Name: demonstration of the rat ischemic skin wound model
Uploaded: 2015-04-01T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Demonstration of the Rat Ischemic Skin Wound Model at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge funding support from the University of South Florida, Department of Surgery (Mack Wu, MD, PhD).

NOTA: La aprobación para todos los procedimientos con animales se presentan a continuación se obtuvo de la Universidad de Comité de Cuidado de Animales del Sur de la Florida (IACUC) y cumplir con todos los requisitos de la Ley de Protección de los Animales y la Guía para el Cuidado y Uso de Animales de Laboratorio. 1. Preparación de hojas de silicona y los instrumentos quirúrgicos <ol><li> Tiras precortadas (10,5 cm x 3,0 cm) de no reforzarse 0.01 grosor, láminas de silicona de gra...

<ol>
	<li>Ansell, D. M., Holden, K. A., Hardman, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+wound+repair:+Are+they+cutting+it.">Animal models of wound repair: Are they cutting it.</a> Experimental dermatology. 21 (8), 581-585 (2012).</li><li>Dorsett-Martin, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rat+models+of+skin+wound+healing:+a+review.">Rat models of skin wound healing: a review.</a> Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society. 12 (6), 591-599 (2003).</li><li>Davidson, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+for+wound+repair.">Animal models for wound repair.</a> Arch Dermatol Res. 290 (S1-11), (1998).</li><li>Finn, G., Magnus, S. A., Tonny, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Models+for+use+in+wound+healing+research:+A+survey+focusing+on+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+adult+soft+tissue).">Models for use in wound healing research: A survey focusing on in vitro and in vivo adult soft tissue).</a> Wound Repair and Regeneration. 8, (2000).</li><li>Gould, L. J., Leong, M., Sonstein, J., Wilson, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+and+validation+of+an+ischemic+wound+model.">Optimization and validation of an ischemic wound model.</a> Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society. 13 (6), 576-582 (2004).</li><li>Loots, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+cellular+infiltrate+and+extracellular+matrix+of+chronic+diabetic+and+venous+ulcers+versus+acute+wounds.">Differences in cellular infiltrate and extracellular matrix of chronic diabetic and venous ulcers versus acute wounds.</a> The Journal of investigative dermatology. 111 (5), 850-857 (1998).</li><li>Schwartz, D. A., Lindblad, W. J., Rees, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+collagen+metabolism+and+delayed+healing+in+a+novel+model+of+ischemic+wounds.">Altered collagen metabolism and delayed healing in a novel model of ischemic wounds.</a> Wound Repair Regen. 3 (2), 204-212 (1995).</li><li>Chen, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+and+mechanistic+validation+of+delayed+healing+rat+wounds+as+a+model+for+human+chronic+wounds.">Molecular and mechanistic validation of delayed healing rat wounds as a model for human chronic wounds.</a> Wound Repair and Regeneration. 7, (1999).</li><li>Zhang, Q., Chang, Q., Cox, R. A., Gong, X., Gould, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperbaric+oxygen+attenuates+apoptosis+and+decreases+inflammation+in+an+ischemic+wound+model.">Hyperbaric oxygen attenuates apoptosis and decreases inflammation in an ischemic wound model.</a> The Journal of investigative dermatology. 128 (8), 2102-2112 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, Q., Gould, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperbaric+oxygen+reduces+matrix+metalloproteinases+in+ischemic+wounds+through+a+redox-dependent+mechanism.">Hyperbaric oxygen reduces matrix metalloproteinases in ischemic wounds through a redox-dependent mechanism.</a> The Journal of investigative dermatology. 134 (1), 237-246 (2013).</li><li>Moor, A. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consequences+of+age+on+ischemic+wound+healing+in+rats:+altered+antioxidant+activity+and+delayed+wound+closure.">Consequences of age on ischemic wound healing in rats: altered antioxidant activity and delayed wound closure.</a> Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 36 (2), 733-748 (2014).</li><li>Roy, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+preclinical+model+of+chronic+ischemic+wound).">Characterization of a preclinical model of chronic ischemic wound).</a> Physiological genomics. 37 (3), 211-224 (2009).</li><li>Biswas, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+inducible+microRNA+210+attenuates+keratinocyte+proliferation+and+impairs+closure+in+a+murine+model+of+ischemic+wounds.">Hypoxia inducible microRNA 210 attenuates keratinocyte proliferation and impairs closure in a murine model of ischemic wounds.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (15), 6976-6981 (2010).</li><li>Winocour, S., Vorstenbosch, J., Trzeciak, A., Lessard, L., Philip, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD109,+a+novel+TGF-beta+antagonist,+decreases+fibrotic+responses+in+a+hypoxic+wound+model.">CD109, a novel TGF-beta antagonist, decreases fibrotic responses in a hypoxic wound model.</a> Exp Dermatol. 23 (7), 475-479 (2014).</li></ol>

