Name: mechanical expansion of steel tubing as a solution to leaky wellbores
Uploaded: 2014-11-20T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores at JoVE.com

Forfatterne vil gerne takke følgende personer og institutioner for deres hjælp og støtte: William Portas og James Heathman (Industry Advisors, Shell E &amp; P), Richard Littlefield og Rodney Pennington (Shell Westhollow Technology Center), Daniele di Crescenzo (Shell Research Well Engineer ), Bill Carruthers (LaFarge), Tim Quirk (nu med Chevron), Gerry Masterman og Wayne Manuel (LSU PERTT Lab), Rick Young (LSU Rock Mechanics Lab), og medlemmerne af SEER Lab (Arome Oyibo, Tao Tao, og Iordan Bossev).

1. Composite Prøve (figur 1) BEMÆRK: De fleste cement job i Den Mexicanske Golf (USA) er færdig med Class H cement 18, derfor den samme type cement blev anvendt til at udføre lab forsøg at simulere felt-lignende tilstande, den potentielle anvendelighed af denne teknologi for SCP oprydning i den Mexicanske Golf. <ol><li> Prøvefremstilling BEMÆRK: 61 cm lang prøve består af to klasse B-elektrisk modstod svejste (ERW) kulstofstål rør (figur 1). De...

<ol>
	<li>King, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Well+Integrity:+Hydraulic+Fracturing+and+Well+Construction+&#8211;+What+are+the+Factual+Risks.">Well Integrity: Hydraulic Fracturing and Well Construction &#8211; What are the Factual Risks.</a> SPE Wellbore Integrity Webinar. 5, (2013).</li><li>Taylor, H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cement Chemistry. , (1997).</li><li>Thiercelin, M. J., Dargaud, B., Baret, J. F., Rodriguez, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cement+design+based+on+cement+mechanical+response.">Cement design based on cement mechanical response.</a> SPE Drill &amp; Compl. 13 (4), 266-273 (1998).</li><li>Nelson, E. B., Guillot, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Well Cementing. , (2006).</li><li>Carter, L., Evans, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Study+of+Cement-Pipe+Bonding.">A Study of Cement-Pipe Bonding.</a> Paper SPE 164 presented at the California Regional Meeting. , 24-25 (1964).</li><li>Goodwin, K., Crook, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cement+Sheath+Stress+Failure.">Cement Sheath Stress Failure.</a> SPE Drill Eng. 7 (4), 291-296 (1992).</li><li>Heathman, J., Beck, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Finite+Element+Analysis+Couples+Casing+and+Cement+Designs+for+HP/HT+Wells+in+East+Texas.">Finite Element Analysis Couples Casing and Cement Designs for HP/HT Wells in East Texas.</a> Paper SPE 98869 presented at the IADC/SPE Conference. , (2006).</li><li>Boukhelifa, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+Cement+Systems+for+Oil+and+Gas+Well+Zonal+Isolation+in+a+Full-Scale+Annular+Geometry.">Evaluation of Cement Systems for Oil and Gas Well Zonal Isolation in a Full-Scale Annular Geometry.</a> Paper SPE 87195 presented at the IADC/SPE Drilling Conference. , (2004).</li><li>Duan, S., Wojtanowicz, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+for+Evaluation+of+Risk+of+Continuous+Air+Emissions+from+Sustained+Casinghead+Pressure.">A Method for Evaluation of Risk of Continuous Air Emissions from Sustained Casinghead Pressure.</a> Paper SPE 94455 presented at SPE/EPA/DOE Exploration and Production Environmental Conference. , (2005).</li><li>Watson, T. L., Bachu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+potential+for+gas+and+CO2+leakage+along+wellbores.">Evaluation of the potential for gas and CO2 leakage along wellbores.</a> SPE Drill &amp; Compl. 24 (1), 115-126 (2009).</li><li>Wojtanowicz, A. K., Nishikawa, S., Xu, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnosis+and+remediation+of+SCP+in+wells.">Diagnosis and remediation of SCP in wells.</a> Final report submitted to US Department of Interior MMS. , (2001).</li><li>Kupresan, D., Heathman, J., Radonjic, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+Assessment+of+Casing+Expansion+as+a+Solution+to+Microannular+Gas+Migration.">Experimental Assessment of Casing Expansion as a Solution to Microannular Gas Migration.</a> Paper SPE 168056 presented at IADC/SPE Drilling Conference and Exhibition. , (2014).</li><li>Kupresan, D., Heathman, J., Radonjic, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+a+New+Physical+Model+of+Expandable+Casing+Technology+in+Mitigation+of+Wellbore+Leaks.">Application of a New Physical Model of Expandable Casing Technology in Mitigation of Wellbore Leaks.</a> CETI Journal. 1 (5), 21-24 (2013).</li><li>Demong, K., Rivenbark, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breakthroughs+using+Solid+Expandable+Tubulars+to+Construct+Extended+Reach+Wells.">Breakthroughs using Solid Expandable Tubulars to Construct Extended Reach Wells.</a> Paper SPE 87209 presented at the IADC/SPE Drilling Conference. , (2004).</li><li>Grant, T., Bullock, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+evolution+of+Solid+Expandable+Tubular+Technology:+Lessons+Learned+Over+Five+Years.">The evolution of Solid Expandable Tubular Technology: Lessons Learned Over Five Years.</a> , (2005).</li><li>Jennings, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+formations+rendered+less+problematic+with+solid+expandable+technology.">Dynamic formations rendered less problematic with solid expandable technology.</a> , (2008).</li><li>Fanguy, C., Mueller, D., Doherty, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+method+of+cementing+solid+expandable+tubulars.">Improved method of cementing solid expandable tubulars.</a> , (2004).</li><li>American Petroleum Institute. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Appendix+C+(tentative),+Fluid+Density+Balance.">Appendix C (tentative), Fluid Density Balance.</a> Recommended Practice for Testing Oilwell Cements and Cement Additives. , (1971).</li><li>Nelson, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Well cementing. , (1990).</li></ol>

