Name: a whole cell bioreporter approach to assess transport and bioavailability of organic contaminants in water unsaturated systems
Uploaded: 2014-12-24T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Whole Cell Bioreporter Approach to Assess Transport and Bioavailability of Organic Contaminants in Water Unsaturated Systems at JoVE.com

Funding by the German Environmental Foundation (DBU) is acknowledged. The authors thank Ute Kuhlicke for technical help with CLSM analysis and Birgit W&#252;rz, Rita Remer, and Jana Reichenbach for skilled experimental help. The authors would particularly like to thank Prof. Jan Roelof van der Meer and Dr. Robin Tecon for fruitful discussion and providing the bioreporter strain. It contributes to the &#8216;Chemicals in the Environment&#8217; (CITE) research program of the Helmholtz Association.

1. Utarbeidelse av Retter, lysbilder og Inkubasjon Chambers <ol><li> Forbered følgende materiale for hver mikrokosmos: en stor plast petriskål bunnen (d = 10 cm), en modifisert (se trinn 1.2) liten plast petriskål bunnen (d = 5 cm) med lokk og en tellekammer lysbilde med tre hull i tennene. </li><li> Ta det ønskede antall petriskål bunndeler (d = 5 cm). Fjerne en del av randen med en sag til akkurat passe et lysbilde (26 mm kantlengde). Å sterilisere systemet, suge petriskål bunner og lokk i 70% etanol O / N og...

<ol>
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Plant Biol. 57, 233-266 (2006).</li><li>Furuno, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mycelia+promote+active+transport+and+spatial+dispersion+of+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbons.">Mycelia promote active transport and spatial dispersion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 5463-5470 (2012).</li><li>Gao, Y., Cheng, Z., Ling, W., Huang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arbuscular+mycorrhizal+fungal+hyphae+contribute+to+the+uptake+of+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbons+by+plant+roots.">Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal hyphae contribute to the uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by plant roots.</a> Bioresour. Technol. 101, 6895-6901 (2010).</li><li>Semple, K. T., Morriss, A. W. J., Paton, G. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioavailability+of+hydrophobic+organic+contaminants+in+soils:+fundamental+concepts+and+techniques+for+analysis.">Bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants in soils: fundamental concepts and techniques for analysis.</a> Eur. J. Soil. Sci. 54, 809-818 (2003).</li><li>Tecon, R., Binggeli, O., vander Meer, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Double-tagged+fluorescent+bacterial+bioreporter+for+the+study+of+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbon+diffusion+and+bioavailability.">Double-tagged fluorescent bacterial bioreporter for the study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diffusion and bioavailability.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 11, 2271-2283 (2009).</li><li>Tecon, R., Wells, M., vander Meer, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+green+fluorescent+protein-based+bacterial+biosensor+for+analysing+phenanthrene+fluxes.">A new green fluorescent protein-based bacterial biosensor for analysing phenanthrene fluxes.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 8, 697-708 (2006).</li><li>Schamfuss, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+mycelia+on+the+accessibility+of+fluorene+to+PAH-degrading+bacteria.">Impact of mycelia on the accessibility of fluorene to PAH-degrading bacteria.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 6908-6915 (2013).</li><li>Smibert, R. M., Krieg, R. M., Gerhardt, P., Murray, R. G. E., Costilow, R. N., Nester, E. W., Wood, W. A., Krieg, N. R., Phillips, G. 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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+8+Concepts+in+Mycorrhizal+Research.">Ch. 8 Concepts in Mycorrhizal Research.</a> Handbook of Vegetation Science. Vol. 19, 195-222 (1996).</li><li>Furuno, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fungal+mycelia+allow+chemotactic+dispersal+of+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbon-degrading+bacteria+in+water-unsaturated+systems.">Fungal mycelia allow chemotactic dispersal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in water-unsaturated systems.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 12, 1391-1398 (2010).</li></ol>

Den presenterte mikrokosmos oppsett viste egnet til å studere biotilgjengeligheten av romlig atskilt kjemikalier til nedverdigende organismer etter opptak og transport av mycel. Potensial gass-fasetransport av delvis flyktige forbindelser forhindres og bakterielle bioreporter celler kan bli visualisert uten omstendelig prøvepreparering og dermed med minimal forstyrrelse av det følsomme system. På samme tid, kan kjemisk analyse av prøven lett gjennomføres slik at for en god kontroll av de oppnådd resultater og for...

