Name: ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture of mouse hippocampal tissue
Uploaded: 2015-03-04T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue at JoVE.com

This work was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to SB (BR-2215; SFB 497/A9).

NOTA: Tutti gli esperimenti sugli animali sono stati eseguiti in conformità con la legge tedesca e sono stati approvati dagli uffici governativi di Tübingen. 1. Preparazione di Micropipette, soluzioni e membrane <ol><li> Preparazione di Micropipette <ol><li> Tirare micropipette di vetro con un estrattore micropipetta con il seguente programma: Heat: 540, Pull: 125, Velocità: 20 e Delay: 140. Gli importi lunghezza dell&#39;ago a 5,5 centimetri. </li><li> Aghi conici con un Micromacinator...

<ol>
	<li>Kempermann, G., Jessberger, S., Steiner, B., Kronenberg, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Milestones+of+neuronal+development+in+the+adult+hippocampus.">Milestones of neuronal development in the adult hippocampus.</a> Trends Neurosci. 27, 447-452 (2004).</li><li>Frotscher, M., Zhao, S., Forster, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+cell+and+fiber+layers+in+the+dentate+gyrus.">Development of cell and fiber layers in the dentate gyrus.</a> Prog Brain Res. 163, 133-142 (2007).</li><li>Muramatsu, R., Ikegaya, Y., Matsuki, N., Koyama, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatally+born+granule+cells+numerically+dominate+adult+mice+dentate+gyrus.">Neonatally born granule cells numerically dominate adult mice dentate gyrus.</a> Neuroscience. 148, 593-598 (2007).</li><li>Li, G., Pleasure, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphogenesis+of+the+dentate+gyrus:+what+we+are+learning+from+mouse+mutants.">Morphogenesis of the dentate gyrus: what we are learning from mouse mutants.</a> Dev Neurosci. 27, 93-99 (2005).</li><li>Hsieh, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orchestrating+transcriptional+control+of+adult+neurogenesis.">Orchestrating transcriptional control of adult neurogenesis.</a> Genes Dev. 26, 1010-1021 (2012).</li><li>Li, G., Pleasure, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+regulation+of+dentate+gyrus+morphogenesis.">Genetic regulation of dentate gyrus morphogenesis.</a> Prog Brain Res. 163, 143-152 (2007).</li><li>Collas, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+current+state+of+chromatin+immunoprecipitation.">The current state of chromatin immunoprecipitation.</a> Mol Biotechnol. 45, 87-100 (2010).</li><li>Simon, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+dual+function+of+Bcl11b/Ctip2+in+hippocampal+neurogenesis.">A dual function of Bcl11b/Ctip2 in hippocampal neurogenesis.</a> Embo J. 31, 2922-2936 (2012).</li><li>Pilaz, L. J., Silver, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+mitosis+in+the+developing+mouse+embryonic+cortex.">Live imaging of mitosis in the developing mouse embryonic cortex.</a> J Vis Exp. (88), (2014).</li><li>Pacary, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+and+genetic+manipulation+of+dendrites+and+spines+in+the+mouse+cerebral+cortex+and+hippocampus+using+in+utero+electroporation.">Visualization and genetic manipulation of dendrites and spines in the mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus using in utero electroporation.</a> J Vis Exp. (65), (2012).</li><li>Hand, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorylation+of+Neurogenin2+specifies+the+migration+properties+and+the+dendritic+morphology+of+pyramidal+neurons+in+the+neocortex.">Phosphorylation of Neurogenin2 specifies the migration properties and the dendritic morphology of pyramidal neurons in the neocortex.</a> Neuron. 48, 45-62 (2005).</li><li>Polleux, F., Ghosh, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+slice+overlay+assay:+a+versatile+tool+to+study+the+influence+of+extracellular+signals+on+neuronal+development.">The slice overlay assay: a versatile tool to study the influence of extracellular signals on neuronal development.</a> Sci STKE. (136), 19 (2002).</li><li>Shea, K., Geijsen, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+of+6.5+dpc+mouse+embryos.">Dissection of 6.5 dpc mouse embryos.</a> J Vis Exp. (2), (2007).</li><li>Sugiyama, T., Osumi, N., Katsuyama, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+germinal+matrices+in+the+developing+dentate+gyrus+are+composed+of+neuronal+progenitors+at+distinct+differentiation+stages.">The germinal matrices in the developing dentate gyrus are composed of neuronal progenitors at distinct differentiation stages.</a> Dev Dyn. 242, 1442-1453 (2013).</li><li>Lechler, T., Fuchs, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Desmoplakin:+an+unexpected+regulator+of+microtubule+organization+in+the+epidermis.">Desmoplakin: an unexpected regulator of microtubule organization in the epidermis.</a> J Cell Biol. 176, 147-154 (2007).</li><li>Nichols, A. J., O'Dell, R. S., Powrozek, T. A., Olson, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+utero+electroporation+and+whole+hemisphere+explants:+a+simple+experimental+method+for+studies+of+early+cortical+development.">Ex utero electroporation and whole hemisphere explants: a simple experimental method for studies of early cortical development.</a> J Vis Exp. (74), (2013).</li></ol>

