Name: a whole cell bioreporter approach to assess transport and bioavailability of organic contaminants in water unsaturated systems
Uploaded: 2014-12-24T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Whole Cell Bioreporter Approach to Assess Transport and Bioavailability of Organic Contaminants in Water Unsaturated Systems at JoVE.com

Funding by the German Environmental Foundation (DBU) is acknowledged. The authors thank Ute Kuhlicke for technical help with CLSM analysis and Birgit W&#252;rz, Rita Remer, and Jana Reichenbach for skilled experimental help. The authors would particularly like to thank Prof. Jan Roelof van der Meer and Dr. Robin Tecon for fruitful discussion and providing the bioreporter strain. It contributes to the &#8216;Chemicals in the Environment&#8217; (CITE) research program of the Helmholtz Association.

1. Fremstilling af retter, slides og Inkubationsbetingelser Chambers <ol><li> Forbered følgende materiale for hver mikrokosmos: én stor plast petriskål bund (d = 10 cm), en modificeret (se trin 1.2) små plastik petriskål bund (d = 5 cm) med låg og en optælling kammer slide med tre hulrum. </li><li> Tag det ønskede antal petriskål bunddele (d = 5 cm). Tag en del af randen med en sav til præcis passe et dias (26 mm kantlængde). At sterilisere systemet, sættetid petriskål bunde og låg i 70% ethanol O / N og...

<ol>
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I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioavailability+of+hydrophobic+organic+contaminants+in+soils:+fundamental+concepts+and+techniques+for+analysis.">Bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants in soils: fundamental concepts and techniques for analysis.</a> Eur. J. Soil. Sci. 54, 809-818 (2003).</li><li>Tecon, R., Binggeli, O., vander Meer, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Double-tagged+fluorescent+bacterial+bioreporter+for+the+study+of+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbon+diffusion+and+bioavailability.">Double-tagged fluorescent bacterial bioreporter for the study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diffusion and bioavailability.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 11, 2271-2283 (2009).</li><li>Tecon, R., Wells, M., vander Meer, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+green+fluorescent+protein-based+bacterial+biosensor+for+analysing+phenanthrene+fluxes.">A new green fluorescent protein-based bacterial biosensor for analysing phenanthrene fluxes.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 8, 697-708 (2006).</li><li>Schamfuss, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+mycelia+on+the+accessibility+of+fluorene+to+PAH-degrading+bacteria.">Impact of mycelia on the accessibility of fluorene to PAH-degrading bacteria.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 6908-6915 (2013).</li><li>Smibert, R. M., Krieg, R. M., Gerhardt, P., Murray, R. G. E., Costilow, R. N., Nester, E. W., Wood, W. A., Krieg, N. R., Phillips, G. 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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+8+Concepts+in+Mycorrhizal+Research.">Ch. 8 Concepts in Mycorrhizal Research.</a> Handbook of Vegetation Science. Vol. 19, 195-222 (1996).</li><li>Furuno, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fungal+mycelia+allow+chemotactic+dispersal+of+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbon-degrading+bacteria+in+water-unsaturated+systems.">Fungal mycelia allow chemotactic dispersal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in water-unsaturated systems.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 12, 1391-1398 (2010).</li></ol>

De præsenterede mikrokosmos setup viste sig egnet til at studere biotilgængelighed af rumligt adskilte kemikalier for nedværdigende organismer efter optagelse og transport af mycelium. Potentiel transport af delvist flygtige forbindelser gas-fase forhindres og bakterielle bioreporter celler kan visualiseres uden omfattende prøveforberedelse og dermed med minimal forstyrrelse af følsomt system. Samtidig kan let udføres kemisk analyse af prøven tillader en god kontrol af de opnåede resultater, og til kvantificerin...

