Name: a whole cell bioreporter approach to assess transport and bioavailability of organic contaminants in water unsaturated systems
Uploaded: 2014-12-24T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Whole Cell Bioreporter Approach to Assess Transport and Bioavailability of Organic Contaminants in Water Unsaturated Systems at JoVE.com

Funding by the German Environmental Foundation (DBU) is acknowledged. The authors thank Ute Kuhlicke for technical help with CLSM analysis and Birgit W&#252;rz, Rita Remer, and Jana Reichenbach for skilled experimental help. The authors would particularly like to thank Prof. Jan Roelof van der Meer and Dr. Robin Tecon for fruitful discussion and providing the bioreporter strain. It contributes to the &#8216;Chemicals in the Environment&#8217; (CITE) research program of the Helmholtz Association.

1. Preparação de pratos, slides e incubação Chambers <ol><li> Prepare o seguinte material para cada microcosmo: um grande plástico Petri fundo prato (d = 10 cm), um modificado (veja o passo 1.2) plástico pequeno Petri fundo prato (d = 5 cm) com tampas e uma contagem de slides de câmara com três cavidades. </li><li> Pegue o número desejado de Petri partes inferiores prato (d = 5 cm). Retire parte da borda com uma serra para caber exatamente um slide (26 mm comprimento da aresta). Para esterilizar o sistema, em...

<ol>
	<li>Holden, P. A., Fierer, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+processes+in+the+vadose+zone.">Microbial processes in the vadose zone.</a> Vadose Zone Journal. 4, 1-21 (2005).</li><li>Whitman, W. B., Coleman, D. C., Wiebe, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prokaryotes:+The+unseen+majority.">Prokaryotes: The unseen majority.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95, 6578-6583 (1998).</li><li>Kieft, T. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+abundance+and+activities+in+relation+to+water+potential+in+the+vadose+zones+of+arid+and+semiarid+sites.">Microbial abundance and activities in relation to water potential in the vadose zones of arid and semiarid sites.</a> Microbial ecology. 26, 59-78 (1993).</li><li>Wang, G., Or, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aqueous+films+limit+bacterial+cell+motility+and+colony+expansion+on+partially+saturated+rough+surfaces.">Aqueous films limit bacterial cell motility and colony expansion on partially saturated rough surfaces.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 12, 1363-1373 (2010).</li><li>Griffin, D. M., Parr, J. F., Gardner, W. R., Elliott, L. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Water Potential Relations in Soil Microbiology SSSA Special Publication. , 141-151 (1981).</li><li>Papendick, R. I., Camprell, G. S., Parr, J. F., Gardner, W. R., Elliott, L. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Water Potential Relations in Soil Microbiology SSSA Special Publication. , 1-22 (1981).</li><li>Boswell, G. P., Jacobs, H., Davidson, F. A., Gadd, G. M., Ritz, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+consequences+of+nutrient+translocation+in+mycelial+fungi.">Functional consequences of nutrient translocation in mycelial fungi.</a> J. Theor. Biol. 217, 459-477 (2002).</li><li>Jennings, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translocation+of+solutes+in+fungi.">Translocation of solutes in fungi.</a> Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 62, 215-243 (1987).</li><li>Bais, H. P., Weir, T. L., Perry, L. G., Gilroy, S., Vivanco, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+root+exudates+in+rhizosphere+interactions+with+plants+and+other+organisms.">The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms.</a> Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 57, 233-266 (2006).</li><li>Furuno, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mycelia+promote+active+transport+and+spatial+dispersion+of+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbons.">Mycelia promote active transport and spatial dispersion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 5463-5470 (2012).</li><li>Gao, Y., Cheng, Z., Ling, W., Huang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arbuscular+mycorrhizal+fungal+hyphae+contribute+to+the+uptake+of+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbons+by+plant+roots.">Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal hyphae contribute to the uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by plant roots.</a> Bioresour. Technol. 101, 6895-6901 (2010).</li><li>Semple, K. T., Morriss, A. W. J., Paton, G. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioavailability+of+hydrophobic+organic+contaminants+in+soils:+fundamental+concepts+and+techniques+for+analysis.">Bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants in soils: fundamental concepts and techniques for analysis.</a> Eur. J. Soil. Sci. 54, 809-818 (2003).</li><li>Tecon, R., Binggeli, O., vander Meer, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Double-tagged+fluorescent+bacterial+bioreporter+for+the+study+of+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbon+diffusion+and+bioavailability.">Double-tagged fluorescent bacterial bioreporter for the study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diffusion and bioavailability.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 11, 2271-2283 (2009).</li><li>Tecon, R., Wells, M., vander Meer, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+green+fluorescent+protein-based+bacterial+biosensor+for+analysing+phenanthrene+fluxes.">A new green fluorescent protein-based bacterial biosensor for analysing phenanthrene fluxes.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 8, 697-708 (2006).</li><li>Schamfuss, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+mycelia+on+the+accessibility+of+fluorene+to+PAH-degrading+bacteria.">Impact of mycelia on the accessibility of fluorene to PAH-degrading bacteria.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 6908-6915 (2013).</li><li>Smibert, R. M., Krieg, R. M., Gerhardt, P., Murray, R. G. E., Costilow, R. N., Nester, E. W., Wood, W. A., Krieg, N. R., Phillips, G. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manual of methods for general bacteriology. 19, 409-443 (1981).</li><li>Wu, C. H., Warren, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+autofluorescence+in+fungi+and+its+correlation+with+viability.">Natural autofluorescence in fungi and its correlation with viability.</a> Mycologia. 76, 1049-1058 (1984).</li><li>Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIH+Image+to+ImageJ:+25+years+of+image+analysis.">NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.</a> Nat. Methods. 9, 671-675 (2012).</li><li>Pedersen, C., Sylvia, D., Mukerji, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+8+Concepts+in+Mycorrhizal+Research.">Ch. 8 Concepts in Mycorrhizal Research.</a> Handbook of Vegetation Science. Vol. 19, 195-222 (1996).</li><li>Furuno, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fungal+mycelia+allow+chemotactic+dispersal+of+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbon-degrading+bacteria+in+water-unsaturated+systems.">Fungal mycelia allow chemotactic dispersal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in water-unsaturated systems.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 12, 1391-1398 (2010).</li></ol>

