Name: gold nanorod-assisted optical stimulation of neuronal cells
Uploaded: 2015-04-27T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gold Nanorod-assisted Optical Stimulation of Neuronal Cells at JoVE.com

Los autores desean reconocer NanoVentures Australia para el apoyo financiero de viajes y el Prof. John Haycock por haber acogido parcialmente esta investigación en la Universidad de Sheffield y la Sra Jaimee Mayne por su ayuda durante el rodaje.

1. Preparación Au rupias Nota: Au NR se puede sintetizar por una serie de recetas 16, o comprados de vendedores comerciales. <ol><li> Medir la densidad óptica inicial (OD) de la solución de Au NR través de espectroscopía de UV-Vis, mediante el registro de los valores de absorción de 300 nm a 1000 nm con una resolución de 0,5-2 nm. Variar el volumen de la solución a ser utilizado con la cubeta disponible. </li><li> Evaluar la concentración molar inicial NP con una técni...

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Los protocolos descritos en esta presentación se describe cómo la cultura, diferenciar y ópticamente a estimular las células neuronales utilizando absorbentes extrínsecos. Las características NR (por ejemplo, dimensiones, forma, longitud de onda de resonancia de plasmón y química de la superficie) y los parámetros de estimulación láser (tales como longitud de onda, longitud de pulso, frecuencia de repetición, etc.) se pueden variar para que coincida con diferentes necesidades experimentales...

Estudios recientes han demostrado que el calentamiento transitorio asociado con la absorción de luz infrarroja por el agua (longitud de onda&gt; 1400 nm) se puede utilizar para inducir potenciales de acción en el tejido nervioso 1 y transitorios de calcio intracelular en cardiomiocitos 2. El uso de luz infrarroja ha planteado un gran interés para aplicaciones en prótesis neurales, debido al potencial de resolución espacial más fina, la falta de contacto directo con el tejido, la reducción al mínimo de artefactos de estimulación, y la eliminación de la necesidad de modificar genéticamente las células antes de la estimulación ( como se requiere en la optogenética) 1. A pesar de todos estos beneficios, modelos térmicos desarrollados recientemente sugirieron que los tejidos / células diana pueden verse afectados por efectos de calentamiento y acumulativos, cuando se utilizan múltiples sitios de estímulo y / o altas tasas de repetición 3,4. En respuesta a estos desafíos, los investigadores han reconocido el potencial de utilizar ABSOR extrínsecabros de la estimulación del nervio para producir efectos de calentamiento más localizadas en el tejido. Huang et al. Demostró este principio mediante el uso de nanopartículas de ferrita superparamagnéticas para activar remotamente los canales TRPV1 sensibles a la temperatura en las células HEK 293 con una radio-frecuencia del campo magnético 5. Aunque esta técnica puede permitir una penetración más profunda (campos magnéticos interactúan relativamente débilmente con el tejido), las respuestas sólo se registraron durante períodos de segundos, en lugar de las duraciones de milisegundos requeridos en los dispositivos biónicos 5. Del mismo modo, Farah et al. Estimulación eléctrica demostrada de neuronas corticales de rata con micro-partículas negras en vitro. Mostraron precisión a nivel celular en la estimulación utilizando duraciones de pulso del orden de cientos de microsegundo y energías en el rango de mu J, permitiendo potencialmente las tasas de repetición más rápidas 6. El uso de absorbentes de extrínsecos también se ha aplicado para inducircambios morfológicos in vitro. Ciofani et al. Mostraron un aumento de ~ 40% en el crecimiento externo celular neuronal utilizando piezoeléctricos nitruro de boro nanotubos excitados por ultrasonido 7. Del mismo modo, se ha informado de nanopartículas de óxido de hierro endocitosis en las células PC12 para mejorar la diferenciación de neuritas en una manera dependiente de la dosis, debido a la activación de moléculas de adhesión celular con el óxido de hierro 8. Recientemente, el interés en absorbedores extrínsecos para ayudar a la estimulación neural también se ha centrado en el uso de nanopartículas de oro (Au NPs). Au NPs tienen la capacidad de absorber de manera eficiente la luz láser en el pico plasmónica y para disipar en el ambiente circundante en forma de calor 9. Entre todas las formas de las partículas disponibles, la absorción óptica de nanorods oro (Au NRS) convenientemente coincide con la ventana terapéutica de tejidos biológicos (infrarrojo cercano - NIR, longitud de onda entre 750-1,400 nm) 10. Además, en el context de estimulación neural, el uso de Au NR proporciona biocompatibilidad relativamente favorable y una amplia gama de opciones de funcionalización de la superficie 11. Estudios recientes han demostrado que un efecto estimulador en la diferenciación puede ser inducida después de exposiciones láser continuo de Au NR en NG108-15 células neuronales 12. Del mismo modo, los transitorios de calcio intracelulares se registraron en las células neuronales cultivadas con Au NR después de la irradiación láser modulada con frecuencias variables y longitudes de pulso 13. Despolarización de la membrana celular también se registró después de NIR láser de iluminación de Au NR en cultivos primarios de neuronas del ganglio espiral 14. La primera aplicación in vivo con irradiado Au NR se ha demostrado recientemente. Eom y compañeros de trabajo expuestos Au rupias en su pico plasmónica y registraron un aumento de seis veces en la amplitud de los potenciales de acción del nervio compuesto (CNaPS) y una disminución de tres veces en el umbral de estimulación en ratas nervios ciáticos. Los cuartosrespuesta hanced se atribuyó a los efectos de calentamiento locales que resultan de la excitación del pico plasmónica NR 15. En el presente trabajo, se especifican los protocolos para la investigación de los efectos de la estimulación con láser en NG108-15 células neuronales cultivadas con Au rupias. Estos métodos proporcionan una simple, pero potente, forma de irradiar poblaciones celulares in vitro utilizando técnicas y materiales biológicos estándar. El protocolo se basa en un diodo láser de fibra acoplada (LD) que permite un funcionamiento seguro y la alineación repetible. La preparación de la muestra y los métodos de irradiación láser Au NR se pueden ampliar a diferentes formas de partículas y cultivos de células neuronales, siempre que los protocolos de síntesis y cultura específicas son conocidas, respectivamente.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Au NR</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>716812</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NG108-15</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>8811230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D6546</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FCS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10100147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amphotericin B</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15290018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F8775</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>T8532</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-&#946;III-tubulin</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>G7121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgG antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T5393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluo-4 AM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>F14201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>472301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pluronic F-127</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P6867</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue Number</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV-Vis spectrometer</td>
			<td>Varian Medical Systems Inc.</td>
			<td>Cary 50 Bio</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Mini Spin</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonic bath</td>
			<td>Unisonics Australia</td>
			<td>FPX 10D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture incubator</td>
			<td>Kendro</td>
			<td>Hera Cell 150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture centrifuge</td>
			<td>Hettich</td>
			<td>Rotofix 32A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser diode</td>
			<td>Optotech</td>
			<td>780 nm single mode fibre - coupled LD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical fiber</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>780 HP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power meter</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
			<td>Laser Check</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td>http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/index.html</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epifluorescent microscope</td>
			<td>Axon Instruments</td>
			<td>ImageX-press 5000A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#956;-slide well</td>
			<td>Ibidi</td>
			<td>80826</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Microscopy Ltd.</td>
			<td>LSM 510 meta-confocal microscope</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oscilloscope</td>
			<td>Tektronix</td>
			<td>TDS210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