Jord er tett befolket av et bredt spekter av mikroorganismer 1,2 slik som bakterier. Men forholdene i dette habitatet er utfordrende, spesielt i form av vann tilgjengelighet tre. Bakterier permanent behov for å søke etter optimale forhold i heterogene miljøer fire, men fraværet av kontinuerlige vannfilmen som fører til nedsatt bevegelighet fem hindrer dem til å spre seg fritt. Dessuten er diffusjonshastigheter av oppløste stoffer (f.eks næringsstoffer) senket i henhold umettede forhold 6. Dermed er bakterier og næringsstoffer ofte fysisk atskilt og nærings tilgjengelighet er begrenset tre. Som en konsekvens av dette, kan en transportvektor for kjemiske forbindelser som ikke krever en kontinuerlig vannfase med på å overvinne disse begrensningene. Faktisk har mange mikroorganismer som sopp og Oomycetes utviklet en trådformede vekst skjema slik at de kan vokse gjennom luftfylte hulrommene dermed nådd og mobilizing også fysisk adskilt næringsstoffer 7 og karbonholdige åtte stoffer over lange avstander. De kan også fungere som biologiske transport vektorer som leverer sukker og andre energikilder til bakterier 9. Opptak og transport i myceliske organismer har også vist seg for hydrofobe organiske miljøgifter som polysykliske aromatiske hydrokarboner (PAH) i Pythium ultimum 10 eller i arbuscular mykorrhizasoppene 11. Siden PAH er allestedsnærværende og tungt vannoppløselige forurensninger 12 i jordsmonnet, kan mycelia-mediert transport bidra til å øke forurensningen biotilgjengelighet for potensielle bakterielle degraders. Mens den totale mengden av forurensende transport kan kvantifiseres direkte ved kjemiske midler 10, biotilgjengeligheten av forurensninger som transporteres av mycel til nedbrytende bakterier og andre organismer kan ikke vurderes lett. Følgende protokoll presenterer en metode for å evaluere virkningen av mycelia på forurensningen biotilgjengeligheten til bakterielle degraders i en direkte måte; det tillater å samle informasjon om tid og rom virkningen av miljøgifter på mikrobielle økosystemer. Vi beskriver hvordan du setter opp en forseggjort umettet mikrokosmos system hermet luft-vann-grensesnitt i jord ved å koble en fysisk atskilt PAH punktkilde med PAH-nedverdigende bioreporter bakterier via myceliske transport vektorer. Fordi lufttransport er utelukket, kan virkningen av mycelie basert transport på PAH biotilgjengelighet for bakterier bli studert i en isolert måte. I større detalj ble det tre-ring PAH fluoren, mycel-organisme av Pythium ultimum og bioreporter bakterien Burkholderia sartisoli RP037-mChe 13 anvendt i de beskrevne mikrokosmos oppsett. Bakterien B. sartisoli RP037-mChe ble opprinnelig konstruert for å studere fenantren flukser til cellen 14 og uttrykker forbedret grønt fluorescerende protein (EGFP) som et resultat av PAH fluks tilcellen, mens den røde fluorescerende mCherry er uttrykt konstitutivt. Detaljert informasjon om reporteren bygging er gitt av Tecon et al. 13 I foreløpige tester, avslørte bakterien ingen svømming og bare veldig treg svermende evne. Det var i stand til å migrere langsomt på hyfer av Pythium ultimum ved påføring som en tett suspensjon på toppen av hyfer. Siden bakterier ble innleiret i agarose i den følgende protokoll, ble migrering av hyfer ikke forekomme. Ved hjelp av konfokal laser-skanning mikroskopi (CLSM), kan de bioreporter bakterier visualiseres direkte i microcosms og ekspresjon av EGFP kan bli kvantifisert i forhold til mengden av celler (proporsjonal med mCherry signal) ved hjelp av programvaren ImageJ. Dette gjør det mulig å sammenligne biotilgjengelighet kvalitativt i ulike scenarier (dvs. høyere eller lavere). FLU ble funnet å være biotilgjengelig etter mycelial transport av P. ultimum (dvs. detvar høyere enn i en negativ kontroll). Videre, beskriver den protokoll hvor å kvantifisere den totale mengden av mycel-mediert transport via kjemiske midler og for å kontrollere forurensningen biotilgjengelighet ved hjelp av silisium-belagte glassfibrer (SPME-fibre) i identiske microcosms. Resultater ved hjelp av dette mikrokosmos oppsettet har blitt publisert og diskutert for kombinasjonen av P. ultimum, fluoren og B. sartisoli RP037-mChe 15. Her ligger fokuset på en detaljert metodebeskrivelse og identifisering av potensielle fallgruver protokollen for å gi denne kunnskapen for potensielle videre søknader. Andre applikasjoner kan innebære ulike sopp, bakteriearter (f.eks, fra forurensede områder), og andre forurensninger (f.eks plantevernmidler) eller forurensning-forsyning (f.eks alderen jord).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1158">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:523px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>TCS SP5X, LAS AF - Version 2.6.1; or equivalent CLSM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">GC HP 7890 Series GC and Agilent 5975C MSD</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>an equivalent GC/MS may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">GC capillary column J&#38;W 121-5522&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Cork borer</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">12863952</td>
			<td>or any other</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Cover slips</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Marienfeld</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">107222</td>
			<td>High performance, No.1.5H</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">GC/MS insterts</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">WICOM</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">WIC 47080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">GC/MS vials 2 ml</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">WICOM</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">WIC 41150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Lids / septa for screw cap vials</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">DIONEX</td>
			<td>49463 / 049464&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Lids for GC/MS vials</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">WICOM</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">WIC 43948/B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Objective Slides</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Menzel</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>ordinary</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">PDMS coated glass fibers</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Polymicro Technologies, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>V (PDMS) = 13.55 &#177; 0.02 &#181;L m-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">Petri Dishes small / big</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Greiner</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">633-102 / 628-102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Screw cap vials 40 ml</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">DIONEX</td>
			<td>48783</td>
			<td>other glass vials may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Screw cap vials 60 ml</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">DIONEX</td>
			<td>48784</td>
			<td>other glass vials may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:313px;">Acenaphthylene d08</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Dr. Ehrenstorfer</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">C 20510100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">9372.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Activated carbon</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">242276-1kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td align="right">2267.4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Fluorene</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">46880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">Kanamycin sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">T832.2</td>
			<td>50 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">P7171</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Minimal Medium:</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>100 mL solution 1 + 25 mL solution 2 + 5 mL solution 3 ad. 1000 mL aqua dest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160; Solution 1</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Ammonium sulfate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">3746.1</td>
			<td>5 g L-1&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Magnesium chloride x 6 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">2189.1</td>
			<td>1 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Calcium nitrate x 4 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">P740.1</td>
			<td>0.5 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160; Solution 2</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Disodium phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">P030.1</td>
			<td>55.83 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Monopotassium phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">3904.1</td>
			<td>20 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160; Solution 3</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>pH 6.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Disodium EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">1084180250</td>
			<td>0.8 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Iron(II) chloride x 4 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">1038610250</td>
			<td>0.3 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Cobalt(II) chloride x 6 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">T889.3</td>
			<td>4 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Manganese(II) chloride x 1 H2O&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">&#160; 4320.2</td>
			<td>10 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Copper(II) sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">&#160;P023.1</td>
			<td>1 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Sodium molybdate x 2 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">&#160;0274.1</td>
			<td>3 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Zinc chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">1088160250</td>
			<td>2 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Lithium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">P007.1</td>
			<td>0.5 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Tin(II) chloride x 2 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">4473.1</td>
			<td>0.5 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Boric acid</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Riedel-de-Haen&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">11606</td>
			<td>1 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Potassium bromide</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">A137.1</td>
			<td>2 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Potassium iodide</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">6750.1</td>
			<td>2 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Barium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">4453.1</td>
			<td>0.5 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">MMA</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>Minimal medium + agarose 0.2 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:313px;">Phenanthrene d10</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Dr. Ehrenstorfer</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">C 20920100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">Potato Dextrose Agar:</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>24 g L-1 broth + bacto-agar 1.5 %; pH 6.8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Potato Dextrose broth</td>
			<td>Difco/ Beckton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">254920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Bacto-agar</td>
			<td>Difco/ Beckton Dickinson</td>
			<td align="right">214040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Sodium acetate x 3 hydr.</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">6779.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Sodium sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">&#160;1066495000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Toluene</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">1083252500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">mTY medium:</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>3 g L-1 yeast extract, 5 g L-1 bacto tryptone and 50 mM NaCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Merck</td>
			<td>1037530500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Tryptone</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Serva</td>
			<td>4864702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td>3957.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">imageJ with logi tool plugin</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:523px;">http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/download.html and http://downloads.openmicroscopy.org/bio-formats/4.4.10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">Pythium ultimum strain 67-1</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:523px;">Obtained from the lab of Dr. Christoph Keel; Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">Burkholderia sartisoli RP037-mChe</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:523px;">Obtained from the lab of Prof. Jan Roelof van der Meer; Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a whole cell bioreporter approach to assess transport and bioavailability of organic contaminants in water unsaturated systems

