Name: a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms
Uploaded: 2015-01-11T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms at JoVE.com

We thank James Maeda and Aaron Cooke for assistance with the filming and editing of this video. Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation (OCE-0550468, 1029515).

NOTA: Passo 3 do presente protocolo envolve indivíduos animais vertebrados. O procedimento foi concebido de modo que os animais recebam o tratamento mais humano possível e foi aprovado pelo cuidado e uso Comitê Institucional Animal (IACUC) da Universidade de North Carolina Wilmington. 1) extracção de tecidos <ol><li> Use tecido que está em seu estado natural de hidratação e não apertou, seca-out ou excessivamente úmido, pois isso irá alterar a concentração volumétrica de meta...

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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+the+antipredatory+defensive+strategies+of+Caribbean+non-scleractinian+zoantharians+(Cnidaria):+is+the+sting+the+only+thing.">Assessing the antipredatory defensive strategies of Caribbean non-scleractinian zoantharians (Cnidaria): is the sting the only thing.</a> Marine Biology. 159 (2), 389-398 (2012).</li><li>Walters, K. D., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+there+a+trade-off+between+wound-healing+and+chemical+defenses+among+Caribbean+reef+sponges.">Is there a trade-off between wound-healing and chemical defenses among Caribbean reef sponges.</a> Integrative and Comparative Biology. 45 (2), 352-358 (2005).</li><li>Leong, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+a+resource+trade-off+between+growth+and+chemical+defenses+among+Caribbean+coral+reef+sponges.">Evidence of a resource trade-off between growth and chemical defenses among Caribbean coral reef sponges.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 406, 71-78 (2010).</li><li>Leong, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+reproductive+patterns+among+7+Caribbean+sponge+species+does+not+reveal+a+resource+trade-off+with+chemical+defenses.">Comparison of reproductive patterns among 7 Caribbean sponge species does not reveal a resource trade-off with chemical defenses.</a> Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 401 (1-2), 80-84 (2011).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R., Loh, T. -. L., McMurray, S. E., Finelli, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sponge+Communities+on+Caribbean+Coral+Reefs+Are+Structured+by+Factors+That+Are+Top-Down,+Not+Bottom-Up.">Sponge Communities on Caribbean Coral Reefs Are Structured by Factors That Are Top-Down, Not Bottom-Up.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (5), e62573 (2013).</li><li>Loh, T. -. L., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+defenses+and+resource+trade-offs+structure+sponge+communities+on+Caribbean+coral+reefs.">Chemical defenses and resource trade-offs structure sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 111, 4151-4156 (2014).</li><li>Miller, A. M., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+coral+reef+fish+learn+to+avoid+unpalatable+prey+using+visual+cues.">Do coral reef fish learn to avoid unpalatable prey using visual cues.</a> Animal Behaviour. 85, 339-347 (2013).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R., Fenical, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+re-evaluation+of+the+ichthyodeterrent+role+of+prostaglandins+in+the+Caribbean+gorgonian+coral,+Plexaura+homomalla.">A re-evaluation of the ichthyodeterrent role of prostaglandins in the Caribbean gorgonian coral, Plexaura homomalla.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 52, 95-98 (1989).</li><li>Fenical, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defensive+properties+of+secondary+metabolites+from+the+Caribbean+gorgonian+coral+Erythropodium+caribaeorum.">Defensive properties of secondary metabolites from the Caribbean gorgonian coral Erythropodium caribaeorum.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 75, 1-8 (1991).