Jord er tæt befolket af en bred vifte af mikroorganismer 1,2 såsom bakterier. Men forholdene i denne naturtype er udfordrende, især med hensyn til adgangen til vand 3. Bakterier permanent behov for at søge efter optimale betingelser i heterogene miljøer 4, men fraværet af kontinuerlige vand film medfører nedsat bevægelighed 5 hindre dem til at sprede sig frit. Desuden er diffusionshastigheder af opløste stoffer (fx næringsstoffer) sænket under umættede forhold 6. Således er bakterier og næringsstoffer ofte fysisk adskilt og tilgængelighed af næringsstoffer begrænses 3. Som følge heraf kan en transport vektor til kemiske forbindelser, som ikke kræver en kontinuerlig vandfase bidrage til at overvinde disse begrænsninger. Faktisk har mange mikroorganismer såsom svampe og Oomycetes udviklet en filamentøs vækstform gør dem i stand til at vokse gennem luftfyldte porer og dermed nå og mobiLIZING også fysisk adskilt næringsstoffer 7 og kulstofholdige 8 stoffer over lange afstande. De kan endda fungere som biologiske transport vektorer, som leverer sukker og andre energikilder til bakterier 9. Optagelse og transport i myceliske organismer er også blevet vist for hydrofobe organiske forurenende stoffer som polycykliske aromatiske hydrocarboner (PAH) i Pythium ultimum 10 eller i arbuskulære mykorrhizasvampe 11. Da PAH er allestedsnærværende og dårligt vandopløselige urenheder 12 i jord, kan mycelia-medieret transport bidrage til at øge forurenende biotilgængelighed for potentielle bakterielle degraders. Det samlede beløb for forurenende transport kan kvantificeres direkte af kemiske midler 10, biotilgængelighed af forurenende stoffer, der transporteres af mycelium til nedbrydende bakterier og andre organismer kan ikke vurderes nemt. Følgende protokol præsenterer en metode til at evaluere virkningen af ​​myceLia om forurenende biotilgængelighed for bakterielle degraders på en direkte måde; det giver at indsamle oplysninger om den spatiotemporale konsekvenser af forurenende stoffer på mikrobielle økosystemer. Vi beskriver, hvordan man opretter en omfattende umættet mikrokosmos-system efterligner luft-vand-grænseflader i jord ved at forbinde et fysisk adskilt PAH punktkilde med PAH-nedbrydende bioreporter bakterier via myceliske transport vektorer. Fordi luftbåren transport er udelukket, kan effekten af ​​mycelial baserede transport på PAH biotilgængelighed for bakterier studeres i en isoleret måde. Mere detaljeret blev tre-ring PAH fluoren, mycelie organisme Pythium ultimum og bioreporter bakterien Burkholderia sartisoli RP037-mChe 13 anvendes i de beskrevne mikrokosmos opsætninger. Bakterien B. sartisoli RP037-mChe blev oprindeligt bygget til at studere phenanthren tilførsel til cellen 14 og udtrykker forbedret grønt fluorescerende protein (eGFP) som et resultat af PAH fluxcellen, mens den røde fluorescerende mCherry udtrykkes konstitutivt. Detaljerede oplysninger om reporter konstruktion er givet af Tecon et al. 13 I indledende tests, bakterien viste ingen svømning og kun meget langsom sværmer evne. Det var i stand til at migrere langsomt på hyfer af Pythium ultimum, når den anvendes som en tæt suspension oven på hyfer. Da bakterier blev indlejret i agarose i følgende protokol gjorde migration på hyfer ikke forekomme. Brug konfokal laser scanning mikroskopi (CLSM) kan bioreporter bakterier visualiseres direkte i mikrokosmer og ekspression af eGFP kan kvantificeres i forhold til mængden af ​​celler (proportional med mCherry signal) ved hjælp af softwaren ImageJ. Dette gør det muligt at sammenligne biotilgængelighed kvalitativt i forskellige scenarier (dvs. højere eller lavere). FLU blev fundet at være biotilgængeligt efter mycelial transport af P. ultimum (dvs. detvar højere end i en negativ kontrol). Endvidere protokollen beskriver, hvordan at kvantificere den samlede mængde mycelium-medieret transport via kemiske midler og at kontrollere forurening biotilgængelighed ved hjælp af silicium-coatede glasfibre (SPME fibre) i identiske mikrokosmos. Resultater ved hjælp af dette mikrokosmos setup er blevet offentliggjort og diskuteret for kombinationen af P. ultimum, fluoren og B. sartisoli RP037-mChe 15. Her er fokus ligger på en detaljeret metodebeskrivelse og identifikation af potentielle faldgruber i protokollen at give denne viden til potentielle yderligere ansøgninger. Yderligere anvendelser kan involvere forskellige svampeinfektioner, bakterielle arter (f.eks fra forurenede grunde), og andre forurenende stoffer (f.eks pesticider) eller forurenende-forsyning (f.eks alderen jord).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1158">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:523px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>TCS SP5X, LAS AF - Version 2.6.1; or equivalent CLSM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">GC HP 7890 Series GC and Agilent 5975C MSD</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>an equivalent GC/MS may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">GC capillary column J&#38;W 121-5522&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Cork borer</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">12863952</td>
			<td>or any other</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Cover slips</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Marienfeld</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">107222</td>
			<td>High performance, No.1.5H</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">GC/MS insterts</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">WICOM</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">WIC 47080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">GC/MS vials 2 ml</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">WICOM</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">WIC 41150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Lids / septa for screw cap vials</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">DIONEX</td>
			<td>49463 / 049464&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Lids for GC/MS vials</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">WICOM</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">WIC 43948/B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Objective Slides</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Menzel</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>ordinary</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">PDMS coated glass fibers</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Polymicro Technologies, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>V (PDMS) = 13.55 &#177; 0.02 &#181;L m-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">Petri Dishes small / big</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Greiner</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">633-102 / 628-102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Screw cap vials 40 ml</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">DIONEX</td>
			<td>48783</td>
			<td>other glass vials may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Screw cap vials 60 ml</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">DIONEX</td>
			<td>48784</td>
			<td>other glass vials may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:313px;">Acenaphthylene d08</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Dr. Ehrenstorfer</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">C 20510100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">9372.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Activated carbon</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">242276-1kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td align="right">2267.4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Fluorene</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">46880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">Kanamycin sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">T832.2</td>
			<td>50 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">P7171</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Minimal Medium:</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>100 mL solution 1 + 25 mL solution 2 + 5 mL solution 3 ad. 1000 mL aqua dest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160; Solution 1</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Ammonium sulfate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">3746.1</td>
			<td>5 g L-1&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Magnesium chloride x 6 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">2189.1</td>
			<td>1 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Calcium nitrate x 4 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">P740.1</td>
			<td>0.5 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160; Solution 2</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Disodium phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">P030.1</td>
			<td>55.83 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Monopotassium phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">3904.1</td>
			<td>20 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160; Solution 3</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>pH 6.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Disodium EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">1084180250</td>
			<td>0.8 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Iron(II) chloride x 4 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">1038610250</td>
			<td>0.3 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Cobalt(II) chloride x 6 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">T889.3</td>
			<td>4 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Manganese(II) chloride x 1 H2O&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">&#160; 4320.2</td>
			<td>10 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Copper(II) sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">&#160;P023.1</td>
			<td>1 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Sodium molybdate x 2 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">&#160;0274.1</td>
			<td>3 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Zinc chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">1088160250</td>
			<td>2 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Lithium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">P007.1</td>
			<td>0.5 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Tin(II) chloride x 2 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">4473.1</td>
			<td>0.5 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Boric acid</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Riedel-de-Haen&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">11606</td>
			<td>1 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Potassium bromide</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">A137.1</td>
			<td>2 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Potassium iodide</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">6750.1</td>
			<td>2 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Barium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">4453.1</td>
			<td>0.5 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">MMA</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>Minimal medium + agarose 0.2 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:313px;">Phenanthrene d10</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Dr. Ehrenstorfer</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">C 20920100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">Potato Dextrose Agar:</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>24 g L-1 broth + bacto-agar 1.5 %; pH 6.8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Potato Dextrose broth</td>
			<td>Difco/ Beckton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">254920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Bacto-agar</td>
			<td>Difco/ Beckton Dickinson</td>
			<td align="right">214040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Sodium acetate x 3 hydr.</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">6779.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Sodium sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">&#160;1066495000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Toluene</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">1083252500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">mTY medium:</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>3 g L-1 yeast extract, 5 g L-1 bacto tryptone and 50 mM NaCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Merck</td>
			<td>1037530500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Tryptone</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Serva</td>
			<td>4864702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td>3957.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">imageJ with logi tool plugin</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:523px;">http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/download.html and http://downloads.openmicroscopy.org/bio-formats/4.4.10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">Pythium ultimum strain 67-1</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:523px;">Obtained from the lab of Dr. Christoph Keel; Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">Burkholderia sartisoli RP037-mChe</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:523px;">Obtained from the lab of Prof. Jan Roelof van der Meer; Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a whole cell bioreporter approach to assess transport and bioavailability of organic contaminants in water unsaturated systems