A configuração microcosmo apresentado mostrou adequado para estudar a biodisponibilidade de substâncias químicas separadas espacialmente para degradar organismos após a absorção e transporte por micélio. Transporte em fase gasosa potencial de compostos voláteis parcialmente é impedido e células Bioreporter bacterianas podem ser visualizados sem elaborada a preparação da amostra e, portanto, com o mínimo de perturbação do sistema sensível. Ao mesmo tempo, a análise química da amostra pode ser facilment...

O solo é densamente povoada por uma vasta gama de microorganismos tais como bactérias 1,2. No entanto, as condições deste habitat são desafiadoras, especialmente em termos de disponibilidade de água 3. Bactérias permanentemente precisa procurar condições ótimas em ambientes heterogêneos 4, mas a ausência de filmes contínuos de água está resultando em mobilidade restrita 5 impedindo-os a se espalhar livremente. Além disso, as taxas de difusão dos solutos (por exemplo, nutrientes) são reduzidos sob condições não saturadas 6. Assim, as bactérias e os nutrientes são muitas vezes fisicamente separados e acessibilidade nutriente é limitada 3. Como conseqüência, um vetor de transporte de compostos químicos que não exige uma fase contínua de água pode ajudar a superar essas limitações. De fato, muitos microorganismos como fungos e oomycetes desenvolveram uma forma de crescimento filamentosas que lhes permite crescer através de poros cheios de ar e atingindo assim mobilizing também física nutrientes 7 e 8 carbonáceos substâncias separadas por longas distâncias. Eles podem até atuar como vetores de transporte biológicos que entregam açúcares e outras fontes de energia para as bactérias 9. Absorção e transporte de organismos micélio também foi mostrado para os poluentes orgânicos hidrofóbicos, tais como hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP) em Pythium ultimum 10 ou em fungos micorrízicos arbusculares 11. Desde PAH são contaminantes solúveis em água onipresentes e mal 12 no solo, transporte mediado por micélio pode ajudar a aumentar a biodisponibilidade de contaminantes para os potenciais degradadores bacterianas. Considerando que o montante total de transporte de contaminantes pode ser quantificada diretamente por meios químicos 10, biodisponibilidade de contaminantes transportados por micélio de bactérias que degradam e outros organismos não podem ser avaliados facilmente. O protocolo a seguir apresenta um método para avaliar o impacto da mycelia sobre a biodisponibilidade de contaminantes bacterianos para degradadores de forma direta; ele permite que a coleta de informações sobre o impacto espaço-temporal de contaminantes nos ecossistemas microbianos. Nós descrevemos como configurar um sistema de microcosmo insaturada elaborado imitando as interfaces ar-água no solo, ligando uma fonte pontual PAH fisicamente separado com bactérias Bioreporter HAP-degradante através de vectores de transporte de micélio. Como o transporte pelo ar é excluído, o efeito do transporte micelial-baseado em PAH biodisponibilidade para as bactérias podem ser estudados de forma isolada. Em mais detalhe, foram aplicados três anéis HAP fluoreno, o organismo micelial Pythium ultimum e o Bioreporter bactéria Burkholderia sartisoli RP037-MCHE 13 nas configurações descritas microcosmos. A bactéria B. sartisoli RP037-MCHE foi originalmente construído para estudar os fluxos fenantreno para a célula 14 e expressa a proteína verde fluorescente melhorada (eGFP), como resultado do fluxo de PAHa célula, enquanto que a fluorescência vermelha mCherry é expressa constitutivamente. Informações detalhadas sobre a construção repórter é dada pelo Tecon et al. 13 Em testes preliminares, a bactéria não revelaram natação e apenas capacidade swarming muito lento. Era capaz de migrar lentamente em hifas de Pythium ultimum, quando aplicado como uma suspensão densa no topo das hifas. Uma vez que as bactérias foram embebidas em agarose na seguinte protocolo, a migração em hifas não ocorreu. Usando a microscopia confocal por varrimento laser (MCVL), as bactérias Bioreporter pode ser visualizado directamente em microcosmos e expressão de eGFP pode ser quantificada em relação à quantidade de células (proporcional ao sinal de mCherry) com a ajuda do software ImageJ. Isto permite comparar qualitativamente a biodisponibilidade em diferentes cenários (isto é, maior ou menor). FLU foi encontrado para ser biodisponível após o transporte micelial por P. ultimum (isto é,foi maior do que no controlo negativo). Além disso, o protocolo descreve como para quantificar a quantidade total de transporte mediado por micélio através de meios químicos e para verificar a biodisponibilidade de contaminantes usando fibras de vidro revestidas com silicone (fibras de SPME) em microcosmos idênticos. Resultados usando esta configuração microcosmo têm sido publicados e discutidos para a combinação de P. ultimum, fluoreno e B. sartisoli RP037-MCHE 15. Aqui, o foco recai sobre a descrição do método detalhado e a identificação de potenciais armadilhas do protocolo para fornecer esse conhecimento para os potenciais novos pedidos. Outras aplicações podem envolver vários fungos, espécies de bactérias (por exemplo, de locais contaminados), e outros contaminantes (por exemplo, pesticidas) ou contaminante de alimentação (por exemplo, solos envelhecidos).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1158">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:523px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>TCS SP5X, LAS AF - Version 2.6.1; or equivalent CLSM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">GC HP 7890 Series GC and Agilent 5975C MSD</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>an equivalent GC/MS may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">GC capillary column J&#38;W 121-5522&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Cork borer</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">12863952</td>
			<td>or any other</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Cover slips</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Marienfeld</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">107222</td>
			<td>High performance, No.1.5H</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">GC/MS insterts</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">WICOM</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">WIC 47080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">GC/MS vials 2 ml</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">WICOM</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">WIC 41150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Lids / septa for screw cap vials</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">DIONEX</td>
			<td>49463 / 049464&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Lids for GC/MS vials</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">WICOM</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">WIC 43948/B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Objective Slides</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Menzel</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>ordinary</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">PDMS coated glass fibers</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Polymicro Technologies, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>V (PDMS) = 13.55 &#177; 0.02 &#181;L m-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">Petri Dishes small / big</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Greiner</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">633-102 / 628-102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Screw cap vials 40 ml</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">DIONEX</td>
