Name: soil sampling and isolation of entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernematidae, heterorhabditidae)
Uploaded: 2014-07-11T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae at JoVE.com

作者要感谢过去的库存实验室的成员：萨姆 - 圭金，凯瑟琳Plichta和维多利亚米兰达 - 汤普森他们对许多这些协议的改进作出贡献。我们承认美国国家科学基金会的支持（资助IOS-0840932和IOS-0724978），以SP的股票。

1，土壤样品采集<ol><li>考虑覆盖的2的最小面积- 4 平方公尺的每个采样点。 </li><li>收集的土壤样品在一个深度至少为15厘米（ 图4）。 </li><li>至少需要5个随机样本在此区域内。 </li><li>取每个样品3子样本。根据研究的目的，无论是结合子样本，或让他们分开。 </li><li>将每个样品在一个塑料袋。考虑双套袋，以避免样品泄漏（ 图4）。 </li><li>标签样本具有防水标?...

<ol>
	<li>Bedding, R. A., Akhurst, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+technique+for+the+detection+of+insect+parasitic+rhabditid+nematodes+in+soil.">A simple technique for the detection of insect parasitic rhabditid nematodes in soil.</a> Nematologica. 21, 109-110 (1975).</li><li>Boemare, N. E., Akhurst, R. A., Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, K. -. H., Stackebrandt, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus. In The Prokaryotes. , 473-488 (2007).</li><li>Gaugler, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Entomopathogenic Nematology. , (2002).</li><li>Gaugler, R., Kaya, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Entomopathogenic Nematode s in Biological Control. , (1990).</li><li>Hazir, S., Keskin, N., Stock, S. P., Kaya, H. K., &#214;zcan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diversity+and+distribution+of+entomopathogenic+nematodes+(Rhabditida:+Steinernematidae+and+Heterorhabditidae)+in+Turkey.">Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Turkey.</a> Biodiversit., &amp; Conservation. 12, 375-386 (2003).</li><li>Kaya, H. K., Gaugler, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entomopathogenic+nematodes.">Entomopathogenic nematodes.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 38, 181-206 (1993).</li><li>Kaya, H. K., Stock, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Techniques in insect nematology. In Manual of techniques in insect pathology. , 281-324 (1997).</li><li>Lacey, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manual of techniques in invertebrate pathology. , (2012).</li><li>McCoy, C. W., Shapiro-Ilan, D., Duncan, L., Nguyen, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entomopathogenic+nematodes+and+other+natural+enemies+as+mortality+factors+for+larvae+of+Diaprepes+abbreviatus+(Coleoptera:+Curculionidae).">Entomopathogenic nematodes and other natural enemies as mortality factors for larvae of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).</a> Biological Control. 19, 182-190 (2000).</li><li>Meyling, N. V., Eilenberg, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Occurrence+and+distribution+of+soil+borne+entomopathogenic+fungi+within+a+single+organic+agroecosystem.">Occurrence and distribution of soil borne entomopathogenic fungi within a single organic agroecosystem.</a> Agriculture, ecosystem., &amp; environment. 113, 336-341 (2006).</li><li>Poinar, G. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Taxonomy and biology of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. In: Entomopathogenic Nemtaodes in Biological. , 23-61 (1990).</li><li>Stock, S. P., Gress, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diversity+and+phylogenetic+relationships+of+entomopathogenic+nematodes+(Steinernematidae+and+Heterorhabditidae)+from+the+Sky+Islands+of+southern+Arizona.">Diversity and phylogenetic relationships of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) from the Sky Islands of southern Arizona.</a> Journal of invertebrate pathology. 92, 66-72 (2006).</li><li>Stock, S. P., Hunt, D. J., Grewal, P. S., Ehlers, R. U., Shapiro-Ilan, D. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nematode+morphology+and+systematics.">Nematode morphology and systematics.</a> Nematodes as biological control agents. CAB International Publishing. , 3-43 (2005).</li><li>Stock, S. P., Goodrich&#8211;Blair, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entomopathogenic+nematodes+and+their+bacterial+symbionts:+The+inside+out+of+a+mutualistic+association.">Entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts: The inside out of a mutualistic association.</a> Symbiosis. 46, 65-75 (2008).</li><li>Stuart, R. J., Gaugler, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patchiness+in+populations+of+entomopathogenic+nematodes.">Patchiness in populations of entomopathogenic nematodes.</a> Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 64, 39-45 (1994).</li><li>White, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+obtaining+infective+nematode+larvae+from+cultures.">A method for obtaining infective nematode larvae from cultures.</a> Science. 66, 302-303 (1927).</li></ol>

该演示是第一次两个报告描述了若干常用于研究EPN及其共生菌技术。这些技术代表了成功建立EPN文化在实验室的关键步骤，也是形成的基础，雇用EPN作为模式生物用于研究其他生物测定。 EPN的各种土壤调查结果显示，他们的丰度和分布可以跨季节，生境和地理区域4，5,9,15有所不同。因素如土壤质地，水分含量和温度，以及主机的可用性可能在它们的分布起着关键的?...

