Name: techniques for the analysis of extracellular vesicles using flow cytometry
Uploaded: 2015-03-17T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Techniques for the Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Using Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

Forfatterne vil gerne takke Dale Hirschkorn fra Blood Systems Research Institute for hans hjælp med flowcytometer instrumentindstillinger. Dette arbejde blev støttet af NIH tilskud HL095470 og U01 HL072268 og DoD kontrakter W81XWH-10-1-0023 og W81XWH-2-0028.

BEMÆRK: Følgende protokoller er blevet udført i overensstemmelse med alle institutionelle, nationale og internationale retningslinjer for menneskelig velfærd. Alle underlagt prøver humane blev testet under en Institutional Review Board (IRB) -godkendt protokol og med informeret samtykke fra forsøgspersonerne. 1. Metode A: Individuel Detektionsmetode 1.1) Behandling af blodprøve / Isolering af elbiler <ol><li> Trække blod fra donor / patient i to 10 ml glas...

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	<li>Andaloussi, S., M&#228;ger, I., Breakefield, X. O., Wood, M. J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+vesicles:+biology+and+emerging+therapeutic+opportunities.">Extracellular vesicles: biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities.</a> Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 12 (5), 347-357 (2013).</li><li>Sugawara, A., Nollet, K. E., Yajima, K., Saito, S., Ohto, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preventing+platelet-derived+microparticle+formation--and+possible+side+effects-with+prestorage+leukofiltration+of+whole+blood.">Preventing platelet-derived microparticle formation--and possible side effects-with prestorage leukofiltration of whole blood.</a> Archives of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine. 134 (5), 771-775 (2010).</li><li>Th&#233;ry, C., Ostrowski, M., Segura, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+vesicles+as+conveyors+of+immune+responses.">Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 9 (8), 581-593 (2009).</li><li>Mause, S. F., Weber, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microparticles+Protagonists+of+a+Novel+Communication+Network+for+Intercellular+Information+Exchange.">Microparticles Protagonists of a Novel Communication Network for Intercellular Information Exchange.</a> Circulation Research. 107 (9), 1047-1057 (2010).</li><li>Bouvy, C., Gheldof, D., Chatelain, C., Mullier, F., Dogne, J. -. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contributing+role+of+extracellular+vesicles+on+vascular+endothelium+haemostatic+balance+in+cancer.">Contributing role of extracellular vesicles on vascular endothelium haemostatic balance in cancer.</a> Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 3, (2014).</li><li>Hood, J. L., San, R. S., Wickline, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+Released+by+Melanoma+Cells+Prepare+Sentinel+Lymph+Nodes+for+Tumor+Metastasis.">Exosomes Released by Melanoma Cells Prepare Sentinel Lymph Nodes for Tumor Metastasis.</a> Cancer Research. 71 (11), 3792-3801 (2011).</li><li>Gatti, S., Bruno, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microvesicles+derived+from+human+adult+mesenchymal+stem+cells+protect+against+ischaemia-reperfusion-induced+acute+and+chronic+kidney+injury.">Microvesicles derived from human adult mesenchymal stem cells protect against ischaemia-reperfusion-induced acute and chronic kidney injury.</a> Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 26 (5), 1474-1483 (2011).</li><li>Barteneva, N. S., Fasler-Kan, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+microparticles:+square+the+circle.">Circulating microparticles: square the circle.</a> BMC Cell Biology. 14 (1), 23 (2013).</li><li>Van der Pol, E., B&#246;ing, A. N., Harrison, P., Sturk, A., Nieuwland, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classification+functions,+and+clinical+relevance+of+extracellular+vesicles.">Classification functions, and clinical relevance of extracellular vesicles.</a> Pharmacological Reviews. 64 (3), 676-705 (2012).</li><li>Raposo, G., Stoorvogel, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+vesicles:+Exosomes,+microvesicles,+and+friends.">Extracellular vesicles: Exosomes, microvesicles, and friends.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 200 (4), 373-383 (2013).</li><li>Dinkla, S., Brock, R., Joosten, I., Bosman, G. J. C. G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gateway+to+understanding+microparticles:+standardized+isolation+and+identification+of+plasma+membrane-derived+vesicles.">Gateway to understanding microparticles: standardized isolation and identification of plasma membrane-derived vesicles.