			<td>48783</td>
			<td>other glass vials may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Screw cap vials 60 ml</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">DIONEX</td>
			<td>48784</td>
			<td>other glass vials may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:313px;">Acenaphthylene d08</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Dr. Ehrenstorfer</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">C 20510100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">9372.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Activated carbon</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">242276-1kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td align="right">2267.4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Fluorene</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">46880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">Kanamycin sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">T832.2</td>
			<td>50 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">P7171</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Minimal Medium:</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>100 mL solution 1 + 25 mL solution 2 + 5 mL solution 3 ad. 1000 mL aqua dest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160; Solution 1</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Ammonium sulfate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">3746.1</td>
			<td>5 g L-1&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Magnesium chloride x 6 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">2189.1</td>
			<td>1 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Calcium nitrate x 4 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">P740.1</td>
			<td>0.5 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160; Solution 2</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Disodium phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">P030.1</td>
			<td>55.83 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Monopotassium phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">3904.1</td>
			<td>20 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160; Solution 3</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>pH 6.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Disodium EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">1084180250</td>
			<td>0.8 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Iron(II) chloride x 4 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">1038610250</td>
			<td>0.3 g L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Cobalt(II) chloride x 6 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">T889.3</td>
			<td>4 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Manganese(II) chloride x 1 H2O&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">&#160; 4320.2</td>
			<td>10 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Copper(II) sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">&#160;P023.1</td>
			<td>1 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Sodium molybdate x 2 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">&#160;0274.1</td>
			<td>3 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Zinc chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">1088160250</td>
			<td>2 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Lithium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">P007.1</td>
			<td>0.5 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Tin(II) chloride x 2 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">4473.1</td>
			<td>0.5 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Boric acid</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Riedel-de-Haen&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">11606</td>
			<td>1 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Potassium bromide</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">A137.1</td>
			<td>2 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Potassium iodide</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">6750.1</td>
			<td>2 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Barium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">4453.1</td>
			<td>0.5 mg L-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">MMA</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>Minimal medium + agarose 0.2 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:313px;">Phenanthrene d10</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Dr. Ehrenstorfer</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">C 20920100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">Potato Dextrose Agar:</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>24 g L-1 broth + bacto-agar 1.5 %; pH 6.8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Potato Dextrose broth</td>
			<td>Difco/ Beckton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">254920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Bacto-agar</td>
			<td>Difco/ Beckton Dickinson</td>
			<td align="right">214040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Sodium acetate x 3 hydr.</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">6779.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Sodium sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">&#160;1066495000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Toluene</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">1083252500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:313px;">mTY medium:</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>3 g L-1 yeast extract, 5 g L-1 bacto tryptone and 50 mM NaCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Merck</td>
			<td>1037530500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Tryptone</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Serva</td>
			<td>4864702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td>3957.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">imageJ with logi tool plugin</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:523px;">http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/download.html and http://downloads.openmicroscopy.org/bio-formats/4.4.10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">Pythium ultimum strain 67-1</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:523px;">Obtained from the lab of Dr. Christoph Keel; Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">Burkholderia sartisoli RP037-mChe</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:523px;">Obtained from the lab of Prof. Jan Roelof van der Meer; Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a whole cell bioreporter approach to assess transport and bioavailability of organic contaminants in water unsaturated systems