The reported experimental procedure has two main components that are critical: composite cylinders that simulate wellbores and the expansion fixture that is used to carry out mechanical manipulation of cement. When designing wellbore models (cement/pipe composite cylinders), it is critical to choose adequate cement density, store samples under total humidity conditions (100% RH) and establish pipe-cement debonding before cement slurry completely sets. Failing to achieve this would make the entire gas flow experiment impo...

Den rapporterede eksperimentelle procedure har to hovedkomponenter, der er kritiske: sammensatte cylindre, der simulerer brøndboringer og ekspansion armatur, der anvendes til at udføre mekanisk manipulation af cementen. Brøndboringer er hovedindgangen til fremstilling af underjordiske væsker (vand, olie, gas eller damp) samt injektion af forskellige væsker. Uanset funktion, er i borehullet forpligtet til at give en kontrolleret strøm af produceret / injicerede væsker. Brøndboring konstruktion har to forskellige operationer: boring og færdiggørelse. Brøndboring cement, en del af afslutninger procedure, giver primært zonal isolation, mekanisk støtte af metalrøret (huset), og beskyttelse af metalkomponenter fra ætsende væsker. Disse er væsentlige elementer i kompromisløs, fuldt fungerende brøndboringer. Integriteten af ​​borehullet cement kappe er en funktion af de kemiske og fysiske egenskaber af den hydratiserede cement, geometri cased godt, og egenskaberne af den omgivende formation / formationsvæsker 2,3. Ufuldstændig fjernelse af borevæske vil resultere i dårlig zoneisolering idet den forhindrer dannelse af stærke bindinger ved grænseflader med sten og / eller metal. Cement sheaths kan underkastes mange typer af fejl i løbet af livet af en brønd. Tryk og temperatur svingninger forårsaget af færdiggørelse og produktion bidrager til udviklingen af ​​frakturer i cement matrix; debonding er forårsaget af tryk og / eller temperatur ændringer og cementhydratisering svind 4,5,6. Resultatet er næsten altid tilstedeværelsen af ​​væske flow microannular, selv om dens forekomst kan opdages tidligt eller efter års levetid. Heathman og Beck (2006) skabt en model af cementeret beklædning udsættes for over 100 tryk og temperatur cykliske belastninger, som viste synlige debonding, indledning af cement revner, som kan udgøre præferentielle veje for at migrere væske &lt;sup&gt; 7. I feltet, vil udvidelse og sammentrækning af metalkomponenter i en brøndboring ikke falder sammen med cement og sten, der forårsager interfacial debonding og dannelse af en microannulus, hvilket fører til en stigning i permeabilitet af cement kappe. Et yderligere hylster belastning kan medføre udbredelsen af radiale revner i cement matrix når trækspændinger overstiger trækstyrken af materialet 8. Alle de førnævnte cement svigt kan resultere i mikro-kanalisering, hvilket fører til gas migration, forekomsten af ​​SCP, og langsigtede miljømæssige risici. Et betydeligt antal af producerende og forladte brønde med SCP udgør en potentiel ny kilde til kontinuerlig naturgas emission 9. Den analyse, Watson og Bachu (2009) af 315.000 olie, gas, og injektionsbrønde i Alberta, Canada viste også, at brøndboring afvigelse, godt typen, nedlæggelse metode, og kvaliteten af ​​cement er nøglefaktorer contributing potentiel godt lækage i vestvendte del af brønden 10. De eksisterende afhjælpende foranstaltninger er dyre og mislykkede; den trykcementering, en af de mest almindeligt anvendte afhjælpende teknikker, har en succesrate på kun 50% 11. I dette papir rapporterer vi om evalueringen af den udvides Casing Technology (ECT) som en ny oprydning teknik til utætte brøndboringer 12,13. ECT kan anvendes i nye eller eksisterende brønde 14. Den første kommercielle installation af denne teknologi blev udført af Chevron om en brønd i lavvandede farvande i Den Mexicanske Golf i november 1999 15. Den aktuelle operativsystem rammebeløb for udvidelige rør indkapsler en hældning på 100 ° fra lodret, temperatur op til 205 ° C, mudder vægt på 2,37 g / cm3, en dybde på 8.763 m, hydrostatisk tryk på 160,6 GPa og en rørformet længde 2.092 m 16. En typisk ekspansion sats for faste udvidelige rør er enpproximately 2,4 m / min 17. Denne undersøgelse giver en unik tilgang til tilpasningen af ​​ECT teknologi som en ny oprydning operation for SCP. Udvidelsen af ​​stålrøret komprimerer cement, som ville resultere i lukning af gasstrømmen ved grænsefladen og forsegle gaslækage. Det er vigtigt at nævne, at fokus i denne undersøgelse er forseglingen af ​​en eksisterende microannular gas flow, derfor har vi kun fokuseret på det som en mulig årsag til utætte boringer. For at teste effektiviteten af ​​nyligt tilpasset teknologi til dette formål har vi udviklet en brøndboring model med en eksisterende microannular flow. Dette opnås ved at dreje det indre rør under cementhydratisering. Dette er ikke til at simulere operationer i marken, men blot at fremspole hvad der ville ske efter årtier med termisk og trykbelastning i et borehul.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:341px;">ASTM A53 Grade B ERW Schedule 40 Steel pipe - OD=10.16 cm, ID=10.04 cm, L=59.7 cm</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Baker Sales</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BPE-4.00BB40</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:341px;">ASTM A53 Grade B ERW Schedule 10 Steel pipe - OD=6 cm, ID=5.94 cm, L=61 cm&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Service Steel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:341px;">Expansion Cones - AISI D2 grade alloy steel (60 RC hardness)</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Shell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:341px;">Pipe coupling - OD=6.35 cm, ID=6 cm, L=4.4 cm</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">LSU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:341px;">Steel plate ring - OD=10.16 cm, ID=5.76 cm, thickness=6.35 mm</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Louisiana Cutting</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:341px;">Class H Cement</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">LaFarge</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">04-16-12 / 14-18</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:341px;">Defoaming agent - D-Air 3000L</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Halliburton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:341px;">Bentonite clay</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">LSU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:341px;">Calcium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">LSU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="31">
			<td height="31" style="height:31px;width:341px;">Expansion Fixture</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Shell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;width:341px;">Pressure transducers</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Omega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PX480A-200GV&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:341px;">Teflon tubing</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PB0754100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:341px;">Union tee</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-400-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:341px;">Elbow union</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-400-9</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;width:341px;">Female elbow</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-400-8-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:341px;">Port connector</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-401-PC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:341px;">Forged body valve</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-1RS4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:341px;">Tube adapter</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-4-TA-1-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:341px;">Pipe lubricant</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">E.F. Houghoton &#38; Co.</td>
			<td>71323998</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:341px;">Instant Galvanize Zinc Coating</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">CRC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">78254184128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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mechanical expansion of steel tubing as a solution to leaky wellbores