Bioavailability of contaminants is a prerequisite for their effective biodegradation in soil. The average bulk concentration of a contaminant, however, is not an appropriate measure for its availability; bioavailability rather depends on the dynamic interplay of potential mass transfer (flux) of a compound to a microbial cell and the capacity of the latter to degrade the compound. In water-unsaturated parts of the soil, mycelia have been shown to overcome bioavailability limitations by actively transporting and mobilizing organic compounds over the range of centimeters. Whereas the extent of mycelia-based transport can be quantified easily by chemical means, verification of the contaminant-bioavailability to bacterial cells requires a biological method. Addressing this constraint, we chose the PAH fluorene (FLU) as a model compound and developed a water unsaturated model microcosm linking a spatially separated FLU point source and the FLU degrading bioreporter bacterium Burkholderia sartisoli RP037-mChe by a mycelial network of Pythium ultimum. Since the bioreporter expresses eGFP in response of the PAH flux to the cell, bacterial FLU exposure and degradation could be monitored directly in the microcosms via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). CLSM and image analyses revealed a significant increase of the eGFP expression in the presence of P. ultimum compared to controls without mycelia or FLU thus indicating FLU bioavailability to bacteria after mycelia-mediated transport. CLSM results were supported by chemical analyses in identical microcosms. The developed microcosm proved suitable to investigate contaminant bioavailability and to concomitantly visualize the involved bacteria-mycelial interactions.