Bioavailability of contaminants is a prerequisite for their effective biodegradation in soil. The average bulk concentration of a contaminant, however, is not an appropriate measure for its availability; bioavailability rather depends on the dynamic interplay of potential mass transfer (flux) of a compound to a microbial cell and the capacity of the latter to degrade the compound. In water-unsaturated parts of the soil, mycelia have been shown to overcome bioavailability limitations by actively transporting and mobilizing organic compounds over the range of centimeters. Whereas the extent of mycelia-based transport can be quantified easily by chemical means, verification of the contaminant-bioavailability to bacterial cells requires a biological method. Addressing this constraint, we chose the PAH fluorene (FLU) as a model compound and developed a water unsaturated model microcosm linking a spatially separated FLU point source and the FLU degrading bioreporter bacterium Burkholderia sartisoli RP037-mChe by a mycelial network of Pythium ultimum. Since the bioreporter expresses eGFP in response of the PAH flux to the cell, bacterial FLU exposure and degradation could be monitored directly in the microcosms via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). CLSM and image analyses revealed a significant increase of the eGFP expression in the presence of P. ultimum compared to controls without mycelia or FLU thus indicating FLU bioavailability to bacteria after mycelia-mediated transport. CLSM results were supported by chemical analyses in identical microcosms. The developed microcosm proved suitable to investigate contaminant bioavailability and to concomitantly visualize the involved bacteria-mycelial interactions.