许多线虫与昆虫有关，其宿主相互作用的范围从有利到不利的。在此，我们专注于一组的线虫是昆虫病原体，也被称为昆虫病原线虫（或EPN）。两种线虫的家庭属于这个组线虫：线虫和异11,13。其致病作用实际上是通过它们与兼性厌氧的肠道细菌（ 致病细菌与steinernematids和光杆状菌联想到heterorhabditids关联）2相互作用所赋予的。该细菌通过唯一的自由生活线虫阶段，第三阶段的感染幼年（也称为永久性幼虫少年，感染幼年或IJ），它生活在土壤中的向量从一个昆虫宿主到另一个。一旦昆虫体内，线虫释放细菌进入昆虫的血淋巴，后者通过大规模败血症的昆虫宿主。此外，细菌还降低昆虫的组织，成为线虫的食物来源，使他们走向成熟和繁殖。通常，一个或两个世代成​​年线虫是昆虫的尸体内产生。最后成年一代重新关联一些细菌细胞中的后代一个更专业的方式比他们以前的营养关系，并培养这些细胞在它们的肠子，因为他们从昆虫尸体搬出到土壤中，他们将等待另一个昆虫寄生6,11,14（ 图1）。 由于他们的发现于1927年，EPN被认为是有价值的替代化学杀虫剂，因为它们可以寄生在多种昆虫是农业害虫3,4,5。然而，在过去的二十年里，这些线虫及其共生菌已被确认为研究宿主 - 微生物interactio的生物学，生态学和进化方面的可塑性模型系统NS 14。 这个演讲的目的是显示的方法和技术最常用的土壤取样和EPN的隔离。各种工具可用，并且可以用于采集土壤样本，包括：土壤取样器，铲子，后孔挖掘机，螺旋钻，取样管，手铲，等等（ 图2）。 取决于研究的目的，两个采样策略可以考虑：1）分层，二）随机抽样（ 图3）。分层抽样通常用作在超过给定的时间周期的特定或区域划出了深入的研究的一部分。在一般情况下，一个样被划出和土壤采样在规定的时间间隔中的样条在一段时间（ 图3A）15。专注于一个广泛的区域时，随机抽样，一般使用。这种取样策略已经用于研究EPN f的多样性ROM中的较大的地理区域或地区（ 图3B）12。许多因素可以根据研究，包括海拔，土壤质地和栖息地（ 例如 。，耕地，森林，草场，公园，海岸，河岸地区等）的多元化的重点加以考虑。 我们展示了昆虫引诱技术，它最初是由床上用品和Akhurst 1描述和表示从土壤样品中恢复EPN一个简单的和有选择性的选择。这是基于这样的前提，该线虫（IJ阶段）将被吸引到昆虫宿主和寄生它选择性步骤。这种技术也可以考虑用于其他昆虫病原体如真菌，细菌和8,10隔离。 我们还证明其用于从受感染的昆虫宿主7,14检索线虫后代改性白阱技术。这是满足一个轻松HOD，提供检索一个&#39;干净&#39;线虫后代免于降解昆虫尸体碎片的优势。 最后，描述和本文中所述的技术对应于那些构思和/或在我们的实验室，以及那些由不同的同事和合作者描述进行。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1119">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:271px;">Galleria mellonella</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Timberline</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">http://www.timberlinefisheries.com/ProductDetails.asp?ProductCode=WAXLG</td>
			<td>for insect baiting technique</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:271px;">Filter Paper, 55mm Grade 1 Cellulose</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Whatman/VWR</td>
			<td>28450-048</td>
			<td>infection chamber and White trap assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">60 x 15 mm Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">VWR</td>
			<td>25384-092</td>
			<td>infection chamber and White trap assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">100 x 15 Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">25384-088</td>
			<td>infection chamber and White trap assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:271px;">ZIPloc Plastic Bags</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Ace Hardware or local hardware store</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">N/A</td>
			<td>soil sampling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:271px;">Mechanical Pipettor P1000, P200 ml</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">VWR</td>
			<td>89130-562; 89130-566&#160;</td>
			<td>infection chamber and White trap assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">pippetor tips 1000ml, 200 ml</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">16466-004 ; 53510</td>
			<td>infection chamber and White trap assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Bleach</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Ace Hardware or local hardware store</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>soil sampling , desisnfecting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Sodium Hypochlorite</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Ace Hardware or local hardware store</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>soil sampling , desisnfecting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">70% Ethyl alochol</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">AAPER</td>
			<td>17212945</td>
			<td>soil sampling , desisnfecting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:18px;width:271px;">Shovels</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Ace Hardware or local hardware store</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">N/A</td>
			<td>soil sampling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Tubular soil sampler</td>
			<td>Accuproducts</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">N/A</td>
			<td>soil sampling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Soil Probe, long handle</td>
			<td>Nupla&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">PRB4T 69401 Classic</td>
			<td>soil sampling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:271px;">Measuring tape</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Ace Hardware or local hardware store</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">N/A</td>
			<td>soil sampling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Flagging tape, various colors</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Ace Hardware or local hardware store</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">N/A</td>
			<td>soil sampling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">tissue culture flasks</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Falcon, 29185-304&#160;</td>
			<td>White trap, collection of EPN</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:271px;">wash bottles, Polyethylene, Wide Mouth</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">VWR</td>
			<td>16650-107</td>
			<td>White trap, collection of EPN</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