L&#39;ippocampo ha una funzione importante nell&#39;apprendimento e nella memoria. Il giro dentato è anche una delle due regioni del cervello in cui si verifica la neurogenesi non solo durante lo sviluppo, ma anche in età adulta. Postnatale e adulti procede neurogenesi dell&#39;ippocampo in modo simile che coinvolge molti fattori comuni. Definizione dei meccanismi regolatori di questi fattori sarà molto utile per capire le malattie neurodegenerative che a sua volta portare a nuove terapie e misure preventive. Per ott...

L&#39;ippocampo gioca un ruolo importante nella memoria e dell&#39;apprendimento e comportamento emotivo. Una funzione principale consiste consolidamento della memoria a breve termine in memoria a lungo termine, che richiede alta plasticità del sistema nervoso. Il giro dentato dell&#39;ippocampo agisce come gateway principale per le informazioni in ingresso ed è anche una delle due regioni cerebrali con la neurogenesi in corso in tutta l&#39;età adulta 1,2. Lo sviluppo della struttura dell&#39;ippocampo si verifica durante l&#39;embriogenesi tardiva e in particolare durante la prima 3 a 4 settimane postnatale 3. Durante lo sviluppo iniziale del giro dentato un pool di cellule staminali è istituito a richiesta per postnatale e adulta neurogenesi 4. Neuroni in via di sviluppo passano attraverso varie fasi, dalla cellule staminali attraverso diverse fasi di cellule progenitrici per la immatura e, infine, il neurone maturo durante postnatale e neurogenesi adulta. Alle diverse fasi della neurogenesi l&#39;espressione digeni specifici è necessario per consentire la maturazione e l&#39;integrazione dei nuovi neuroni nei circuiti dell&#39;ippocampo 5,6. Utilizzando genetica del topo e analisi fenotipo mediante immunoistochimica e metodi molecolari consentiti definire il pattern di espressione e la funzione di molti di questi geni. Inoltre l&#39;analisi microarray e immunoprecipitazione della cromatina (ChIP) fornito informazioni sui potenziali geni bersaglio diretti e indiretti 7,8. Tuttavia, ci sono ancora molte questioni aperte riguardanti i meccanismi di regolazione dello sviluppo dell&#39;ippocampo, in particolare lo sviluppo del giro dentato. Per ottenere una visione di come i geni specifici sono regolati è necessario un sistema che permette la manipolazione di un piccolo numero di cellule da down o up-regolazione del gene di interesse e / o dei suoi geni bersaglio e seguire il loro destino durante lo sviluppo. In utero elettroporazione di shRNAs, cDNA di geni di interesse o Cre recombinase fornisce un tale strumento. Per assicurare la presenza del DNA desiderato o piccoli RNA plasmidi di espressione dovrebbe essere utilizzato per elettroporazione. Questo approccio è implementata con successo in studio dello sviluppo corticale 9,10, ma è un approccio più impegnativo esaminando lo sviluppo del giro dentato causa della posizione delle strutture ippocampali negli strati più profondi del cervello. Elettroporazione utero Ex seguita dalla cultura fetta organotipica è un approccio per aggirare questo problema 11,12. In contrasto in utero non elettroporazione tutta dell&#39;embrione ma solo la testa è usato permettendo quindi di posizionare gli elettrodi in modo più favorevole per dirigere la shRNA / DNA verso l&#39;ippocampo e giro dentato. Il nostro gruppo impiegato con successo ex utero elettroporazione per studiare il ruolo del fattore di trascrizione Bcl11b durante lo sviluppo giro dentato 8. Bcl11b ha un duplice ruolo in sviluppo giro dentato per regulating proliferazione delle cellule progenitrici nonché la differenziazione come è stato dimostrato da immunoistochimica. Per definire ulteriormente un meccanismo di coinvolgimento Bcl11b in questi processi, protocolli del gruppo Polleux 11,12 sono stati adeguati per studiare giro dentato come descritto di seguito nella sezione del protocollo. In un primo approccio alla questione è stata affrontata se Bcl11b regolamenta autonomamente cellule differenziamento delle cellule neuronali. Un secondo approccio esaminato se desmoplakin, un gene bersaglio diretto di Bcl11b, è sufficiente per salvare il fenotipo Bcl11b.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="271">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="106">
			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:71px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">Comments/ Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="106">
			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:71px;">Flaming/ Brown Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Sutter Instruments Company (USA)</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">P-97</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Fine Glass Pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">G100F-4</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:71px;">Microgrinder</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Narishige, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">EG-44</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:71px;">Anesthetic Bracket unit</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">PY2 34-0412</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Halovet Vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">PY2 34-0398</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Fluovac System</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">PY2 34-0387</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">IMS Fluosorber</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">PY2 34-0415</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Anesthetizing Chamber</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">PY2 34-0460</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Electroporator</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">BEX Company</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">CUY21 EDIT</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="106">