<html> La cicatrización de heridas en ratas ha sido a menudo objeto de debate debido a su capacidad de curar las heridas infectadas y alto índice de variabilidad interanimal 5. Uno de los objetivos originales de la modelo durante su desarrollo fue la de disminuir esta variación. Las modificaciones de la anchura de la solapa, reduciendo el número de heridas con colocación específica (centrado en la solapa con la ubicación cráneo-caudal consistente) y la introducción de una hoja de silicona ha logrado e...

El desarrollo de medicamentos eficaces y otras terapias de curación de heridas requieren apropiado en modelos in vivo, a pesar de los problemas conocidos en traducir los resultados en modelos animales para terapias humanas 1. Lo que sigue es una descripción de un protocolo detallado para el uso de un modelo de rata de la cicatrización de heridas isquémicas para investigar los mecanismos que promuevan la comprensión de la curación de heridas patológico. Las especies de ratas, a menudo empleado debido a su amplia disponibilidad, tamaño y naturaleza dócil se utiliza para estudios de curación de heridas, ya que es lo suficientemente grande como para proporcionar un área de la piel adecuado para heridas por incisión y escisión, de imágenes y de recogida de tejido 2. Sin embargo debe tenerse muy en cuenta que la piel de una rata y un ser humano son diferentes anatómicamente, con las ratas que se refiere a los animales como de piel suelta. Esta característica distintiva permite la contracción de la herida, en lugar de la epitelización de contribuir de manera significativa al cierre de piel de rata wounds 2. Además, la presencia de un músculo panículo carnoso subcutánea en ratas, contribuye a la curación por tanto la contracción de colágeno y la formación de 3,4. Estas distinciones anatómicas muy importantes fueron considerados en el desarrollo del modelo de herida en la piel isquémica rata y modificaciones específicas se llevaron a cabo para disminuir la contracción de la herida y reducir la influencia del panículo carnoso muscular 5. En las úlceras del pie diabético, úlceras venosas de las piernas y las úlceras por presión, la curación se retrasa y estas heridas se considera crónica. Las heridas se caracterizan por la inflamación excesiva, lo que impide la herida progrese a las siguientes fases de la reparación de heridas 6. Uno de los principales factores en el desarrollo de una herida crónica es la isquemia localizada de tejido (reducción del flujo sanguíneo) 5 contribuir a la incapacidad para eliminar la inflamación. En el momento en que se está desarrollando este modelo y validada (en 2003-4), No había modelos animales estandarizados que podrían proporcionar suficiente tejido para probar la inducción de la angiogénesis en el lecho de la herida, una etapa clave durante la cicatrización normal de las heridas y la motivación para el desarrollo de este modelo 5. Dicho esto, el modelo presentado aquí es una modificación del modelo de herida isquémica originalmente descrito por Schwartz et al. 7 y, posteriormente, se utiliza en forma modificada por Chen et al. 8 En el modelo de herida isquémica modificado, se han hecho cambios para eludir las características anatómicas antes mencionadas de la rata que conducen a la curación por la contracción en lugar de epitelización: (1) Dos heridas por escisión de espesor completo se crean dentro de una aleta y la piel dorsal bipediculado muscular panículo carnoso se elimina de lecho de la herida mediante la disección justo encima de la fascia muscular. (2) El colgajo en sí tiene dimensiones más estrechas, lo que garantiza que el suministro de sangre es al azar y las heridas localizadas en el punto medio de tque solapa son isquémicos. (3) Una lámina de silicona se inserta debajo de la solapa, evitando readherence y reperfusión de la solapa de tejido subyacente. Contracción de la herida es limitada (no eliminado) mediante el anclaje de sutura o la solapa a la hoja de silicona 5. El modelo ha sido utilizado recientemente en estudios que van desde efectos de oxígeno hiperbárico en la herida isquémica curación 9,10 para la cicatrización de heridas isquémicas en jóvenes frente a ratas de edad 11 y ha demostrado ser un modelo fiable de prolongada isquemia tisular. Las dimensiones de la aleta bipediculado también se han adaptado a diferentes cepas de ratas Sprague Dawley, incluyendo (11 cm de largo por 2 cm de ancho) y ratas F344 (10,5 cm de largo por 3.0-3.5 cm de ancho) y otras especies, incluyendo porcina 12 y los ratones 13,14. Este video utiliza el F344 cepa de rata endogámica en la manifestación del modelo de herida en la piel isquémica. La aprobación para todos los procedimientos con animales se presentan a continuación era obtenered de la Universidad de Comité de Cuidado de Animales del Sur de la Florida (IACUC) y cumplir con todos los requisitos de la Ley de Protección de los Animales y la Guía para el Cuidado y Uso de Animales de Laboratorio.

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demonstration of the rat ischemic skin wound model

La propensión de las heridas crónicas en humanos aumenta con la edad, condiciones de la enfermedad como la diabetes y la función cardiovascular deteriorada, y la presión, debido a la inmovilidad. Los modelos animales han sido desarrollados que intento de imitar estas condiciones con el propósito de fomentar la comprensión de la complejidad de las heridas crónicas. El modelo descrito en este documento es un modelo de colgajo de piel de rata isquémico que permite una reducción prolongada del flujo de sangre que resulta en heridas que se convierten en isquémica y se asemejan a un fenotipo crónica de la herida (vascularización reducida, aumento de la inflamación y de cierre de heridas retardada). Se compone de una aleta dorsal bipediculado con 2 heridas isquémicas colocados centralmente y 2 heridas no isquémicas lateral a la solapa como controles. Una novela Además de este modelo de colgajo de piel isquémica es la colocación de una lámina de silicona debajo de la solapa que funciona como una barrera y una férula para evitar la revascularización y reducir la contracción como las heridas se curan. A pesar de ladebate de la utilización de las ratas para estudios de curación de la herida debido a sus diferencias anatómicas y fisiológicas muy diferentes en comparación con los seres humanos (es decir, la presencia de un músculo panículo carnoso, corta vida, aumento del número de folículos pilosos, y su capacidad de curar heridas infectadas) las modificaciones empleadas en este modelo convierten en una alternativa valiosa a los modelos de colgajo de piel isquémicos desarrollados anteriormente.

El protocolo de la rata modelo de curación de la herida isquémica debe tomar aproximadamente 20 minutos por animal si se realiza de manera eficiente. Antes de la aplicación de un apósito el modelo debe aparecer como se representa en la Figura 1G. Será importante verificar que la solapa y heridas bipediculado el mismo son isquémica. La tensión de oxígeno subcutánea (funcionario de supervisión 2) a nivel de las heridas se ha medido durante la validación de este modelo 5 me...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Demonstration of the Rat Ischemic Skin Wound Model at JoVE.com

Demonstration of the Rat Ischemic Skin Wound Model

La rata, debido a su tamaño, la disponibilidad, y el comportamiento más bien dócil, se ha utilizado como un modelo de investigación durante muchos años. El objetivo de este protocolo es el de utilizar la rata como modelo de curación de la piel de la herida isquémica proporcionar información valiosa sobre la fisiopatología de las heridas crónicas.

Demostración de la rata isquémica de la piel herida Modelo

The propensity for chronic wounds in humans increases with ageing, disease conditions such as diabetes and impaired cardiovascular function, and ...

demonstration-of-the-rat-ischemic-skin-wound-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&beta; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues as well as altered cytokine homeostasis. The innate immune system plays a crucial role in recognizing pathogens and other endogenous danger stimuli. One of the major cytokines released by innate immune cells is Interleukin (IL)-1. Therefore, we utilize a whole blood stimulation assay in order to measure the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and specifically of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1&beta; 1, 2, 3.
Patients with genetic dysfunctions of the innate immune system causing autoinflammatory syndromes show an exaggerated release of mature IL-1&beta; upon stimulation with LPS alone. In order to evaluate the innate immune component of patients who present with inflammatory-associated pathologies, we use a specific immunoassay to detect cellular immune responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as the gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These PAMPs are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on the cells of the innate immune system 4, 5, 6, 7. A primary signal, LPS, in conjunction with a secondary signal, ATP, is necessary for the activation of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that processes pro-IL-1&beta; to its mature, bioactive form 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10.
The whole blood assay requires minimal sample manipulation to assess cytokine production when compared to other methods that require labor intensive isolation and culturing of specific cell populations. This method differs from other whole blood stimulation assays; rather than diluting samples with a ratio of RPMI media, we perform a white blood cell count directly from diluted whole blood and therefore, stimulate a known number of white blood cells in culture 2. The results of this particular whole blood assay demonstrate a novel technique useful in elucidating patient cohorts presenting with autoinflammatory pathophysiologies.

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&amp;#946; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

We describe a simple immunoassay to measure the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 beta production, in patients presenting with autoinflammatory phenotypes. By activating cells in whole blood cultures with pathogen-associated molecular patterns, specifically with lipopolysaccharide, cytokine secretion can be conveniently evaluated in whole blood supernatants.

La medición precisa y simple de la citoquina pro-inflamatoria IL-1β mediante un análisis de sangre entera estimulación

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues ...

Investigación

Medicina

A Simplified Technique for Producing an Ischemic Wound Model

One major obstacle in current diabetic wound research is a lack of an ischemic wound model that can be safely used in diabetic animals. Drugs that work well in non-ischemic wounds may not work in human diabetic wounds because vasculopathy is one major factor that hinders healing of these wounds. We published an article in 2007 describing a rabbit ear ischemic wound model created by a minimally invasive surgical technique. Since then, we have further simplified the procedure for easier operation. On one ear, three small skin incisions were made on the vascular pedicles, 1-2 cm from the ear base. The central artery was ligated and cut along with the nerve. The whole cranial bundle was cut and ligated, leaving only the caudal branch intact. A circumferential subcutaneous tunnel was made through the incisions, to cut subcutaneous tissues, muscles, nerves, and small vessels. The other ear was used as a non-ischemic control. Four wounds were made on the ventral side of each ear. This technique produces 4 ischemic wounds and 4 non-ischemic wounds in one animal for paired comparisons. After surgery, the ischemic ear was cool and cyanotic, and showed reduced movement and a lack of pulse in the ear artery. Skin temperature of the ischemic ear was 1-10 &deg;C lower than that on the normal ear and this difference was maintained for more than one month. Ear tissue high-energy phosphate contents were lower in the ischemic ear than the control ear. Wound healing times were longer in the ischemic ear than in the non-ischemic ear when the same treatment was used. The technique has now been used on more than 80 rabbits in which 23 were diabetic (diabetes time ranging from 2 weeks to 2 years). No single rabbit has developed any surgical complications such as bleeding, infection, or rupture in the skin incisions. The model has many advantages, such as little skin disruption, longer ischemic time, and higher success rate, when compared to many other models. It can be safely used in animals with reduced resistance, and can also be modified to meet different testing requirements.

