning technology with fluorescence microscopy and automated image processing. Here, we describe how lymphoma cells treated with an anti-CD20 antibody can be analyzed real-time in human whole blood to provide quantitative cellular cytotoxicity analysis.

A live cell-based whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA) that allows access to temporal information of the overall cell cytotoxicity is developed with ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Evaluation of Nanoparticle Uptake in Tumors in Real Time Using Intravital Imaging

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle ...

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

We present a method for training subjects to control activity in a region of their orbitofrontal cortex associated with contamination anxiety using ...

Rapid Point-of-Care Assay of Enoxaparin Anticoagulant Efficacy in Whole Blood

There is the need for a clinical assay to determine the extent to which a patient's blood is effectively anticoagulated by the ...

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR)

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR qPCR

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, 18&#x2013;24 nucleotide long, non-coding RNA molecules. They are involved in virtually every cellular process ...

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular ...

Cerebrospinal Fluid MicroRNA Profiling Using Quantitative Real Time PCR

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their ...

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

Certain classes of chemotherapies may exert acute vascular changes that may progress into long-term conditions that may predispose the patient to an ...

Assessment of Ovarian Cancer Spheroid Attachment and Invasion of Mesothelial Cells in Real Time

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not ...

Real-time X-ray Imaging of Lung Fluid Volumes in Neonatal Mouse Lung

At birth, the lung undergoes a profound phenotypic switch from secretion to absorption, which allows for adaptation to breathing independently. Promoting ...

Evaluation of Lung Metastasis in Mouse Mammary Tumor Models by Quantitative Real-time PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated ...