Name: use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice
Uploaded: 2015-02-06T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice at JoVE.com

This work was supported by The National Institute of Health (NIH-2RO1NS033661) and by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (HATCH ALA021-1-09017).

NOTA: Tutte le procedure eseguite qui sono stati presentati ed approvati dalla IACUC (Office of Research Compliance) e sono state condotte seguendo le linee guida NIH. I topi utilizzati nel paradigma comportamentale di prova erano ingenui e non utilizzati per altri test. Il C57BL / 6 wild type e Knock Out topi utilizzati in questo protocollo sono stati descritti in precedenza 9 e i dati qui presentati sono da quel manoscritto. 1. Preparazione della Sala Prove e campo aperto Apparatu...

<ol>
	<li>Hall, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emotional+behavior+in+the+rat:+defecation+and+urination+as+measures+of+individual+differences+in+emotionality.">Emotional behavior in the rat: defecation and urination as measures of individual differences in emotionality.</a> J. Comp. Psychol. 18, 385-403 (1934).</li><li>Walsh, R. N., Cummins, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+open+field+test:+a+critical+review.">The open field test: a critical review.</a> Psychol. Bull. 83, 482-504 (1976).</li><li>Prut, L., Belzung, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+open+field+as+a+paradigm+to+measure+the+effects+of+drugs+on+anxiety-like+behaviors:+a+review.">The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors: a review.</a> Eur. J. of Pharm. 463, 3-33 (2003).</li><li>Choleris, E., Thomas, A. W., Kavaliers, M., Prato, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+detailed+ethological+analysis+of+the+mouse+open+field+test:+effects+of+diazepam,+chlordiazpoxide+and+an+extremely+low+frequency+pulsed+magnetic+field.">A detailed ethological analysis of the mouse open field test: effects of diazepam, chlordiazpoxide and an extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic field.</a> Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25, 235-260 (2001).</li><li>Ramos, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+Models+of+anxiety:+do+I+need+multiple+tests.">Animal Models of anxiety: do I need multiple tests.</a> TIPS. 29, 493-498 (2008).</li><li>Archer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tests+for+emotionality+in+rats+and+mice:+a+review.">Tests for emotionality in rats and mice: a review.</a> Anim. Behav. 21, 205-235 (1973).</li><li>Gray, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emotionality+in+male+and+female+rodents:+a+reply+to+Archer.">Emotionality in male and female rodents: a reply to Archer.</a> Brit. J. Psych. 70, 425-440 (1979).</li><li>Carola, V., D&#8217;Olimpio, F., Brunamonti, E., Mangia, F., Renzi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+elevated+plus-maze+and+open-field+tests+for+the+assessment+of+anxiety-related+behavior+in+inbred+mice.">Evaluation of the elevated plus-maze and open-field tests for the assessment of anxiety-related behavior in inbred mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 134, 49-57 (2002).</li><li>Ramesh Babu, J., Seibenhener, M. L., Peng, J., Strom, A. L., Kemppainen, R., Cox, N., Zhu, H., Wooten, M. C., Diaz-Meco, M. T., Moscat, J., Wooten, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+inactivation+of+p62+leads+to+accumulation+of+hyperphosphorylated+tau+and+neurodegeneration.">Genetic inactivation of p62 leads to accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau and neurodegeneration.</a> J. Neurochem. 106, 107-120 (2008).</li><li>Simon, P., Dupuis, R., Costentin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thigmotaxis+as+an+index+of+anxiety+in+mice:+influence+of+dopaminergic+transmissions.">Thigmotaxis as an index of anxiety in mice: influence of dopaminergic transmissions.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 61, 59-64 (1994).</li><li>Denenberg, V. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open-field+behavior+in+the+rat:+what+does+it+mean.">Open-field behavior in the rat: what does it mean.</a> Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 159, 852-859 (1969).</li><li>Stanford, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+open+field+test:+reinventing+the+wheel.">The open field test: reinventing the wheel.</a> J. Psychopharm. 21, 134-135 (2007).</li><li>Ennaceur, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tests+of+unconditional+anxiety+&#8211;+pitfalls+and+disappointments.">Tests of unconditional anxiety &#8211; pitfalls and disappointments.</a> J. Phys. Behav. 135, 55-71 (2014).