</a> Nanomedicine (London, England). 8 (10), (2013).</li><li>Witwer, K. W., Buzas, E. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardization+of+sample+collection,+isolation+and+analysis+methods+in+extracellular+vesicle+research.">Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research.</a> Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 2, (2013).</li><li>Shah, M. D., Bergeron, A. L., Dong, J. -. F., L&#243;pez, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometric+measurement+of+microparticles:+Pitfalls+and+protocol+modifications.">Flow cytometric measurement of microparticles: Pitfalls and protocol modifications.</a> Platelets. 19 (5), 365-372 (2008).</li><li>Dey-Hazra, E., Hertel, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+circulating+microparticles+by+flow+cytometry:+influence+of+centrifugation,+filtration+of+buffer,+and+freezing.">Detection of circulating microparticles by flow cytometry: influence of centrifugation, filtration of buffer, and freezing.</a> Vascular Health and Risk Management. 6, 1125-1133 (2010).</li><li>Lacroix, R., Judicone, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardization+of+pre-analytical+variables+in+plasma+microparticle+determination:+results+of+the+International+Society+on+Thrombosis+and+Haemostasis+SSC+Collaborative+workshop.">Standardization of pre-analytical variables in plasma microparticle determination: results of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis SSC Collaborative workshop.</a> Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 11 (6), 1190-1193 (2013).</li><li>Mullier, F., Bailly, N., Chatelain, C., Chatelain, B., Dogn&#233;, J. -. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pre-analytical+issues+in+the+measurement+of+circulating+microparticles:+current+recommendations+and+pending+questions.">Pre-analytical issues in the measurement of circulating microparticles: current recommendations and pending questions.</a> Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 11 (4), 693-696 (2013).</li><li>Peramo, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+Characterization+of+Mouse+Deep+Vein+Thrombosis+Derived+Microparticles+by+Differential+Filtration+with+Nanopore+Filters.">Physical Characterization of Mouse Deep Vein Thrombosis Derived Microparticles by Differential Filtration with Nanopore Filters.</a> Membranes. 2 (1), 1-15 (2012).</li><li>Tilley, R. E., Holscher, T., Belani, R., Nieva, J., Mackman, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+Factor+Activity+is+Increased+in+a+Combined+Platelet+and+Microparticle+Sample+from+Cancer+Patients.">Tissue Factor Activity is Increased in a Combined Platelet and Microparticle Sample from Cancer Patients.</a> Thrombosis research. 122 (5), 604-609 (2008).</li><li>Rood, I. M., Deegens, J. K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+three+methods+for+isolation+of+urinary+microvesicles+to+identify+biomarkers+of+nephrotic+syndrome.">Comparison of three methods for isolation of urinary microvesicles to identify biomarkers of nephrotic syndrome.</a> Kidney international. 78 (8), 810-816 (2010).</li><li>Van der Pol, E., Hoekstra, A. G., Sturk, A., Otto, C., van Leeuwen, T. G., Nieuwland, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+and+non-optical+methods+for+detection+and+characterization+of+microparticles+and+exosomes.">Optical and non-optical methods for detection and characterization of microparticles and exosomes.</a> Journal of Thrombosis And Haemostasis: JTH. 8 (12), 2596-2607 (2010).</li><li>Gy&#246;rgy, B., Szab&#243;, T. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+vesicles,+current+state-of-the-art:+emerging+role+of+extracellular+vesicles.">Membrane vesicles, current state-of-the-art: emerging role of extracellular vesicles.</a> Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 68 (16), 2667-2688 (2011).</li><li>Miguet, L., Be&#769;chade, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+Analysis+of+Malignant+B-Cell+Derived+Microparticles+Reveals+CD148+as+a+Potentially+Useful+Antigenic+Biomarker+for+Mantle+Cell+Lymphoma+Diagnosis.">Proteomic Analysis of Malignant B-Cell Derived Microparticles Reveals CD148 as a Potentially Useful Antigenic Biomarker for Mantle Cell Lymphoma Diagnosis.</a> Journal of Proteome Research. 8 (7), 3346-3354 (2009).</li><li>Smalley, D. M., Root, K. E., Cho, H., Ross, M. M., Ley, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+discovery+of+21+proteins+expressed+in+human+plasma-derived+but+not+platelet-derived+microparticles.">Proteomic discovery of 21 proteins expressed in human plasma-derived but not platelet-derived microparticles.