			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:71px;">Tweezers with disk electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">BEX Company</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">LF650P3</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">3 mm electrodes for E15.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="106">
			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:71px;">Tweezers with disk electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">BEX Company</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">LF650P5</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">5 mm electrodes for E18.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:71px;">Picospritzer III</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Parker Hannifin Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">P/N 052-0500-900</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="148">
			<td height="148" style="height:148px;width:71px;">HM 650V Vibrating Blade Microtome, 230V</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">920120</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="106">
			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:71px;">Dissection Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">Stemi SV8</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">Leica DM IL LED</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">Sp5II</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="42" rowspan="2" style="height:42px;width:71px;">6 well dish</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:73px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:63px;">#353502</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:71px;">6 well dish</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">CELLSTAR</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">#657160</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Tissue culture inserts</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">#353090</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:71px;">Fast Green</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">F7252</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:71px;">Laminin</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">#L2020</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:71px;">Poly-L-lysine</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">#P5899</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">Spring scissors</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">15003-08</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:71px;">Extra Fine Bonn Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">14084-08</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:71px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Dumont #55</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">11255-20 Inox</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">HBSS 10X</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Life Technology</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">14180-046</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:71px;">BME</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Life Technology</td>
			<td style="width:63px;">41010-26</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture of mouse hippocampal tissue

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical and molecular methods provides information of potential target genes and signaling pathways. To further elucidate specific regulatory mechanisms requires a system allowing the manipulation of only a small number of cells of a specific tissue by either overexpression, ablation or re-introduction of specific genes and follow their fate during development. To achieve this ex utero electroporation of hippocampal structures, especially the dentate gyrus, followed by organotypic slice culture provides such a tool. Using this system to generate mosaic deletions allows determining whether the gene of interest regulates cell-autonomously developmental processes like progenitor cell proliferation or neuronal differentiation. Furthermore it facilitates the rescue of phenotypes by re-introducing the deleted gene or its target genes. In contrast to in utero electroporation the ex utero approach improves the rate of successfully targeting deeper layers of the brain like the dentate gyrus. Overall ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture provide a potent tool to study regulatory mechanisms in a semi-native environment mirroring endogenous conditions.

