Name: dti of the visual pathway - white matter tracts and cerebral lesions
Uploaded: 2014-08-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions at JoVE.com

We would like to thank the whole Service of Neuroradiology. We would like to thank Lis Prussen for her work in the library.

नोट: इस प्रोटोकॉल लक्समबर्ग में केंद्र Hospitalier डे लक्समबर्ग के दिशा निर्देशों के बाद. न्यूरोसर्जरी के लिए और दृश्य मार्ग के लिए प्रसार tensor इमेजिंग के 1. तैयारी ऊपर का पालन करें <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> कम स?...

<ol>
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DTI विवो 8 में सफेद बात इलाकों कल्पना करने के न्यूरोसर्जन को सक्षम करने के लिए एक तकनीक है. दृश्य मार्ग इन इलाकों में से एक है. इस विधि से हम इस तकनीक की कुछ सीमाएं अभी भी मौजूद कहना है कि मस्तिष्क ...

प्रसार tensor इमेजिंग (डीटीआई) मानव मस्तिष्क 1 में गैर invasively WMT चित्रित करने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है. यह सर्जरी 1 के दौरान मस्तिष्क के वाक्पटु क्षेत्रों चोट के जोखिम को कम करने के लिए पिछले एक दशक में इस्तेमाल किया गया है. DTI दृश्य मार्ग चित्रित करने के लिए मार्च 2012 और जनवरी 2014 के बीच पचास रोगियों में प्रदर्शन किया गया था. DTI सफेद बात इलाकों की संरचनात्मक स्थान के बारे में महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी उपलब्ध कराने के द्वारा सर्जरी के दौरान मस्तिष्क के वाक्पटु क्षेत्रों के संरक्षण में सुधार हो सकता है. यह जटिल मस्तिष्क घावों 1 की लकीर के लिए रणनीतिक योजना में शामिल किया गया है. DTI, बीज की मात्रा और परिणाम 12 की व्याख्या की नियुक्ति के मानदंडों के लिए कोई मानक नहीं है क्योंकि हालांकि, दृश्य मार्ग का चित्रण एक चुनौती बनी हुई है. विभिन्न एल्गोरिदम अब तक 19-21 लागू किया गया है. कुछ दृष्टिकोण नियतात्मक तरीकों पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया 19, 22-25. दूसरों 26,27,29, संभाव्य तरीकों का उपयोग कर रहे थे. हाल ही में, क्यू गेंद आतानक क्षेत्रों, प्रसार वर्णक्रमीय इमेजिंग और उच्च कोणीय संकल्प प्रसार इमेजिंग (HARDI) का इस्तेमाल किया जा रहा है तकनीक का उपयोग कर दूसरों दृश्य मार्ग 1,13-15,18 बीच सफेद बात इलाकों को दर्शाती. फिर भी, HARDI के लिए आवश्यक समय काफी लंबे समय तक 45 मिनट के साथ है, सॉफ्टवेयर व्यावसायिक रूप से उपलब्ध नहीं है और वैज्ञानिक अनुप्रयोगों 18 पर जोर दिया. HARDI के लिए शिक्षण अवधि अब DTI 18 के लिए की तुलना में किया जा रहा है. प्रस्तुत प्रोटोकॉल आसान संभव है और पश्चात परिणाम रुग्णता से बचने और बेहतर बनाने के लिए तंत्रिकाशल्यक कार्यों में रोजमर्रा की दिनचर्या के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है. इस प्रोटोकॉल के लिए अतिरिक्त समय अन्य प्रोटोकॉल 1,9,12,16 की तुलना में काफी तेजी से होता है, जो कम से कम 9 मिनट है. कई अत्याधुनिक एल्गोरिदम कागज पाबन्दी हाल ही में विकसित किया गया है कि इस तथ्य को स्वीकार करतेअपने आप में एक व्यावसायिक रूप से उपलब्ध है और एफडीए को मंजूरी दे दी सॉफ्टवेयर का उपयोग करने के लिए. हालांकि यह ध्यान में ऊपर उल्लेख किया गया है जो इस तकनीक की सीमाओं को लेने के लिए अनिवार्य है.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">3-Tesla-MRI</td>
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			<td style="width:173px;">&#160;Signa LX version 9.1</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Surgical Navigation System Srogram</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Medtronic</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:173px;">9734478</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Surgical Navigation System Srogram</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Medtronic</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">4500810331&#160; 20016318</td>
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</table>

dti of the visual pathway - white matter tracts and cerebral lesions

<html> DTI गैर invasively प्रसार माप का उपयोग कर स्वस्थ और गैर स्वस्थ रोगियों में सफेद बात इलाकों (WMT) को दिखाता है कि एक तकनीक है. दृश्य रास्ते (उपाध्यक्ष) के लिए इसी प्रकार, WMT शास्त्रीय एमआरआई या इंट्रा ऑपरेशन माइक्रोस्कोप के साथ साथ दिखाई नहीं हैं. सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी विभाग इस WMT से सटे घावों को हटाने जबकि न्यूरो सर्जन वीपी के विनाश को रोकने में मदद मिलेगी. हम एक 3DT1 भारित अनुक्रम इस्तेमाल किया नेविगेट जनवरी 2014 के लिए मार्च 2012 के बीच सर्जरी से पहले और बाद पचास मरीजों पर DTI प्रदर्शन किया है. साथ ही, हम एक टी 2 भारित और DTI-दृश्यों का प्रदर्शन किया. 200 x 200 मिमी, टुकड़ा मोटाई: 2 मिमी, और अधिग्रहण मैट्रिक्स: 96 x 96 2 एक्स 2 एक्स 2 मिमी के लगभग isotropic voxels उपज इस्तेमाल किया मापदंडों, FOV थे. अक्षीय एमआरआई एक 32 ढाल दिशा और एक B0 छवि का उपयोग किया गया था. हम एक 2 के त्वरण कारक और 800 एस / मिमी ² के बी मूल्य के साथ इको-प्लानर इमेजिंग (ईपीआई) और परिसंपत्ति समानांतर इमेजिंग का इस्तेमाल किया. स्कैनिंग समय कम से कम 9 मिनट था. ईएनटी &quot;&gt; एक एफडीए निरंतर ट्रैकिंग (FACT) द्वारा फाइबर काम के रूप में जाना जाता है एक सीधी फाइबर ट्रैकिंग दृष्टिकोण का उपयोग करता है, जो शल्य नेविगेशन प्रणाली कार्यक्रम को मंजूरी दे दी उपयोग संसाधित किया गया प्राप्त DTI डेटा. इस ब्याज के क्षेत्रों के बीच लाइनों के प्रसार (पर आधारित है एक चिकित्सक द्वारा परिभाषित किया गया है जो आरओआई). 50 की एक अधिकतम कोण, एफए है ​​tractography के लिए इस्तेमाल किया मापदंडों थे 0.10 के मूल्य और 0.20 मिमी ² / के एडीसी स्टॉप मूल्य शुरू करते हैं. इस तकनीक के लिए कुछ सीमाएं हैं. सीमित अधिग्रहण समय सीमा छवि गुणवत्ता में व्यापार नापसंद लागू करता है. उपेक्षित हो नहीं एक अन्य महत्वपूर्ण बिंदु सर्जरी के दौरान मस्तिष्क बदलाव है. बाद के अंतर ऑपरेटिव एमआरआई के लिए के रूप में उपयोगी हो सकता है. इसके अलावा झूठी सकारात्मक या नकारात्मक झूठी इलाकों का खतरा अंतिम परिणाम समझौता हो सकता है जो ध्यान में रखा जाना चाहिए.

<html> इस प्रोटोकॉल पर्याप्त रूप से उपाध्यक्ष के प्रमुख भागों में चित्रित करने चिकित्सक सक्षम बनाता है. यह वाक्पटु क्षेत्रों के बगल में मस्तिष्क घावों के साथ रोगियों में नुकसान को रोकने के लिए समय की एक छ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions at JoVE.com

DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions

प्रसार tensor इमेजिंग (डीटीआई) दृश्य मार्ग के प्रमुख भागों को चित्रित करने की कोशिश करने के लिए प्रदर्शन किया था. लक्ष्य एक एफडीए रोगियों में दृश्य मार्ग के पश्चात की क्षति को कम करने के लिए प्रयास करने के क्रम में रोजमर्रा की दिनचर्या के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है, जो मानक वाणिज्यिक कार्य केंद्र अनुमोदित उपयोग किया गया था.

दृश्य मार्ग की DTI - सफेद बात इलाकों और सेरेब्रल घावों

DTI is a technique that identifies white matter tracts (WMT) non-invasively in healthy and non-healthy patients using diffusion measurements. Similar to ...

dti-of-the-visual-pathway-white-matter-tracts-and-cerebral-lesions

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

The Application Of Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Ligation in the Mouse

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to develop suitable animal models to study the events that unfold during ischemic insult. These techniques include transient or permanent, focal or global ischemia models using many different animal models, with the most common being rodents.
The permanent MCA ligation method which is also referred as pMCAo in the literature is used extensively as a focal ischemia model in rodents 1-6. This method was originally described for rats by Tamura et al. in 1981 7. In this protocol a craniotomy was used to access the MCA and the proximal regions were occluded by electrocoagulation. The infarcts involve mostly cortical and sometimes striatal regions depending on the location of the occlusion. This technique is now well established and used in many laboratories 8-13. Early use of this technique led to the definition and description of &#x201C;infarct core&#x201D; and &#x201C;penumbra&#x201D; 14-16, and it is often used to evaluate potential neuroprotective compounds 10, 12, 13, 17. Although the initial studies were performed in rats, permanent MCA ligation has been used successfully in mice with slight modifications 18-20 .
This model yields reproducible infarcts and increased post-survival rates. Approximately 80% of the ischemic strokes in humans happen in the MCA area 21 and thus this is a very relevant model for stroke studies. Currently, there is a paucity of effective treatments available to stroke patients, and thus there is a need for good models to test potential pharmacological compounds and evaluate physiological outcomes. This method can also be used for studying intracellular hypoxia response mechanisms in vivo. 
Here, we present the MCA ligation surgery in a C57/BL6 mouse. We describe the pre-surgical preparation, MCA ligation surgery and 2,3,5 Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining for quantification of infarct volumes.

Middle cerebral artery (MCA) ligation is a technique to study focal cerebral ischemia in animal models. In this method, the middle cerebral artery is exposed by craniotomy and ligated by cauterization. This method gives highly reproducible infarct volumes and increased post-operative survival rates compared to other methods available.

माउस में स्थायी मध्य सेरेब्रल धमनी Ligation के आवेदन

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to ...

Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects

Patients suffering from homonymous hemianopia after infarction of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) report different degrees of constraint in daily life, despite similar visual deficits. We assume this could be due to variable development of compensatory strategies such as altered visual scanning behavior. Scanning compensatory therapy (SCT) is studied as part of the visual training after infarction next to vision restoration therapy. SCT consists of learning to make larger eye movements into the blind field enlarging the visual field of search, which has been proven to be the most useful strategy1, not only in natural search tasks but also in mastering daily life activities2. Nevertheless, in clinical routine it is difficult to identify individual levels and training effects of compensatory behavior, since it requires measurement of eye movements in a head unrestrained condition. Studies demonstrated that unrestrained head movements alter the visual exploratory behavior compared to a head-restrained laboratory condition3. Martin et al.4 and Hayhoe et al.5 showed that behavior demonstrated in a laboratory setting cannot be assigned easily to a natural condition. Hence, our goal was to develop a study set-up which uncovers different compensatory oculomotor strategies quickly in a realistic testing situation: Patients are tested in the clinical environment in a driving simulator. SILAB software (Wuerzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences GmbH (WIVW)) was used to program driving scenarios of varying complexity and recording the driver's performance. The software was combined with a head mounted infrared video pupil tracker, recording head- and eye-movements (EyeSeeCam, University of Munich Hospital, Clinical Neurosciences).
The positioning of the patient in the driving simulator and the positioning, adjustment and calibration of the camera is demonstrated. Typical performances of a patient with and without compensatory strategy and a healthy control are illustrated in this pilot study. Different oculomotor behaviors (frequency and amplitude of eye- and head-movements) are evaluated very quickly during the drive itself by dynamic overlay pictures indicating where the subjects gaze is located on the screen, and by analyzing the data. Compensatory gaze behavior in a patient leads to a driving performance comparable to a healthy control, while the performance of a patient without compensatory behavior is significantly worse. The data of eye- and head-movement-behavior as well as driving performance are discussed with respect to different oculomotor strategies and in a broader context with respect to possible training effects throughout the testing session and implications on rehabilitation potential.

Patients with visual deficits after stroke report about different constraints in daily life most likely due to variable compensatory strategies, which are difficult to differentiate in clinical routine. We present a clinical set-up which allows measurement of different compensatory head- and eye-movement-strategies and evaluating their effects on driving performance.