soil sampling and isolation of entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernematidae, heterorhabditidae)

昆虫病原线虫（又名EPN）代表一组土栖线虫的寄生多种昆虫的。这些线虫属两个家庭：线虫和异。到现在为止，有超过70种已在Steine​​rnematidae描述，并有大约20种的异小。线虫有肠杆菌科细菌互利共生的伙伴关系和他们一起作为一个有效的杀虫复杂，杀灭多种昆虫种类。 在此，我们重点考虑从土壤中采集EPN中的最常用的技术。这个演讲的第二部分着重于昆虫引诱技术，为EPN从土壤样品中分离一种广泛使用的方法，以及用于这些线虫从感染虫的复苏修改白色陷阱技术。这些方法和技术是成功建立EPN邪教的关键步骤在实验室中，也URES形成的基础，即认为这些线虫作为模式生物的研究在其他生物学科等生物测定。在此演示文稿中显示的技术对应于那些由SP联合实验室成员，以及那些由不同的作者进行描述和/或设计。

土壤样品采集 EPN的第三阶段感染性幼虫是在这些线虫的生活周期（ 图1），其驻留在土壤中的唯一的自由生活阶段。因此，采集的土壤样品，是要收回这些线虫的一种非常有效的方法， 图4示出了表示在该样品应采取深处的土壤剖面。保存的样品的水分对于线虫的存活的关键因素。因此，要保持土壤样品中的塑料袋和过境实验室（ 图4）?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae at JoVE.com

Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae

昆虫病原线虫是土栖线虫的寄生多种昆虫。我们展示了用于这些线虫使用两种技术的土壤隔离采样方式：昆虫引诱和修改后的白的陷阱，对于线虫的土壤样品和感染的昆虫尸体，分别回收。

土壤采样及昆虫病原线虫的分离（Steine​​rnematidae，异小）

Entomopathogenic nematodes (a.k.a. EPN) represent a group of soil-inhabiting nematodes that parasitize a wide range of insects. These nematodes belong to ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae)

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

设计一个连续和操作<sup&gt; 13</sup&gt; C和<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt;Ñ贴标商会统一或差分，代谢和结构，植物同位素标记

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes ...

科研

环境科学

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates

An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates

一种优化富集技术的隔离<em&gt;节杆菌</em&gt;噬菌体种从土壤样品隔离

Bacteriophage isolation from environmental samples has been performed for decades using principles set forth by pioneers in microbiology. The isolation of ...

Assaying Predatory Feeding Behaviors in Pristionchus and Other Nematodes

Assaying Predatory Feeding Behaviors in Pristionchus and Other Nematodes

测定掠夺取食行为<em&gt; Pristionchus</em&gt;及其他线虫

This protocol provides multiple methods for the analysis and quantification of predatory feeding behaviors in nematodes. Many nematode species including ...

A Gusseted Thermogradient Table to Control Soil Temperatures for Evaluating Plant Growth and Monitoring Soil Processes

一个插角Thermogradient表来控制土壤温度为评估植物生长和监测土壤过程

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a ...

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

协议在草坪系统量化转换农药残留

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Isolation and Analysis of Microbial Communities in Soil, Rhizosphere, and Roots in Perennial Grass Experiments

多年生草试验中土壤、根际和根系微生物群落的分离与分析

Plant and soil microbiome studies are becoming increasingly important for understanding the roles microorganisms play in agricultural productivity. The ...

Use of Principal Components for Scaling Up Topographic Models to Map Soil Redistribution and Soil Organic Carbon

利用主成分扩展地形模型绘制土壤再分配和土壤有机碳

Landscape topography is a critical factor affecting soil formation and plays an important role in determining soil properties on the earth surface, as it ...

土壤采样及昆虫病原线虫的分离（Steine​​rnematidae，异小）

土壤采样及昆虫病原线虫的分离（Steinernematidae，异小）