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R., Fenical, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+defense+of+Pterogorgia+anceps,+a+Caribbean+gorgonian+coral.">Chemical defense of Pterogorgia anceps, a Caribbean gorgonian coral.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 87, 183-188 (1992).</li><li>Chanas, B., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+the+skeleton+of+a+sponge+provide+a+defense+against+predatory+reef+fish.">Does the skeleton of a sponge provide a defense against predatory reef fish.</a> Oecologia. 107 (2), 225-231 (1996).</li><li>Chanas, B., Pawlik, J. R., Lindel, T., Fenical, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+defense+of+the+Caribbean+sponge+Agelas+clathrodes+(Schmidt).">Chemical defense of the Caribbean sponge Agelas clathrodes (Schmidt).</a> Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 208 (1-2), 185-196 (1997).</li><li>Wilson, D. M., Puyana, M., Fenical, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+defense+of+the+Caribbean+reef+sponge+Axinella+corrugata+against+predatory+fishes.">Chemical defense of the Caribbean reef sponge Axinella corrugata against predatory fishes.</a> Journal of Chemical Ecology. 25 (12), 2811-2823 (1999).</li><li>Chanas, B., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defenses+of+Caribbean+sponges+against+predatory+reef+fish+II.+Spicules,+tissue+toughness,+and+nutritional+quality.">Defenses of Caribbean sponges against predatory reef fish II. Spicules, tissue toughness, and nutritional quality.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 127 (1), 195-211 (1995).</li><li>Albrizio, S., Ciminiello, P., Fattorusso, E., Magno, S., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amphitoxin,+a+new+high+molecular+weight+antifeedant+pyridinium+salt+from+the+Caribbean+sponge+Amphimedon+compressa.">Amphitoxin, a new high molecular weight antifeedant pyridinium salt from the Caribbean sponge Amphimedon compressa.</a> Journal of Natural Products. 58 (5), 647-652 (1995).</li><li>Assmann, M., Lichte, E., Pawlik, J. R., K&#246;ck, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Chemical defenses of the Caribbean sponges Agelas wiedenmayeri and Agelas conifera. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 207, 255-262 (2000).</li><li>Kubanek, J., Fenical, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+antifeedant+triterpene+glycosides+from+the+Caribbean+sponge+Erylus+Formosus.">New antifeedant triterpene glycosides from the Caribbean sponge Erylus Formosus.</a> Natural Product Letters. 15 (4), 275-285 (2001).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R., McFall, G., Zea, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+the+odor+from+sponges+of+the+genus+Ircinia+protect+them+from+fish+predators.">Does the odor from sponges of the genus Ircinia protect them from fish predators.</a> Journal of Chemical Ecology. 28 (6), 1103-1115 (2002).</li><li>Waddell, B., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defenses+of+Caribbean+sponges+against+invertebrate+predators.+I.+Assays+with+hermit+crabs.">Defenses of Caribbean sponges against invertebrate predators. I. Assays with hermit crabs.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 195, 125-132 (2000).</li><li>Waddell, B., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defense+of+Caribbean+sponges+against+invertebrate+predators.+II.+Assays+with+sea+stars.">Defense of Caribbean sponges against invertebrate predators. II. Assays with sea stars.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 195, 133-144 (2000).</li><li>Burns, E., Ifrach, I., Carmeli, S., Pawlik, J. R., Ilan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+anti-predatory+defenses+of+Red+Sea+and+Caribbean+sponges.+I.+Chemical+defense.">Comparison of anti-predatory defenses of Red Sea and Caribbean sponges. I. Chemical defense.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 252, 105-114 (2003).</li><li>Jones, A. C., Blum, J. E., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testing+for+defensive+synergy+in+Caribbean+sponges:+Bad+taste+or+glass+spicules.">Testing for defensive synergy in Caribbean sponges: Bad taste or glass spicules.</a> Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 322 (1), 67 (2005).</li></ol>