</a> Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 97 (1), 67-80 (2007).</li><li>Lacroix, R., Robert, S., Poncelet, P., Dignat-George, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overcoming+Limitations+of+Microparticle+Measurement+by+Flow+Cytometry.">Overcoming Limitations of Microparticle Measurement by Flow Cytometry.</a> Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 36 (08), 807-818 (2010).</li><li>Mobarrez, F., Antovic, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+multicolor+flow+cytometric+assay+for+measurement+of+platelet-derived+microparticles.">A multicolor flow cytometric assay for measurement of platelet-derived microparticles.</a> Thrombosis Research. 125 (3), e110-e116 (2010).</li><li>Van der Pol, E., van Gemert, M. J. C., Sturk, A., Nieuwland, R., van Leeuwen, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+vs.+swarm+detection+of+microparticles+and+exosomes+by+flow+cytometry.">Single vs. swarm detection of microparticles and exosomes by flow cytometry.</a> Journal of Thrombosis And Haemostasis: JTH. 10 (5), 919-930 (2012).</li><li>Gy&#246;rgy, B., Szab&#243;, T. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+Flow+Cytometric+Assessment+Reveals+Distinct+Microvesicle+(Cell-Derived+Microparticle)+Signatures+in+Joint+Diseases.">Improved Flow Cytometric Assessment Reveals Distinct Microvesicle (Cell-Derived Microparticle) Signatures in Joint Diseases.</a> PLoS ONE. 7 (11), e49726 (2012).</li><li>Gy&#246;rgy, B., M&#243;dos, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+and+isolation+of+cell-derived+microparticles+are+compromised+by+protein+complexes+resulting+from+shared+biophysical+parameters.">Detection and isolation of cell-derived microparticles are compromised by protein complexes resulting from shared biophysical parameters.</a> Blood. 117 (4), e39-e48 (2011).</li><li>Gy&#246;rgy, B., Pasztoi, M., Buzas, E. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response:+systematic+use+of+Triton+lysis+as+a+control+for+microvesicle+labeling.">Response: systematic use of Triton lysis as a control for microvesicle labeling.</a> Blood. 119 (9), 2175-2176 (2012).</li><li>Trummer, A., De Rop, C., Tiede, A., Ganser, A., Eisert, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isotype+controls+in+phenotyping+and+quantification+of+microparticles:+a+major+source+of+error+and+how+to+evade+it.">Isotype controls in phenotyping and quantification of microparticles: a major source of error and how to evade it.</a> Thrombosis Research. 122 (5), 691-700 (2008).</li><li>Shet, A. S., Aras, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sickle+blood+contains+tissue+factor-positive+microparticles+derived+from+endothelial+cells+and+monocytes.">Sickle blood contains tissue factor-positive microparticles derived from endothelial cells and monocytes.</a> Blood. 102 (7), 2678-2683 (2003).</li><li>Connor, D. E., Exner, T., Ma, D. D. F., Joseph, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+majority+of+circulating+platelet-derived+microparticles+fail+to+bind+annexin+V,+lack+phospholipid-dependent+procoagulant+activity+and+demonstrate+greater+expression+of+glycoprotein+Ib.">The majority of circulating platelet-derived microparticles fail to bind annexin V, lack phospholipid-dependent procoagulant activity and demonstrate greater expression of glycoprotein Ib.</a> Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 103 (5), 1044-1052 (2010).</li><li>Nolte-&#8217;t Hoen, E. N. M., van der Vlist, E. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+and+qualitative+flow+cytometric+analysis+of+nanosized+cell-derived+membrane+vesicles.">Quantitative and qualitative flow cytometric analysis of nanosized cell-derived membrane vesicles.</a> Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, And Medicine. 8 (5), 712-720 (2012).</li><li>Van der Vlist, E. J., Nolte-&#8217;t Hoen, E. N. M., Stoorvogel, W., Arkesteijn, G. J. A., Wauben, M. H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+labeling+of+nano-sized+vesicles+released+by+cells+and+subsequent+quantitative+and+qualitative+analysis+by+high-resolution+flow+cytometry.">Fluorescent labeling of nano-sized vesicles released by cells and subsequent quantitative and qualitative analysis by high-resolution flow cytometry.</a> Nature Protocols. 7 (7), 1311-1326 (2012).</li><li>Orozco, A. F., Lewis, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometric+analysis+of+circulating+microparticles+in+plasma.">Flow cytometric analysis of circulating microparticles in plasma.</a> Cytometry Part A. 77 A. 77A (6), 502-514 (2010).</li></ol>