gold nanorod-assisted optical stimulation of neuronal cells

Recent studies have demonstrated that nerves can be stimulated in a variety of ways by the transient heating associated with the absorption of infrared light by water in neuronal tissue. This technique holds great potential for replacing or complementing standard stimulation techniques, due to the potential for increased localization of the stimulus and minimization of mechanical contact with the tissue. However, optical approaches are limited by the inability of visible light to penetrate deep into tissues. Moreover, thermal modelling suggests that cumulative heating effects might be potentially hazardous when multiple stimulus sites or high laser repetition rates are used. The protocol outlined below describes an enhanced approach to the infrared stimulation of neuronal cells. The underlying mechanism is based on the transient heating associated with the optical absorption of gold nanorods, which can cause triggering of neuronal cell differentiation and increased levels of intracellular calcium activity. These results demonstrate that nanoparticle absorbers can enhance and/or replace the process of infrared neural stimulation based on water absorption, with potential for future applications in neural prostheses and cell therapies.

Mediante el uso de los Protocolos 1, 2 y 3 descritos aquí, se observó un efecto estimulador en la diferenciación en células NG108-15 neuronales cultivadas con Au NP (Au rupias, poli (estirenosulfonato) presenta el revestimiento Au rupias y revestido con sílice Au NR) después de láser exposiciones entre 1,25 y 7,5 W · cm de -2. Las imágenes confocales de marcado con rhodamineB Au NR demostraron que las partículas se interiorizaron de 1 día de incubación 12. La localización se observó p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gold Nanorod-assisted Optical Stimulation of Neuronal Cells at JoVE.com

Gold Nanorod-assisted Optical Stimulation of Neuronal Cells

This protocol outlines how to use the transient heating associated with the optical absorption of gold nanorods to stimulate differentiation and intracellular calcium activity in neuronal cells. These results potentially open up new applications in neural prostheses and fundamental studies in neuroscience.

Oro nanorod asistida estimulación óptica de las células neuronales

Recent studies have demonstrated that nerves can be stimulated in a variety of ways by the transient heating associated with the absorption of infrared ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

La combinación de Estimulación Magnética Transcraneal y fMRI para examinar la red en modo por defecto

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

TMS: Uso del protocolo Theta-Burst para explorar Mechasnism de plasticidad en los individuos con el síndrome de X frágil y el autismo

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression

El dispositivo de TMS NeuroStar: Realización de la FDA aprobó el Protocolo para el tratamiento de la depresión

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic ...

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Células vivas imágenes de células de los órganos sensoriales Precursor en Intacto Drosophila Las pupas

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

Fast Micro-iontoforesis de glutamato y GABA: una herramienta útil para investigar la integración sináptica

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Optical Control of a Neuronal Protein Using a Genetically Encoded Unnatural Amino Acid in Neurons

Control óptico de una proteína neuronal utilizando un ácido Unnatural Amino genéticamente codificados en las neuronas

Photostimulation is a noninvasive way to control biological events with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. New methods are desired to ...

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays

Incremento dependiente del tiempo en la respuesta de la red a la estimulación de cultivos de células neuronales en matrices de microelectrodos

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network ...

Optical Coherence Tomography: Imaging Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vivo

Optical Coherence Tomography: Imaging Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vivo

Tomografía de coherencia óptica: Proyección de imagen de ratón ganglionares de la retina las células In Vivo

Structural changes in the retina are common manifestations of ophthalmic diseases. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables their identification in ...

Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats

Estimulación eléctrica transcraneal crónica y grabación Intracortical en ratas

Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is a powerful and relatively simple approach to diffusely influence brain activity either randomly or in a ...

Neuronal Differentiation from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells In vitro

Diferenciación neuronal de las células madre embrionarias del ratón in vitro

The neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) is a potential tool for elucidating the key mechanisms involved in neurogenesis and ...