क्लिनिक में सिमुलेशन ड्राइविंग: दृश्य क्षेत्र दोष के साथ रोगियों में दैनिक जीवन की गतिविधियों में दृश्य व्यवहार खोजपूर्ण परीक्षण

Patients suffering from homonymous hemianopia after infarction of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) report different degrees of constraint in daily ...

Optimized System for Cerebral Perfusion Monitoring in the Rat Stroke Model of Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal models of acute ischemic stroke allows to confirm successful arterial occlusion and exclude subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral perfusion monitoring can also be used to study intracranial collateral circulation, which is emerging as a powerful determinant of stroke outcome and a possible therapeutic target. Despite a recognized role of Laser Doppler perfusion monitoring as part of the current guidelines for experimental cerebral ischemia, a number of technical difficulties exist that limit its widespread use. One of the major issues is obtaining a secure and prolonged attachment of a deep-penetration Laser Doppler probe to the animal skull. In this video, we show our optimized system for cerebral perfusion monitoring during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal filament in the rat. We developed in-house a simple method to obtain a custom made holder for twin-fibre (deep-penetration) Laser Doppler probes, which allow multi-site monitoring if needed. A continuous and prolonged monitoring of cerebral perfusion could easily be obtained over the intact skull.

Cerebral perfusion monitoring has been demonstrated to improve accuracy in ischemic stroke models. Technical difficulties often limit the use of this essential tool for cerebrovascular research. In this video, an optimized system is shown to obtain a single or multi-site hemodynamic monitoring during intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

मध्य मस्तिष्क धमनी रोड़ा intraluminal की चूहा स्ट्रोक मॉडल में प्रमस्तिष्क छिड़काव निगरानी के लिए अनुकूलित प्रणाली

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal ...

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow (ischemia) 1. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) delivers a great majority of blood to the lateral surface of the cortex 2, is the most common site of human stroke 3, and ischemia within its territory can result in extensive dysfunction or death 1,4,5. Survivors of ischemic stroke often suffer loss or disruption of motor capabilities, sensory deficits, and infarct. In an effort to capture these key characteristics of stroke, and thereby develop effective treatment, a great deal of emphasis is placed upon animal models of ischemia in MCA.
Here we present a method of permanently occluding a cortical surface blood vessel. We will present this method using an example of a relevant vessel occlusion that models the most common type, location, and outcome of human stroke, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). In this model, we surgically expose MCA in the adult rat and subsequently occlude via double ligature and transection of the vessel. This pMCAO blocks the proximal cortical branch of MCA, causing ischemia in all of MCA cortical territory, a large portion of the cortex. This method of occlusion can also be used to occlude more distal portions of cortical vessels in order to achieve more focal ischemia targeting a smaller region of cortex. The primary disadvantages of pMCAO are that the surgical procedure is somewhat invasive as a small craniotomy is required to access MCA, though this results in minimal tissue damage. The primary advantages of this model, however, are: the site of occlusion is well defined, the degree of blood flow reduction is consistent, functional and neurological impairment occurs rapidly, infarct size is consistent, and the high rate of survival allows for long-term chronic assessment.

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

We describe a highly reproducible method for the permanent occlusion of a rodent major cerebral blood vessel. This technique can be accomplished with very little peripheral damage, minimal blood loss, a high rate of long-term survival, and consistent infarct volume commensurate with the human clinical population.

स्थायी सेरेब्रल पोत रोड़ा<em&gt; के माध्यम से</em&gt; डबल संयुक्ताक्षर और transection

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow ...

Generation and 3-Dimensional Quantitation of Arterial Lesions in Mice Using Optical Projection Tomography

The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating important information on the pathogenesis of lesion formation and the action of novel therapies. Use of atherosclerosis-prone mice, surgical methods of lesion induction, and dietary modification has dramatically improved understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to disease development and the potential of new treatments.
Classically, analysis of lesions is performed ex vivo using 2-dimensional histological techniques. This article describes application of optical projection tomography (OPT) to 3-dimensional quantitation of arterial lesions. As this technique is non-destructive, it can be used as an adjunct to standard histological and immunohistochemical analyses.
Neointimal lesions were induced by wire-insertion or ligation of the mouse femoral artery whilst atherosclerotic lesions were generated by administration of an atherogenic diet to apoE-deficient mice.
Lesions were examined using OPT imaging of autofluorescent emission followed by complementary histological and immunohistochemical analysis. OPT clearly distinguished lesions from the underlying vascular wall. Lesion size was calculated in 2-dimensional sections using planimetry, enabling calculation of lesion volume and maximal cross-sectional area. Data generated using OPT were consistent with measurements obtained using histology, confirming the accuracy of the technique and its potential as a complement (rather than alternative) to traditional methods of analysis.
This work demonstrates the potential of OPT for imaging atherosclerotic and neointimal lesions. It provides a rapid, much needed ex vivo technique for the routine 3-dimensional quantification of vascular remodelling.