</li><li>Borta, A., Schwarting, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitory+avoidance,+pain+reactivity,+and+plus-maze+behavior+in+Wistar+rats+with+high+versus+low+rearing+activity.">Inhibitory avoidance, pain reactivity, and plus-maze behavior in Wistar rats with high versus low rearing activity.</a> J. Phys. Behav. 84, 387-396 (2005).</li><li>Costall, B., Jones, B. J., Kelly, M. E., Naylor, R. J., Tomkins, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploration+of+mice+in+a+black+and+white+test+box:+validation+as+a+model+of+anxiety.">Exploration of mice in a black and white test box: validation as a model of anxiety.</a> Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 32, 777-785 (1989).</li><li>Bouwknecht, J. A., Paylor, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pitfalls+in+the+interpretation+of+genetic+and+pharmacological+effects+on+anxiety-like+behavior+in+rodents.">Pitfalls in the interpretation of genetic and pharmacological effects on anxiety-like behavior in rodents.</a> Behav. Pharm. 19, 385-402 (2008).</li><li>Webster, D. G., Baumgardner, D. J., Dewsbury, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open+field+behavior+in+eight+taxa+of+muriod+rodents.">Open field behavior in eight taxa of muriod rodents.</a> Bull. Psychonom. Soc. 13, 90-92 (1979).</li><li>Wilson, R. C., Vacek, T., Lanier, D. L., Dewsbury, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open+field+behavior+in+muroid+rodents.">Open field behavior in muroid rodents.</a> Behav. Biol. 17, 495-506 (1976).</li><li>Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotyping+of+transgenic+and+knockout+mice:+experimental+designs+and+evaluation+of+general+health,+sensory+functions,+motor+abilities+and+specific+behavioral+tests.">Behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice: experimental designs and evaluation of general health, sensory functions, motor abilities and specific behavioral tests.</a> Brain Res. 835, 18-26 (1999).</li><li>Simon, P., Dupuis, R., Costentin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thigmotaxis+as+an+index+of+anxiety+in+mice.+influence+of+dopaminergic+transmissions.">Thigmotaxis as an index of anxiety in mice. influence of dopaminergic transmissions.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 61, 59-64 (1994).</li><li>Miller, B. H., Schultz, L. E., Gulati, A., Su, A. I., Pletcher, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+characterization+of+a+genetically+diverse+panel+of+mice+for+behavioral+despair+and+anxiety.">Phenotypic characterization of a genetically diverse panel of mice for behavioral despair and anxiety.</a> PLoS One. 5, e14458 (2010).</li><li>Tannenbaum, B., Anisman, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+chronic+intermittent+challenges+in+stressor-susceptible+and+resilient+strains+of+mice.">Impact of chronic intermittent challenges in stressor-susceptible and resilient strains of mice.</a> Biol. Psych. 53, 292-303 (2003).</li><li>Lister, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethologically-based+animal+models+of+anxiety+disorders.">Ethologically-based animal models of anxiety disorders.</a> Pharmacol. Ther. 46, 321-340 (1990).</li><li>Kulesskaya, N., Voikar, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+mouse+anxiety-like+behavior+in+the+light-dark+box+and+open-field+arena:+role+of+equipment+and+procedure.">Assessment of mouse anxiety-like behavior in the light-dark box and open-field arena: role of equipment and procedure.</a> Phys. Behav. 133, 30-38 (2014).</li><li>Han, H., Du, W., Zhou, B., Zhang, W., Xu, G., Niu, R., Sun, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+chronic+fluoride+exposure+on+object+recognition+memory+and+mRNA+expression+of+SNARE+complex+in+hippocampus+of+male+mice.">Effects of chronic fluoride exposure on object recognition memory and mRNA expression of SNARE complex in hippocampus of male mice.</a> Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 158, 58-64 (2014).</li><li>Barrow, P., Leconte, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+body+weight+on+open+field+and+swimming+maze+performance+during+the+post-weaning+period+in+the+rat.">The influence of body weight on open field and swimming maze performance during the post-weaning period in the rat.</a> Lab. Animals. 30, 22-27 (1996).</li></ol>

Il Campo Aperto Maze è una delle piattaforme più utilizzate in studi comportamentali su animali. Un certo numero di importanti parametri convenzionali e comportamentali 2,4 possono essere raccolti e analizzati durante l&#39;esecuzione del OFM. Questi dati permettono al ricercatore di misurare i comportamenti che vanno dall&#39;attività locomotoria generale di ansia legati comportamenti emotivi 8. Tuttavia, l&#39;uso di OFM non è priva di difetti. Un problema di confusione è la vasta gamma di v...