Bioavailability of contaminants is a prerequisite for their effective biodegradation in soil. The average bulk concentration of a contaminant, however, is not an appropriate measure for its availability; bioavailability rather depends on the dynamic interplay of potential mass transfer (flux) of a compound to a microbial cell and the capacity of the latter to degrade the compound. In water-unsaturated parts of the soil, mycelia have been shown to overcome bioavailability limitations by actively transporting and mobilizing organic compounds over the range of centimeters. Whereas the extent of mycelia-based transport can be quantified easily by chemical means, verification of the contaminant-bioavailability to bacterial cells requires a biological method. Addressing this constraint, we chose the PAH fluorene (FLU) as a model compound and developed a water unsaturated model microcosm linking a spatially separated FLU point source and the FLU degrading bioreporter bacterium Burkholderia sartisoli RP037-mChe by a mycelial network of Pythium ultimum. Since the bioreporter expresses eGFP in response of the PAH flux to the cell, bacterial FLU exposure and degradation could be monitored directly in the microcosms via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). CLSM and image analyses revealed a significant increase of the eGFP expression in the presence of P. ultimum compared to controls without mycelia or FLU thus indicating FLU bioavailability to bacteria after mycelia-mediated transport. CLSM results were supported by chemical analyses in identical microcosms. The developed microcosm proved suitable to investigate contaminant bioavailability and to concomitantly visualize the involved bacteria-mycelial interactions.