Ex vivo analysis of arterial lesions from animal models of cardiovascular disease classically relies on histological and immunohistochemical techniques. These provide 2-dimensional measurements in 3-dimensional lesions. This manuscript describes the generation of arterial lesions for quantitative analysis in 3-dimensions using optical projection tomography.

जनरेशन और चूहे में धमनी घावों की 3-आयामी Quantitation ऑप्टिकल प्रक्षेपण टोमोग्राफी का प्रयोग

The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating ...

Quantitative Analysis and Characterization of Atherosclerotic Lesions in the Murine Aortic Sinus

Atherosclerosis is a disease of the large arteries and a major underlying cause of myocardial infarction and stroke. Several different mouse models have been developed to facilitate the study of the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of this disease. In this manuscript we describe specific techniques for the quantification and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions in the murine aortic sinus and ascending aorta. The advantage of this procedure is that it provides an accurate measurement of the cross-sectional area and total volume of the lesion, which can be used to compare atherosclerotic progression across different treatment groups. This is possible through the use of the valve leaflets as an anatomical landmark, together with careful adjustment of the sectioning angle. We also describe basic staining methods that can be used to begin to characterize atherosclerotic progression. These can be further modified to investigate antigens of specific interest to the researcher. The described techniques are generally applicable to a wide variety of existing and newly created dietary and genetically-induced models of atherogenesis.

We describe procedures to quantify and characterize atherosclerotic lesions in mouse models using precision sectioning of the aortic sinus and ascending aorta combined with histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis.

Murine महाधमनी साइनस में atherosclerotic घावों की मात्रात्मक विश्लेषण और विशेषता

Atherosclerosis is a disease of the large arteries and a major underlying cause of myocardial infarction and stroke. Several different mouse models have ...

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

In order to follow optic neuritis patients and evaluate the effectiveness of their treatment, a handy, accurate and quantifiable tool is required to assess changes in myelination at the central nervous system (CNS). However, standard measurements, including routine visual tests and MRI scans, are not sensitive enough for this purpose. We present two visual tests addressing dynamic monocular and binocular functions which may closely associate with the extent of myelination along visual pathways. These include Object From Motion (OFM) extraction and Time-constrained stereo protocols. In the OFM test, an array of dots compose an object, by moving the dots within the image rightward while moving the dots outside the image leftward or vice versa. The dot pattern generates a camouflaged object that cannot be detected when the dots are stationary or moving as a whole. Importantly, object recognition is critically dependent on motion perception. In the Time-constrained Stereo protocol, spatially disparate images are presented for a limited length of time, challenging binocular 3-dimensional integration in time. Both tests are appropriate for clinical usage and provide a simple, yet powerful, way to identify and quantify processes of demyelination and remyelination along visual pathways. These protocols may be efficient to diagnose and follow optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis patients.
In the diagnostic process, these protocols may reveal visual deficits that cannot be identified via current standard visual measurements. Moreover, these protocols sensitively identify the basis of the currently unexplained continued visual complaints of patients following recovery of visual acuity. In the longitudinal follow up course, the protocols can be used as a sensitive marker of demyelinating and remyelinating processes along time. These protocols may therefore be used to evaluate the efficacy of current and evolving therapeutic strategies, targeting myelination of the CNS.

Object From Motion (OFM) and Time-constrained stereo protocols are sensitive tools to identify monocular and binocular dynamic visual function deficits, which are uniquely affected in optic neuritis patients. Furthermore, these tests may be used as quantitative noninvasive tools to assess the extent of myelination along visual pathways.

ऑप्टिक न्युरैटिस मरीजों में demyelination निम्न Visual नुकसान और मरम्मत पहचानें और यों गतिशील दृश्य टेस्ट

In order to follow optic neuritis patients and evaluate the effectiveness of their treatment, a handy, accurate and quantifiable tool is required to ...