We have developed a minimally invasive technique to create a rabbit ischemic ear wound model by dividing the central artery and nerve and the cranial neurovascular bundle. A subcutaneous tunnel then cuts all subcutaneous tissues. This procedure causes minimal skin disruption and can be safely used in diabetic animals.

Una técnica simplificada para fabricar un modelo de lesión isquémica

One major obstacle in current diabetic wound research is a lack of an ischemic wound model that can be safely used in diabetic animals. Drugs that work ...

Endothelin-1 Induced Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model for Ischemic Stroke with Laser Doppler Flowmetry Guidance in Rat

Stroke is the number one cause of disability and third leading cause of death in the world, costing an estimated $70 billion in the United States in 20091, 2. Several models of cerebral ischemia have been developed to mimic the human condition of stroke. It has been suggested that up to 80% of all strokes result from ischemic damage in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) area3. In the early 1990s, endothelin-1 (ET-1) 4 was used to induce ischemia by applying it directly adjacent to the surface of the MCA after craniotomy. Later, this model was modified 5 by using a stereotaxic injection of ET-1 adjacent to the MCA to produce focal cerebral ischemia. The main advantages of this model include the ability to perform the procedure quickly, the ability to control artery constriction by altering the dose of ET-1 delivered, no need to manipulate the extracranial vessels supplying blood to the brain as well as gradual reperfusion rates that more closely mimics the reperfusion in humans5-7. On the other hand, the ET-1 model has disadvantages that include the need for a craniotomy, as well as higher variability in stroke volume8. This variability can be reduced with the use of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) to verify cerebral ischemia during ET-1 infusion. Factors that affect stroke variability include precision of infusion and the batch of the ET-1 used6. Another important consideration is that although reperfusion is a common occurrence in human stroke, the duration of occlusion for ET-1 induced MCAO may not closely mimic that of human stroke where many patients have partial reperfusion over a period of hours to days following occlusion9, 10. This protocol will describe in detail the ET-1 induced MCAO model for ischemic stroke in rats. It will also draw attention to special considerations and potential drawbacks throughout the procedure.

Several animal models of cerebral ischemia have been developed to simulate the human condition of stroke. This protocol describes the endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model for ischemic stroke in rats. In addition, important considerations, advantages, and shortcomings of this model are discussed.

La endotelina-1 inducida por la arteria cerebral media oclusión Modelo para el ictus isquémico con Orientación flujometría láser Doppler en la rata

Stroke is the number one cause of disability and third leading cause of death in the world, costing an estimated $70 billion in the United States in ...

Angiogenesis in the Ischemic Rat Lung

The adult lung is perfused by both the systemic bronchial artery and the entire venous return flowing through the pulmonary arteries. In most lung pathologies, it is the smaller systemic vasculature that responds to a need for enhanced lung perfusion and shows robust neovascularization. Pulmonary vascular ischemia induced by pulmonary artery obstruction has been shown to result in rapid systemic arterial angiogenesis in man as well as in several animal models. Although the histologic assessment of the time course of bronchial artery proliferation in rats was carefully described by Weibel 1, mechanisms responsible for this organized growth of new vessels are not clear. We provide surgical details of inducing left pulmonary artery ischemia in the rat that leads to bronchial neovascularization. Quantification of the extent of angiogenesis presents an additional challenge due to the presence of the two vascular beds within the lung. Methods to determine functional angiogenesis based on labeled microsphere injections are provided.

The lung is perfused by both the systemic bronchial artery and pulmonary arteries. In most lung pathologies, it is the smaller systemic vasculature that shows robust neovascularization. Cessation of pulmonary blood flow promotes brisk bronchial angiogenesis. We provide surgical details of inducing left pulmonary artery ischemia that promotes bronchial neovascularization.

La angiogénesis en el pulmón de rata isquémico

The  adult lung is perfused by both the systemic bronchial artery and the entire  venous return flowing through the pulmonary arteries. In most lung ...