To forskellige protokoller til isolering, behandling og analyse af elbiler blev præsenteret, under anvendelse af enten en enkelt detektering eller perle tilgang. Valg den mest hensigtsmæssige metode at bruge, er ikke altid ligetil og kræver en forståelse af den prøve, der testes, samt de individuelle subpopulationer af interesse. Desuden skal følsomheden af ​​cytometeret anvendes til erhvervelse overvejes, når du vælger den mest hensigtsmæssige metode. Ofte er der ingen enkelt bedste protokol til at bruge, ...

Ekstracellulær vesikler (EVS) er små, vesikler membran afledt findes i legemsvæsker, der er meget involveret i celle-celle kommunikation og hjælper med at regulere en lang række biologiske processer. Analyse af elbiler ved anvendelse af flowcytometri (FCM) har været notorisk vanskeligt på grund af deres lille størrelse og mangel på diskrete populationer positive for markører af interesse. Metoder til EV analyse mens væsentligt forbedret i det seneste årti, er stadig et arbejde i gang. Desværre er der ingen one-size-fits-all protokol, og flere aspekter skal tages i betragtning ved fastlæggelsen af ​​den mest hensigtsmæssige metode til at bruge. Præsenteret her er flere forskellige teknikker til behandling elbiler og to protokoller til analyse elbiler ved hjælp af enten individuel afsløring eller en perle tilgang. De beskrevne her, vil hjælpe med at fjerne antistof aggregater almindeligvis findes i kommercielle præparater metoder, øget signal-støj-forhold og indstilling porte i en rationel fashion der minimerer detektering af baggrundsfluorescens. Den første protokol benytter en individuel påvisning metode, der er specielt velegnet til at analysere en stor mængde af kliniske prøver, mens den anden protokol bruger en perle tilgang til at indfange og detektere mindre elbiler og exosomer. Elbiler, også kendt som mikropartikler, er små, blærer membran-afledte findes i kropsvæsker, der er involveret i celle-celle kommunikation og hjælper med at regulere en bred vifte af biologiske processer 1. Gennem ekspression af forskellige overflademarkører og / eller direkte overførsel af biologisk materiale, elbiler er i stand til at ændre funktionen af recipientceller at spille enten aktivering eller undertrykke roller i intercellulære kommunikation 2 - 4. Klinisk blodpladeafledte EVs er kendt for at have en stærk antikoagulerende aktivitet 5, mens andre har vist sig at bidrage til en lang række betingelser, fra at fremme tumor metastasis 6 til at beskytte mod sygdom 7. Elbiler kan inddeles i mindre grupper af celleafledte vesikler såsom exosomer og mikrovesikler (MVS), afhængig af deres størrelse og mekanisme generation 8. Nomenklaturen af celle-afledt vesikel subpopulationer fortsat et emne af løbende debat 8,9 dog exosomer er generelt beskrevet som små 40 til 100 nm partikler fra endosomal fusion med plasmamembranen, mens MV&#39;er er større 100 til 1.000 nm partikler dannet ved at kaste af plasmamembranen 10. Her vil det generelle udtryk &quot;elbiler&quot; bruges til at henvise til alle typer af ekstracellulære biologiske vesikler frigivet af celler. Isolering af elbiler fra fuldblod er en multi-trins procedure og mange forskellige behandlinger variabler har vist sig at påvirke EV indhold, herunder opbevaringstemperatur og varighed 11,12, antikoagulant / konserveringsmiddel bruges 13 ogcentrifugering anvendte 14. Et behov for standardisering af disse variabler har ført til anbefalinger fra International Society for Trombose og Hæmostase Videnskabelige og Standardiseringsorganisation (ISTH SSC) for korrekt blod forarbejdning og EV isoleringsfremgangsmåder 15,16, men der eksisterer ingen konsensus blandt forskere om den optimale protokol at bruge 12. De fleste er enige om, dog, at stramt kontrollerede pre-analytiske variabler er afgørende for nøjagtige og reproducerbare data. For at analysere elbiler, har forskere udnyttet forskellige metoder, herunder transmission elektronmikroskopi 17, scanning elektronmikroskopi 18,19, atomic force mikroskopi, dynamisk lysspredning 20,21 og western blotting 22,23. Mens FCM er den foretrukne metode for mange forskere 9,24 - 26 på grund af dens høje kapacitet kapaciteter, har en analyse af elbiler ved hjælp af FCM væretnotorisk vanskeligt på grund af deres størrelse og mangel på diskrete positive populationer 27-32. Sammenlignet med analyse af celler, at den lille størrelse af EVS resulterer i 1) mindre fluorescens udsendt på grund af det færre antal antigener pr partikel og 2) begrænset mulighederne for post-plet vask, hvilket er nødvendigt reducere baggrundsfluorescens. Fælles udfordringer blandt forskere omfatter signaler skyldes immunglobulinforbindelser 27,28 og selvaggregering af antistoffer 29. Desuden de lange behandlingstider og lange vask / isolation, der benyttes af mange af de nuværende protokoller 33,34 må flere dages tid forpligtelser til at analysere et lille antal prøver, hvilket gør dem mindre end ideelt til høje gennemløb applikationer. Nogle forskere afkald på en vask skridt helt, hvilket gør traditionelt anvendes FCM negative kontroller såsom fluorescens minus én (FMO) og antistofisotyper ubrugelig for præcist at vurdere background fluorescens 30. Vores protokoller løse tre almindelige problemer, der kan hindre en ordentlig FCM analyse af elbiler: Signaler, der følger af antistof aggregater og andre ikke-vesikler, svært ved at fjerne ubundet antistof, og mangel på mærkbar positive befolkninger. De her beskrevne teknikker vil hjælpe med at fjerne antistof aggregater almindeligvis findes i kommercielle præparater, øget signal-til-støjforhold, og sætte porte på en rationel måde, der minimerer detektering af baggrundsfluorescens. To forskellige detektionsmetoder præsenteres her: den første protokol anvender en individuel påvisning metode, der er specielt velegnet til at analysere en stor mængde af kliniske prøver, mens den anden protokol anvender en perler tilgang til at indfange og detektere mindre elbiler og exosomer.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" >
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >LSR II benchtop flow cytometer</td>
			<td >BD Biosciences</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td >3-laser (20 mW Coherent Sapphire 488 nm blue, 25 mW Coherent Vioflame 405 nm violet, and 17 mW JDS Uniphase HeNe 633nm red)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >FACS Diva software&#160;</td>
			<td >BD Biosciences</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td >PC version 6.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >FlowJo software&#160;</td>
			<td >Treestar US</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td >Mac version 9.6.1 or PC version 7.6.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sphero Rainbow fluorescent particles</td>
			<td >BD Biosciences</td>
			<td >556298</td>
			<td >used to adjust all channel voltages to maintain fluorescence intensity consistency&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ultra Rainbow fluorescent particles&#160;</td>
			<td >Spherotech</td>
			<td >URFP-10-5</td>
			<td >used in addition to Megamix-Plus SSC beads to ensure EV gating consistency from batch to batch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Megmix-Plus SSC beads</td>
			<td >Biocytex</td>
			<td >7803</td>
			<td >used to adjust FSC and SSC&#160; voltages to maintain&#160; consistency&#160; between runs. Can also used to monitor flow rate and ajust flow rate dial in order to ensure that same flow rate is used in all runs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >AbC Anti-Mouse Bead Kit</td>
			<td >Life Technologies</td>
			<td >A-10344</td>
			<td >used for compensation controls &#38; negative AbC beads used for beads-based method</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Nonidet P-40 Alternative (NP-40) (CAS 9016-45-9)</td>
			<td >Santa Cruz&#160;</td>
			<td >sc-281108</td>
			<td >used in the individual detection method only to lyse samples after initial reading for use as negative controls. Stock may be diluted to 1:10 in PBS and stored in fridge for up to 1 month.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >BD TruCOUNT Tubes</td>
			<td >BD Biosciences</td>
			<td >340334</td>
			<td >used whenver absolute EV concentrations are needed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ultrafree-MC, GV 0.22 &#181;m Centrifugal Filter Units</td>
			<td >Millipore&#160;</td>
			<td >UFC30GVNB</td>
			<td >used to post-stain wash Evs and/or fractionate EVs based on size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Vacutainer glass whole blood tubes ACD-A</td>
			<td >BD Biosciences</td>
			<td >364606</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Facs tubes 12x75 polystrene</td>
			<td >BD Biosciences</td>
			<td >352058</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >50mL Reservoirs individually wrapped&#160;</td>
			<td >Phenix</td>
			<td >RR-50-1s</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Green-Pak pipet tips - 10&#181;L</td>
			<td >Rainin</td>
			<td >GP-L10S</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Green-Pak pipet tips -200&#181;L&#160;</td>
			<td >Rainin</td>
			<td >GP-L250S</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Green -Pak pipet tips - 1000&#181;L&#160;</td>
			<td >Rainin</td>
			<td >GP-L1000S</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Stable Stack L300 tips presterilized</td>
			<td >Rainin</td>
			<td >SS-L300S</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Pipet-Lite&#160;XLS 8 Channel LTS&#160;Adjustable&#160;Spacer&#160;</td>
			<td >Rainin</td>
			<td >LA8-300XLS</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >96 well tissue culture plates</td>
			<td >E&#38;K Scientific</td>
			<td >EK-20180</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >RPMI 1640 Media (without Hepes)</td>
			<td >UCSF Cell Culture Facility</td>
			<td >CCFAE001</td>
			<td >media used for bead-based detection method</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Dulbeccos PBS D-PBS, CaMg-free, 0.2&#181;m filtered</td>
			<td >UCSF Cell Culture Facility</td>
			<td >CCFAL003</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ultracentrifuge Tube, Thinwall, Ultra-Clear</td>
			<td >BECKMAN COULTER INC</td>
			<td >344058</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >PANEL I</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td ></td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD3 PerCP-Cy5.5</td>
			<td >Biolegend</td>
			<td >344808</td>
			<td >2 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD14 APC-Cy7</td>
			<td >Biolegend</td>
			<td >301820</td>
			<td >2 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD16 V450</td>
			<td >BD Biosciences</td>
			<td >560474</td>
			<td >2 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD28 FITC</td>
			<td >biolegend</td>
			<td >302906</td>
			<td >2 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD152 APC</td>
			<td >BD Biosciences</td>
			<td >555855</td>
			<td >2 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD19 A700</td>
			<td >Biolegend</td>
			<td >302226</td>
			<td >2 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >PANEL II</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td ></td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD41a PerCP-Cy5.5</td>
			<td >BD Biosciences</td>
			<td >340930</td>
			<td >2 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD62L APC</td>
			<td >Biolegend</td>
			<td >304810</td>
			<td >2 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD108 PE&#160;</td>
			<td >BD Biosciences</td>
			<td >552830</td>
			<td >2 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD235a FITC</td>
			<td >biolegend</td>
			<td >349104</td>
			<td >2 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >PANEL III</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td ></td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD11b PE-Cy7</td>
			<td >Biolegend</td>
			<td >301322</td>
			<td >2 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD62p APC</td>
			<td >Biolegend</td>
			<td >304910</td>
			<td >2 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD66b PE&#160;</td>
			<td >Biolegend</td>
			<td >305106</td>
			<td >2 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD15 FITC</td>
			<td >exalpha</td>
			<td >X1496M</td>
			<td >5 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD9 PE</td>
			<td >Biolegend</td>
			<td >555372</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD63 APC</td>
			<td >Biolegend</td>
			<td >353008</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >APC-Cy7 Ms IgG2a, &#954;</td>
			<td >Biolegend</td>
			<td >400230</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