Wellbore cement, a procedural component of wellbore completion operations, primarily provides zonal isolation and mechanical support of the metal pipe (casing), and protects metal components from corrosive fluids. These are essential for uncompromised wellbore integrity. Cements can undergo multiple forms of failure, such as debonding at the cement/rock and cement/metal interfaces, fracturing, and defects within the cement matrix. Failures and defects within the cement will ultimately lead to fluid migration, resulting in inter-zonal fluid migration and premature well abandonment. Currently, there are over 1.8 million operating wells worldwide and over one third of these wells have leak related problems defined as Sustained Casing Pressure (SCP)1. 
The focus of this research was to develop an experimental setup at bench-scale to explore the effect of mechanical manipulation of wellbore casing-cement composite samples as a potential technology for the remediation of gas leaks. 
The experimental methodology utilized in this study enabled formation of an impermeable seal at the pipe/cement interface in a simulated wellbore system. Successful nitrogen gas flow-through measurements demonstrated that an existing microannulus was sealed at laboratory experimental conditions and fluid flow prevented by mechanical manipulation of the metal/cement composite sample. Furthermore, this methodology can be applied not only for the remediation of leaky wellbores, but also in plugging and abandonment procedures as well as wellbore completions technology, and potentially preventing negative impacts of wellbores on subsurface and surface environments.

Pre-ekspansionsgas gennemstrømnings-test på den sammensatte prøve viste pres optagelse på afgangssiden tryktransducer, bekræfter gasstrømmen gennem præfabrikerede microannulus (figur 7 og 8). Oprindelige betingelser blev holdt den samme, hvor den første indgangstryk var 103 kPa og gasstrømningshastigheden blev holdt på 85 ml / min for denne periode. Den tidsforskydning i pres optagelse mellem tilført og udsuget tryktransducere var 7,5 sekunder, mens de højeste tryk registrer...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores at JoVE.com

Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores

This article reports on a laboratory scale investigation of an existing field procedure and its adaptation for sealing of leaky wellbores. It consists of mechanical expansion of metal pipe, which results in an improved metal/cement bond, ultimate sealing of hydraulic pathways and prevention of gas leaks caused by the presence of a microannular channel.

Mekanisk Udvidelse af Steel Tubing som en løsning på Utætte brøndboringer

Wellbore cement, a procedural component of wellbore completion operations, primarily provides zonal isolation and mechanical support of the metal pipe ...

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