Murine Model of Wound Healing

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. Impaired wound healing, which occurs in diabetic patients for example, can lead to severe unfavorable outcomes such as amputation. There is, therefore, an increasing impetus to develop novel agents that promote wound repair. The testing of these has been limited to large animal models such as swine, which are often impractical. Mice represent the ideal preclinical model, as they are economical and amenable to genetic manipulation, which allows for mechanistic investigation. However, wound healing in a mouse is fundamentally different to that of humans as it primarily occurs via contraction. Our murine model overcomes this by incorporating a splint around the wound. By splinting the wound, the repair process is then dependent on epithelialization, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, which closely mirror the biological processes of human wound healing. Whilst requiring consistency and care, this murine model does not involve complicated surgical techniques and allows for the robust testing of promising agents that may, for example, promote angiogenesis or inhibit inflammation. Furthermore, each mouse acts as its own control as two wounds are prepared, enabling the application of both the test compound and the vehicle control on the same animal. In conclusion, we demonstrate a practical, easy-to-learn, and robust model of wound healing, which is comparable to that of humans.

A murine model of cutaneous wound healing that can be used to assess therapeutic compounds in physiological and pathophysiological settings.

Modelo murino de Curación de Heridas

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

Ischemic Tissue Injury in the Dorsal Skinfold Chamber of the Mouse: A Skin Flap Model to Investigate Acute Persistent Ischemia

Despite profound expertise and advanced surgical techniques, ischemia-induced complications ranging from wound breakdown to extensive tissue necrosis are still occurring, particularly in reconstructive flap surgery. Multiple experimental flap models have been developed to analyze underlying causes and mechanisms and to investigate treatment strategies to prevent ischemic complications. The limiting factor of most models is the lacking possibility to directly and repetitively visualize microvascular architecture and hemodynamics. The goal of the protocol was to present a well-established mouse model affiliating these before mentioned lacking elements. Harder et al. have developed a model of a musculocutaneous flap with a random perfusion pattern that undergoes acute persistent ischemia and results in ~50% necrosis after 10 days if kept untreated. With the aid of intravital epi-fluorescence microscopy, this chamber model allows repetitive visualization of morphology and hemodynamics in different regions of interest over time. Associated processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, microvascular leakage and angiogenesis can be investigated and correlated to immunohistochemical and molecular protein assays. To date, the model has proven feasibility and reproducibility in several published experimental studies investigating the effect of pre-, peri- and postconditioning of ischemically challenged tissue.

The window of the murine dorsal skinfold chamber presented visualizes a zone of acute persistent ischemia of a musculocutaneous flap. Intravital epi-fluorescence microscopy permits for direct and repetitive assessment of the microvasculature and quantification of hemodynamics. Morphologic and hemodynamic results can further be correlated with histological and molecular analyses.

Lesiones tejido isquémico en la Cámara de los pliegues cutáneos dorsal del ratón: Un modelo de la piel de la aleta para Investigar la isquemia aguda persistente

Despite profound expertise and advanced surgical techniques, ischemia-induced complications ranging from wound breakdown to extensive tissue necrosis are ...

A Mouse Fetal Skin Model of Scarless Wound Repair

Early in utero, but not in postnatal life, cutaneous wounds undergo regeneration and heal without formation of a scar. Scarless fetal wound healing occurs across species but is age dependent. The transition from a scarless to scarring phenotype occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy in humans and around embryonic day 18 (E18) in mice. However, this varies with the size of the wound with larger defects generating a scar at an earlier gestational age. The emergence of lineage tracing and other genetic tools in the mouse has opened promising new avenues for investigation of fetal scarless wound healing. However, given the inherently high rates of morbidity and premature uterine contraction associated with fetal surgery, investigations of fetal scarless wound healing in vivo require a precise and reproducible surgical model. Here we detail a reliable model of fetal scarless wound healing in the dorsum of E16.5 (scarless) and E18.5 (scarring) mouse embryos.

During mammalian development, early gestational skin wounds heal without a scar. Here we detail a reliable and reproducible model of fetal scarless wound healing in the cutaneous dorsum of E16.5 (scarless) and E18.5 (scarring) mouse embryos.