techniques for the analysis of extracellular vesicles using flow cytometry

Ekstracellulær vesikler (EVS) er små, vesikler membran afledt findes i legemsvæsker, der er meget involveret i celle-celle kommunikation og hjælper med at regulere en lang række biologiske processer. Analyse af elbiler ved anvendelse af flowcytometri (FCM) har været notorisk vanskeligt på grund af deres lille størrelse og mangel på diskrete populationer positive for markører af interesse. Metoder til EV analyse mens væsentligt forbedret i det seneste årti, er stadig et arbejde i gang. Desværre er der ingen one-size-fits-all protokol, og flere aspekter skal tages i betragtning ved fastlæggelsen af ​​den mest hensigtsmæssige metode til at bruge. Præsenteret her er flere forskellige teknikker til behandling elbiler og to protokoller til analyse elbiler ved hjælp af enten individuel afsløring eller en perle tilgang. De beskrevne her, vil hjælpe med at fjerne antistof aggregater almindeligvis findes i kommercielle præparater metoder, øget signal-støj-forhold og indstilling porte i en rationel fashion der minimerer detektering af baggrundsfluorescens. Den første protokol benytter en individuel påvisning metode, der er specielt velegnet til at analysere en stor mængde af kliniske prøver, mens den anden protokol bruger en perle tilgang til at indfange og detektere mindre elbiler og exosomer.