O procedimento aqui descrito fornece um protocolo laboratorial relativamente simples, ecologicamente relevantes para a avaliação defesas químicas anti-predação em organismos marinhos. Aqui vamos rever os critérios importantes que sejam satisfeitas por este conjunto de métodos: (1) A condição de predador. Este ensaio alimentação emprega o bodião bluehead, Thalassoma bifasciatum, um dos peixes mais abundantes nos recifes de coral em todo o Caribe. O bluehead é um...

Ecologia química desenvolvido com a colaboração de químicos e ecologistas. Embora a especialidade da ecologia química terrestre tem sido em torno de algum tempo, o de ecologia química marinha é apenas algumas décadas de idade, mas tem fornecido importantes contribuições para a ecologia e comunidade estrutura evolutiva dos organismos marinhos 1-8. Aproveitando-se das tecnologias emergentes de mergulho e espectroscopia de RMN, químicos orgânicos rapidamente gerou um grande número de publicações que descrevem novos metabolitos de invertebrados marinhos bentônicos e algas na década de 1970 e 1980 9. Supondo-se que metabólitos secundários devem servir para alguma coisa, muitas dessas publicações atribuídas propriedades ecologicamente importantes para novos compostos sem evidência empírica. Mais ou menos ao mesmo tempo, os ecologistas também foram aproveitando o advento do mergulho e descreve as distribuições e abundâncias de animais bentônicos e plantas já conhecidas frosou métodos de amostragem relativamente ineficazes, como a dragagem. A hipótese dos pesquisadores foi que nada sésseis e de corpo mole deve ser quimicamente defendidas para evitar o consumo por predadores 10. Em um esforço para introduzir o empirismo ao que foi o trabalho de outra forma descritiva em abundância das espécies, alguns ecologistas começaram extrapolando defesas químicas a partir de ensaios de toxicidade 11. A maioria dos ensaios de toxicidade envolveu a exposição dos peixes inteiros ou em outros organismos para suspensões aquosas de extratos brutos da tecidos de invertebrados, com posterior determinação das concentrações de massa seca de extratos responsáveis ​​por matar metade dos organismos de ensaio. No entanto, os ensaios de toxicidade não imitar a maneira pela qual os predadores potenciais percebem presas em condições naturais, e estudos posteriores não encontraram nenhuma relação entre a toxicidade e palatabilidade 12-13. É surpreendente que as publicações em revistas de prestígio utilizadas técnicas tendo pouca ou nenhuma ecological relevância 14-15 e, hoje, que esses estudos ainda são amplamente citado. Ele é ainda mais alarmante notar que estudos baseados em dados de toxicidade continuam a ser publicados 16-18. O método de bioensaio aqui descrito foi desenvolvido no final de 1980 para fornecer uma abordagem ecologicamente relevantes para os ecologistas marinhos químicos para avaliar as defesas químicas anti-predação. O método requer um modelo de predador para provar um extrato bruto do organismo alvo em uma concentração natural em uma matriz alimentar comparável nutricionalmente, fornecendo dados palatabilidade que são ecologicamente mais significativo do que os dados de toxicidade. A abordagem geral para a avaliação da actividade anti-predação dos tecidos dos organismos marinhos inclui quatro critérios importantes: (1) um predador generalista apropriado devem ser usadas em ensaios de alimentação, (2) de todos os metabolitos orgânicos polaridades deve ser exaustivamente extraído do tecido do organismo alvo, (3) os metabolitos deve be misturados em um alimento nutricionalmente adequada experimental com a mesma concentração volumétrica como encontrado no organismo a partir do qual foram extraídos, e (4) o desenho experimental e abordagem estatística deve fornecer uma métrica significativa para indicar distastefulness relativa. O procedimento descrito a seguir é projetado especificamente para avaliar as defesas químicas anti-predação de invertebrados marinhos do Caribe. Nós empregamos o bodião bluehead, Thalassoma bifasciatum, como um peixe predatório do modelo, porque esta espécie é comum em recifes de corais do Caribe e é conhecido por experimentar uma grande variedade de invertebrados bentônicos 19. De tecido do organismo alvo é extraído em primeiro lugar, em seguida, combinada com uma mistura alimentar, e finalmente oferecido para grupos de T. bifasciatum observar se eles rejeitam os alimentos tratados com extrato. Dados de ensaio usando este método forneceram importantes insights sobre a química defensiva de organismos marinhos 12,20-21, lhistória ife trade-offs 22-24 e 25-26 comunidade ecologia.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D37-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A41220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anhydrous Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C614-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryocool Heat Transfer Fluid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>20-548-146</td>
			<td>For vacuum concentrator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alginic Acid Sodium Salt High Viscosity</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>154723</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Squid mantle rings</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Can be purchased at grocery store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Denatonium benzoate</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5765</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml graduated centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-432-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 ml scintillation vial</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-337-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Pasteur pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-20D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber bulbs for Pasteur pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-448-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red bulbs for pellet delivery</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-448-27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 ml round-bottom flask</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10-067E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scintillation vial adapter for rotavap</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>K747130-1324</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weightboats</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-202B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microspatula</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21-401-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml graduated syringe</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-817-53</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ml graduated syringe</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-817-54</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S17302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with the goal of examining the ecological functions of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. The result has been a progression of protocols that have increasingly refined the ecological relevance of the experimental approach. Here we present the most up-to-date version of a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay that enables investigators to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. Organic metabolites of all polarities are exhaustively extracted from the tissue of the target organism and reconstituted at natural concentrations in a nutritionally appropriate food matrix. Experimental food pellets are presented to a generalist predator in laboratory feeding assays to assess the antipredatory activity of the extract. The procedure described herein uses the bluehead, Thalassoma bifasciatum, to test the palatability of Caribbean marine invertebrates; however, the design may be readily adapted to other systems. Results obtained using this laboratory assay are an important prelude to field experiments that rely on the feeding responses of a full complement of potential predators. Additionally, this bioassay can be used to direct the isolation of feeding-deterrent metabolites through bioassay-guided fractionation. This feeding bioassay has advanced our understanding of the factors that control the distribution and abundance of marine invertebrates on Caribbean coral reefs and may inform investigations in diverse fields of inquiry, including pharmacology, biotechnology, and evolutionary ecology.

Aqui nós relatamos resultados deste ensaio biológico para seis espécies de esponjas do Caribe comuns (Figura 2). Estes dados foram inicialmente publicado em 1995 por Pawlik et al. 12 e demonstrar o poder dessa abordagem para examinar as diferenças de estratégias de defesa química entre taxa co-ocorrência. Os resultados foram relatados como uma média do número de peletes de alimento comido + erro padrão (SE) para cada espécie. Quase não há sedimentos foram consumidos em e...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms at JoVE.com

A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms

Este bioassay emprega um modelo de peixes predadores para avaliar a presença de metabólitos alimentação-de dissuasão a partir de extratos orgânicos de tecidos de organismos marinhos em concentrações naturais utilizando uma matriz alimentar comparável nutricionalmente.

A Laboratory Bioassay alimentando-Fish para avaliar a actividade anti-predação de metabolitos secundários a partir de tecidos de organismos marinhos

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with ...

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