The Open Field Maze (OFM) was initially developed in 1934 as a test to measure emotionality in rodents1. It has attained the status of being one of the most widely used measures of behavior in animal psychology2. It provides an easy and fairly rapid assessment of well-defined behaviors requiring no training to the test subject and little to no specialized training for the human administering the test. These attributes have led to wide-spread use of the open field maze in research extended to other animal species such as calves, pigs, rabbits, primates, honeybees and lobsters3. Part of its popularity arises from the fact that the psychological and physiological concepts underlying the tests are generally straight-forward and well understood. For example, it has been postulated that evolutionary forces have selected for a common response in animals such that most species display anxiety-mediated fear or flight responses to specific stimuli. Rodents for example, show distinct aversions to large, brightly lit, open and unknown environments4. We can assume they have been phylogenetically conditioned to see these types of environments as dangerous. All of these features are incorporated in the open field maze and form the basis of its use in behavioral paradigm testing.
An open field maze consists of a wall-enclosed area that is of sufficient height to prevent the subject from escaping. Typical maze shapes are circular or square with an area large enough, based on the size of the subject tested, to elicit a feeling of openness in the center of the maze. A number of variables can be scored in the open field maze with most parameters involving differing types of motor activity2. Ambulation is the most common behavior studied but others such as latency or rearing can also be measured. Most often, rodent behavior is analyzed in a bare maze. However, the addition of objects, either one or many to the maze floor, adds the ability to see how the subject interacts with novel additional stimuli2. Relevant parameters when objects are presented are typically the number of approaches to an object or in some cases, preference or aversion for one object over another.
Many behavioral tests of anxiety are based on the subject animal&#8217;s body activity and locomotion5. Interpreting behavioral tests for emotionality while separating non-emotional confounding factors, such as motor activity, has been the subject of intense debate6,7. As the OFM was originally described, two measures of emotionality can be deduced, locomotor activity and fecal boli deposits or defecation1. However, these two measures have been shown in some studies to be unrelated supporting the conclusion that emotionality in rodents is multidimensional5. Regardless, discrepancies in the literature regarding these measures and emotionality or anxiety in mouse models may be attributed to differences in analysis criteria or differences in testing procedures. Studies have conclusively linked results from OFM analysis with other measures of anxiety when comparing mouse models8.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="631">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:160px;">Multi Unit Open Field Test</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">San Diego Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">White 7001-0354</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any single or multi unit open field maze can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:160px;">SMART DT Tracking Software</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">PanLab/Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">76-0695</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any tracking software can be utilized with this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:160px;">Sony 990x Video Camera Recorder</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sony</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">CCD-TRV328</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any suitable video camera can be attached to computer for recording tracking profiles.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

Il numero medio di individui per ceppo di topi testati nella maggior parte dei casi, è di circa il 20 per generare rilevanza statistica sufficiente. Tuttavia, questo numero può essere compreso nell&#39;intervallo di 8-30 a seconda della disponibilità mouse. A seconda della misura o comparazioni richiesto, è anche favorevole utilizzare soggetti di pari età. Il primo e forse più importante parametro specifico per misurare in campo aperto Maze è la distanza totale ambulatoriale. Mentre l...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice at JoVE.com

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

L&#39;uso del campo aperto Maze misurare Locomotore e ansia-come comportamento nei topi

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Shallow Water (Paddling) Variants of Water Maze Tests in Mice

Shallow Water Paddling Variants of Water Maze Tests in Mice

Acque poco profonde (Paddling) Varianti di test labirinto d&#39;acqua nei topi

When Richard Morris devised his water maze in 19817, most behavioral work was done in rats. However, the greater understanding of mouse genetics led to ...

Ricerca

Comportamento

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

L&#39;utilizzo del dispositivo di valutazione del dolore orofacciale operante (opad) per misurare i cambiamenti nel comportamento nocicettivo

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food ...

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

Misure comportamentali e locomotore Utilizzo di un campo aperto Sistema di Monitoraggio Attività per le Malattie muscolo scheletrico

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

La Task attenzionale Set Shifting: una certa flessibilità cognitiva nei topi

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

Posizionare e risposta apprendimento nel campo aperto Torre Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

Basic Methods for the Study of Reproductive Ecology of Fish in Aquaria

Metodi di base per lo studio dell&#39;ecologia riproduttiva dei pesci in Aquaria

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Campo visivo centrale e diviso presentazione di immagini emozionanti di misurare differenze emisferiche in attenzione motivato

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

Sperimentazione animale ansia in ratti: effetti di sporgenze braccio aperto e chiuso braccio parete trasparenza in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

Analisi apprendimento spaziale e comportamento prosociale nei topi utilizzando il labirinto di Barnes e paradigmi Damsel in Distress

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...