Resultaterne præsenteret her er allerede blevet offentliggjort tidligere 15. Se artiklen til detaljeret mekanistisk og miljømæssig diskussion. Efter billedoptagelse via CLSM kan en maksimal intensitet projektion udføres ved hjælp af den respektive mikroskop software eller ImageJ at få et første visuelle indtryk af prøven og kontrollen (figur 2). Senere kan de datasæt projiceres anderledes for at vise meningsfulde funktioner efter specifikt visualisering s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Whole Cell Bioreporter Approach to Assess Transport and Bioavailability of Organic Contaminants in Water Unsaturated Systems at JoVE.com

A Whole Cell Bioreporter Approach to Assess Transport and Bioavailability of Organic Contaminants in Water Unsaturated Systems

A Whole Cell Bioreporter tilgang til Vurdere Transport og biotilgængelighed organiske forureninger i vand Umættede Systems

En helcelle bioreporter assay med Burkholderia sartisoli RP037-mChe blev udviklet for at detektere fraktioner af en organisk kontaminant (dvs. fluoren) til rådighed for bakteriel nedbrydning efter aktiv transport af mycelier brodannende luftfyldte porer i en vand umættet modelsystem.

Bioavailability of contaminants is a prerequisite for their effective biodegradation in soil. The average bulk concentration of a contaminant, however, is ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615. Måling af Enterovirus og norovirus Forekomst i vand efter kultur og RT-qPCR. I. Indsamling af virus prøver

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

A Small Volume Bioassay to Assess Bacterial/Phytoplankton Co-culture Using WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (WATER-PAM) Fluorometry

A Small Volume Bioassay to Assess Bacterial/Phytoplankton Co-culture Using WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated WATER-PAM Fluorometry

Et lille volumen Bioassay at Vurdere Bakteriel / Fytoplankton Co-kultur ved hjælp af vand-Pulse-amplitudemodulerede (vand-PAM) fluorometri

Conventional methods for experimental manipulation of microalgae have employed large volumes of culture (20 ml to 5 L), so that the culture can be ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Metode 1615. Måling af Enterovirus og Roskildesyge Forekomst i Water af Kultur og RT-qPCR. Del III. Virus Detection ved RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Jord lysimeter Udgravning til Koblede Hydrologiske, geokemiske og mikrobiologiske undersøgelser

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) for the Real-driving Emissions (RDE) Regulation in Europe

Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems PEMS for the Real-driving Emissions RDE Regulation in Europe

Implementering af bærbare emissionsmålingssystemer (PEMS) for Real-drivende Emission (RDE) Forordning i Europa

Vehicles are tested in controlled and relatively narrow laboratory conditions to determine their official emission values and reference fuel consumption. ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Vegetationsbehandlingssystemer til fjernelse af forurenende stoffer i forbindelse med overfladevandstoksicitet i landbrug og bydrift

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

Kontrolleret frigivelse af chlordioxid i en perforeret Packaging System til Forlæng holdbarhed og forbedre sikkerheden for Grape Tomater

A controlled-release chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pouch was developed by sealing a slurry form of ClO2 into semipermeable polymer film; the release properties ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Måling og kortlægning mønstre af jorderosion og Deposition relateret til jordbunden karbonat koncentrationer Under landbrugsdrift

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

En simpel plantning teknik for ny etablering af træer hvor hyppige oversvømmelser forekommer

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Forbedring af infrarød spektroskopi karakterisering af jordbundens organiske materiale med spektrale fradrag

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...