Ablazione del fattore di trascrizione Bcl11b causa la perdita di valore della proliferazione delle cellule progenitrici e la differenziazione neuronale con conseguente dimensioni giro dentato ridotto e il numero di cellule. Inoltre neuroni mutanti non riescono a integrarsi nel circuito dell&#39;ippocampo causando l&#39;apprendimento e la memoria di valore 8. Per rispondere alle domande riguardanti il meccanismo di regolazione (s) di Bcl11b in questi processi ex elettroporazione utero è stat...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue at JoVE.com

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Here we present a protocol providing a tool to examine regulatory mechanisms of specific genes during hippocampal development. Employing ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture allows the up- and down-regulation of the expression of genes of interest in single cells and follow their fate during development.

Ex utero elettroporazione e Organotipica Fetta Cultura del mouse ippocampale Tissue

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Induction of Protein Deletion Through In Utero Electroporation to Define Deficits in Neuronal Migration in Transgenic Models

Induction of Protein Deletion Through In Utero Electroporation to Define Deficits in Neuronal Migration in Transgenic Models

L&#39;induzione di proteine ​​Cancellazione Through<em&gt; In Utero</em&gt; Elettroporazione per definire deficit in migrazione neuronale in modelli transgenici

Genetic deletion using the Cre-Lox system in transgenic mouse lines is a powerful tool used to study protein function. However, except in very specific ...

Ricerca

Biologia dello sviluppo

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

Trasferimento efficiente Gene in Chick retine per cellulari primarie Cultura Studies: An<em&gt; Ex-ovo</em&gt; Elettroporazione Approach

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying ...

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

Cultura della embrionali di topo cocleari espianti e Gene Transfer con elettroporazione

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures for Studies of Postnatal Neurogenesis

Colture organotipiche Slice di studi di post-natale neurogenesi

Here we describe a technique for studying hippocampal postnatal neurogenesis in the rodent brain using the organotypic slice culture technique. This ...

Culture and Co-Culture of Mouse Ovaries and Ovarian Follicles

Cultura e co-coltura di mouse ovaie e follicoli ovarici

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together ...

Ex Vivo Culture of Chick Cerebellar Slices and Spatially Targeted Electroporation of Granule Cell Precursors

Ex Vivo Culture of Chick Cerebellar Slices and Spatially Targeted Electroporation of Granule Cell Precursors

Ex Cultura Vivo del Chick cerebellare fette e spazialmente mirata elettroporazione di granuli precursori delle cellule

The cerebellar external granule layer (EGL) is the site of the largest transit amplification in the developing brain, and an excellent model for studying ...

Dissection and Coronal Slice Preparation of Developing Mouse Pituitary Gland

Dissezione e preparazione coronale fetta di sviluppare la ghiandola pituitaria del Mouse

The pituitary gland or hypophysis is an important endocrine organ secreting hormones essential for homeostasis. It consists of two glands with separate ...

CRISPR-mediated Loss of Function Analysis in Cerebellar Granule Cells Using In Utero Electroporation-based Gene Transfer

CRISPR-mediated Loss of Function Analysis in Cerebellar Granule Cells Using In Utero Electroporation-based Gene Transfer

CRISPR-mediata di perdita di funzione di analisi in granuli cerebellari cellule utilizzando nell'Utero basati su elettroporazione trasferimento del Gene

Brain malformation is often caused by genetic mutations. Deciphering the mutations in patient-derived tissues has identified potential causative factors ...

Organotypic Culture Method to Study the Development Of Embryonic Chicken Tissues

Metodo di coltura organotypic per studiare lo sviluppo dei tessuti embrionali di pollo

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ...

Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary

Coltura del tessuto ovarico per visualizzare fenomeni nell'ovaia di Mouse

Mammalian females periodically ovulate an almost constant number of oocytes during each estrus cycle. To sustain such regularity and periodicity, ...