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA thrombolysis) rarely produces benefits in mechanical occlusion-based experimental models, which dominate preclinical stroke research. This split between the bench and bedside suggests the need to employ tPA-responsive models in preclinical stroke research. To this end, a simple and tPA-reactive thrombotic stroke model is invented and described here. This model consists of transient occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery and delivery of 7.5% oxygen through a face mask in adult mice for 30 min, while maintaining the animal rectal temperature at 37.5 &#177; 0.5 &#176;C. Although reversible ligation of the unilateral carotid artery or hypoxia each suppressed cerebral blood flow only transiently, the combination of both insults caused lasting reperfusion deficits, fibrin and platelet deposition, and large infarct in the middle cerebral artery-supplied territory. Importantly, tail-vein injection of recombinant tPA at 0.5, 1, or 4 hr post-tHI (10 mg/kg) provided time-dependent reduction of the mortality rate and infarct size. This new stroke model is simple and can be standardized across laboratories to compare experimental results. Further, it induces thrombosis without craniectomy or introducing pre-formed emboli. Given these unique merits, the tHI model is a useful addition to the repertoire of preclinical stroke research.

Thromboembolic stroke models are vital tools for optimizing the recanalization therapy. Here we report a murine thrombotic stroke model based on transient cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (tHI) insult, which triggers thrombosis and infarction, and responds favorably to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated fibrinolysis in a therapeutic window similar to those in stroke patients.

क्षणिक मस्तिष्क hypoxia-ischemia के आधार पर एक Thrombotic स्ट्रोक मॉडल

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA ...

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and contributes significantly to the development of vascular dementia. Few models of focal white matter stroke exist and this lack of appropriate models has hampered understanding of the neurobiologic mechanisms involved in injury response and repair after this type of stroke. The main limitation of other subcortical stroke models is that they do not focally restrict the infarct to the white matter or have primarily been validated in non-murine species. This limits the ability to apply the wide variety of murine research tools to study the neurobiology of white matter stroke. Here we present a methodology for the reliable production of a focal stroke in murine white matter using a local injection of an irreversible eNOS inhibitor. We also present several variations on the general protocol including two unique stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, as well as fresh tissue labeling and dissection that greatly expand the potential applications of this technique. These variations allow for multiple approaches to analyze the neurobiologic effects of this common and understudied form of stroke.

Here we present methodology for the production of a focal stroke in murine white matter by local injection of an irreversible endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor (L-Nio). Presented are two stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, and fresh tissue labeling and dissection that expand the potential applications of this technique.

Axonal अध: पतन और सफेद पदार्थ तंत्रिका जीव विज्ञान के अध्ययन के लिए एक subcortical की बहुमुखी murine मॉडल सफेद पदार्थ स्ट्रोक

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and ...

Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

In recent years, regenerative techniques have been increasingly studied and used to treat osteochondral lesions of the talus. In particular, several studies have focused their attention on mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) exhibit morphological characteristics and properties similar to other mesenchymal cells, and are able to differentiate into several cellular lines. Moreover, these cells are also widely available in the subcutaneous tissue, representing 10 - 30% of the normal body weight, with a concentration of 5,000 cells per gram of tissue.
In the presented technique, the first step involves harvesting ADSCs from the abdomen and a process of microfracture and purification; next, the surgical procedure is performed entirely arthroscopically, with less soft tissue dissection, better joint visualization, and a faster recovery compared with standard open procedures. Arthroscopy is characterized by a first phase in which the lesion is identified, isolated, and prepared with microperforations; the second step, performed dry, involves injection of adipose tissue at the level of the lesion.
Between January 2016 and September 2016, four patients underwent arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesion of the talus with microfractured and purified adipose tissue. All patients reported clinical improvement six months after surgery with no reported complications. Functional scores at the latest follow-up are encouraging and confirm that the technique provides reliable pain relief and improvements in patients with osteochondral lesion of the talus.

The aim of this study is to report a protocol for the arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus using microfractured and purified adipose-derived stem cells.

Osteochondral के तैल्य घावों के आर्थ्रोस्कोपिक प्रबंधन के लिए ऑटोलॉगस Microfractured और शुद्ध वसा ऊतक

In recent years, regenerative techniques have been increasingly studied and used to treat osteochondral lesions of the talus. In particular, several ...