<html> Figur 1 skitserer den generelle behandling ordningen til isolering og afsløring af elbiler ved hjælp af enten perle-baserede metode eller individuel påvisningsmetode. Individuel påvisning af elbiler hjælp FCM fungerer godt til at analysere større elbiler men de fleste cytometre er ikke i stand til individuelt at detektere partikler så små som exosomer. En perle tilgang tillader små elbiler skal påvises, men der er ulemper forbundet med anvendelse af denne fremgangsmåde, som er skitseret...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Techniques for the Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Using Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

Techniques for the Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Using Flow Cytometry

Der findes mange forskellige metoder til måling af ekstracellulære vesikler (EVS) under anvendelse af flowcytometri (FCM). Flere aspekter bør overvejes, når fastlæggelsen af ​​den mest hensigtsmæssige metode til at bruge. To protokoller for måling elbiler præsenteres, enten ved hjælp af individuelle afsløring eller en perle tilgang.

Teknikker til analyse af ekstracellulær Vesikler anvendelse af flowcytometri

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Flow Cytometry Purification of Mouse Meiotic Cells

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the ...

Optimized Staining and Proliferation Modeling Methods for Cell Division Monitoring using Cell Tracking Dyes

Optimeret farvning og spredning modelleringsmetoder for celledeling Overvågning ved hjælp cellesporing Farvestoffer

Fluorescent cell tracking dyes, in combination with flow and image cytometry, are powerful tools with which to study the interactions and fates of ...

Temporal Tracking of Cell Cycle Progression Using Flow Cytometry without the Need for Synchronization

Temporal Sporing af cellecyklusprogression anvendelse af flowcytometri uden behov for synkronisering

This protocol describes a method to permit the tracking of cells through the cell cycle without requiring the cells to be synchronized. Achieving cell ...

Sample Preparation for Mass Cytometry Analysis

Prøvefremstilling til Mass cytometrianalyse

Mass cytometry utilizes antibodies conjugated with heavy metal labels, an approach that has greatly increased the number of parameters and opportunities ...

LED Thermo Flow &#8212; Combining Optogenetics with Flow Cytometry

LED Thermo Flow ÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚Â¬ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â Combining Optogenetics with Flow Cytometry

LED Thermo Flow - Forening optogenetics med flowcytometri

Optogenetic tools allow isolated, functional investigations of almost any signaling molecule within complex signaling pathways. A major obstacle is the ...

Analysis of Cell Suspensions Isolated from Solid Tissues by Spectral Flow Cytometry

Analyse af Cellesuspensioner isoleret fra Solid Væv af Spectral flowcytometri

Flow cytometry has been used for the past 40 years to define and analyze the phenotype of lymphoid and other hematopoietic cells. Initially restricted to ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles from Cell-conditioned Media

Flow Cytometric analyse af ekstracellulære vesikler fra celle-aircondition medier

Flow cytometry (FC) is the method of choice for semi-quantitative measurement of cell-surface antigen markers. Recently, this technique has been used for ...

Purification and Analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans Extracellular Vesicles

Purification and Analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans Extracellular Vesicles

Rensning og analyse af Caenorhabditis elegans Ekstracellulære Vesicles

The secretion of small membrane-bound vesicles into the external environment is a fundamental physiological process of all cells. These extracellular ...

Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis for the Quantification and Size Determination of Extracellular Vesicles

Nanopartikler Tracking Analyse for kvantificering og størrelse bestemmelse af ekstracellulære vesikler

The physiological and pathophysiological roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become increasingly recognized, making the EV field a quickly evolving ...

Single Extracellular Vesicle Transmembrane Protein Characterization by Nano-Flow Cytometry

Enkelt ekstracellulær vesikel transmembranproteinkarakterisering ved nano-flowcytometri

Single particle characterization has become increasingly relevant for research into extracellular vesicles, progressing from bulk analysis techniques and ...