Os resultados aqui apresentados já foram publicados anteriormente 15. Por favor, consulte o artigo para discussão mecanicista e ambiental detalhado. Após a gravação de imagem via CLSM, a projeção de intensidade máxima pode ser realizada utilizando o respectivo software microscópio ou ImageJ para ganhar uma primeira impressão visual da amostra e os controles (Figura 2). Mais tarde, os conjuntos de dados podem ser projetadas de forma diferente, a fim de mo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Whole Cell Bioreporter Approach to Assess Transport and Bioavailability of Organic Contaminants in Water Unsaturated Systems at JoVE.com

A Whole Cell Bioreporter Approach to Assess Transport and Bioavailability of Organic Contaminants in Water Unsaturated Systems

Uma Abordagem Bioreporter celular todo avalie Transportes e biodisponibilidade de contaminantes orgânicos em água insaturadas Sistemas

Um ensaio de todo Bioreporter celular com Burkholderia sartisoli RP037-MCHE foi desenvolvido para detectar frações de um contaminante orgânico (ou seja, fluoreno) disponível para a degradação bacteriana após o transporte ativo por micélio ponte poros cheios de ar em um sistema modelo insaturada água.

Bioavailability of contaminants is a prerequisite for their effective biodegradation in soil. The average bulk concentration of a contaminant, however, is ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Método 1615. Medição de Enterovirus e Norovirus Ocorrência na água pela cultura e RT-qPCR. I. Recolha de amostras de vírus

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

Ambiente

A Small Volume Bioassay to Assess Bacterial/Phytoplankton Co-culture Using WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (WATER-PAM) Fluorometry

A Small Volume Bioassay to Assess Bacterial/Phytoplankton Co-culture Using WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated WATER-PAM Fluorometry

A Volume Bioassay pequeno para avaliar Bacteriana / fitoplâncton Co-cultura utilizando água-Pulse-Amplitude Modulada (água-PAM) Fluorometria

Conventional methods for experimental manipulation of microalgae have employed large volumes of culture (20 ml to 5 L), so that the culture can be ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Método 1615. Medição de Enterovirus e Norovirus Ocorrência na água por cultura e RT-qPCR. Parte III. Detecção de vírus por RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Monólito escavação para Coupled Hidrológicos, geoquímicos e microbiológicos Investigações

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) for the Real-driving Emissions (RDE) Regulation in Europe

Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems PEMS for the Real-driving Emissions RDE Regulation in Europe

Implementação de Emissões de sistemas portáteis de medição (PEMS) para o Regulamento de Emissões-condução Real (RDE) na Europa

Vehicles are tested in controlled and relatively narrow laboratory conditions to determine their official emission values and reference fuel consumption. ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Vegetated Sistemas de Tratamento para Remoção de Contaminantes Associados à Toxicidade de Águas Superfícies na Agricultura e Escorrências Urbanas

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

A libertação controlada de dióxido de cloro em um sistema de embalagem perfurada para prolongar a vida de armazenamento e melhorar a segurança dos Tomates da uva

A controlled-release chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pouch was developed by sealing a slurry form of ClO2 into semipermeable polymer film; the release properties ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Medição e mapeamento de padrões de erosão e deposição relacionadas às concentrações de carbonato de solo sob gestão agrícola

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Uma simples técnica de plantação para restabelecer as árvores onde ocorre a inundação frequente

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Melhorando a espectroscopia de infravermelho de caracterização da matéria orgânica do solo com subtrações espectrais

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...