Resultatene som presenteres her har allerede blitt publisert tidligere 15. Vennligst referer til artikkelen for detaljert mekanistisk og miljø diskusjon. Etter bildeopptak via CLSM, kan en maksimal intensitet projeksjon bli utført med den respektive mikroskop programvare eller ImageJ å få en første visuelle inntrykk av prøven og kontrollene (figur 2). Senere, kan datasettene bli projisert annerledes for å vise meningsfulle funksjoner ved spesifikk visualise...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Whole Cell Bioreporter Approach to Assess Transport and Bioavailability of Organic Contaminants in Water Unsaturated Systems at JoVE.com

A Whole Cell Bioreporter Approach to Assess Transport and Bioavailability of Organic Contaminants in Water Unsaturated Systems

A Whole Cell Bioreporter tilnærming til Vurdere Transport og biotilgjengelighet av miljøgifter i vann Umettet Systems

En hel celle bioreporter analysen med Burkholderia sartisoli RP037-mChe ble utviklet for å oppdage fraksjoner av en organisk forurensning (dvs. fluoren) tilgjengelig for bakteriell nedbrytning etter aktiv transport av mycel bridging luftfylte porer i et vann umettet modellsystem.

Bioavailability of contaminants is a prerequisite for their effective biodegradation in soil. The average bulk concentration of a contaminant, however, is ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615. Måling av Enterovirus og Norovirus Forekomst i Water av Kultur- og RT-qPCR. I. Innsamling av virusprøver

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

A Small Volume Bioassay to Assess Bacterial/Phytoplankton Co-culture Using WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (WATER-PAM) Fluorometry

A Small Volume Bioassay to Assess Bacterial/Phytoplankton Co-culture Using WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated WATER-PAM Fluorometry

Et lite volum Bioassay å Vurdere Bakteriell / Planteplankton Co-kultur Bruke VANN-Pulse-amplitydemodulerte (VANN PAM) Fluorometri

Conventional methods for experimental manipulation of microalgae have employed large volumes of culture (20 ml to 5 L), so that the culture can be ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615. Måling av Enterovirus og Norovirus Forekomst i Water av Kultur- og RT-qPCR. Del III. Virus Detection ved RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Jord Lysimeter Graving for Coupled Hydrologiske, Geokjemiske, og mikrobiologiske undersøkelser

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) for the Real-driving Emissions (RDE) Regulation in Europe

Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems PEMS for the Real-driving Emissions RDE Regulation in Europe

Implementering av bærbare Utslipp Measurement Systems (PEM) for Real-kjøre utslipp (rde) forordning i Europa

Vehicles are tested in controlled and relatively narrow laboratory conditions to determine their official emission values and reference fuel consumption. ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Vegetasjonsbehandlingssystemer for fjerning av forurensninger assosiert med overflatevannstoksisitet i jordbruk og urban avgang

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

Kontrollert frigjøring av klordioksid i en perforert pakkesystem for å forlenge holdbarheten og forbedre sikkerheten til drue tomater

A controlled-release chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pouch was developed by sealing a slurry form of ClO2 into semipermeable polymer film; the release properties ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Måle og kartlegge jorderosjon og deponering relatert til jord Carbonate konsentrasjoner Under landbruks forvaltningen

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

En enkel plante teknikk for å etablere trær hvor hyppig oversvømmelse oppstår

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Forbedre infrarødspektroskopi karakteristikk av jord organisk materiale med spektral Subtractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...