Un ratón fetal Modelo de la piel de la reparación de heridas sin cicatrices

Early in utero, but not in postnatal life, cutaneous wounds undergo regeneration and heal without formation of a scar. Scarless fetal wound healing occurs ...

Rat Model of Photochemically-Induced Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Posterior Ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) is a sight-devastating disease in clinical practice. However, its pathogenesis and natural history have&#160;remained poorly understood. Recently, we developed a reliable, reproducible animal model of PION and tested the treatment effect of some neurotrophic factors in this model1. The purpose of this video is to demonstrate our photochemically induced model of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and to evaluate its effects with retrograde labeling of retinal ganglion cells. Following surgical exposure of the posterior optic nerve, a photosensitizing dye, erythrosin B, is intravenously injected and a laser beam is focused onto the optic nerve surface. Photochemical interaction of erythrosin B and the laser during irradiation damages the vascular endothelium, prompting microvascular occlusion mediated by platelet thrombosis and edematous compression. The resulting ischemic injury yields a gradual but pronounced retinal ganglion cell dieback, owing to a loss of axonal input - a remote, injury-induced and clinically relevant outcome. Thus, this model provides a novel platform to study the pathophysiologic course of PION,&#160;and can be further optimized for testing therapeutic approaches for optic neuropathies as well as other CNS ischemic diseases.

The goal of this protocol is to photochemically induce ischemic injury to the posterior optic nerve in rat. This model is critical to studies of the pathophysiology of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and therapeutic approaches for this and other optic neuropathies, as well as of other CNS ischemic diseases.

Rata Modelo de neuropatía óptica isquémica posterior inducida por Fotoquímicamente

Posterior Ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) is a sight-devastating disease in clinical practice. However, its pathogenesis and natural history ...

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Birth asphyxia, which causes hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), accounts for 0.66 million deaths worldwide each year, about a quarter of the world&#8217;s 2.9 million neonatal deaths. Animal models of HIE have contributed to the understanding of the pathophysiology in HIE, and have highlighted the dynamic process that occur in brain injury due to perinatal asphyxia. Thus, animal studies have suggested a time-window for post-insult treatment strategies. Hypothermia has been tested as a treatment for HIE in pdiglet models and subsequently proven effective in clinical trials. Variations of the model have been applied in the study of adjunctive neuroprotective methods and piglet studies of xenon and melatonin have led to clinical phase I and II trials1,2. The piglet HIE model is further used for neonatal resuscitation- and hemodynamic studies as well as in investigations of cerebral hypoxia on a cellular level. However, it is a technically challenging model and variations in the protocol may result in either too mild or too severe brain injury. In this article, we demonstrate the technical procedures necessary for establishing a stable piglet model of neonatal HIE. First, the newborn piglet (&#60; 24 hr old, median weight 1500 g) is anesthetized, intubated, and monitored in a setup comparable to that found in a neonatal intensive care unit. Global hypoxia-ischemia is induced by lowering the inspiratory oxygen fraction to achieve global hypoxia, ischemia through hypotension and a flat trace amplitude integrated EEG (aEEG) indicative of cerebral hypoxia. Survival is promoted by adjusting oxygenation according to the aEEG response and blood pressure. Brain injury is quantified by histopathology and magnetic resonance imaging after 72 hr.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia can be studied using animal models. We demonstrate the procedures necessary for establishing a piglet model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Un modelo del cochinillo de Neonatología encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica

Birth asphyxia, which causes hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), accounts for 0.66 million deaths worldwide each year, about a quarter of the ...

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a focal ischemic lesion of the optic nerve that affects 1/700 individuals throughout their lifetime. NAION results in optic nerve edema, selective loss of the retinal ganglion cell neurons (RGCs) and atrophy of the optic nerve. A rodent model of NAION that expresses most NAION features and sequelae has been developed, which is applicable to both rats and mice. This model utilizes a focal laser application of 532 nm wavelength to illuminate a photoactive dye, Rose Bengal (RB), to cause capillary damage and leakage at the targeted anterior optic nerve (the laminar region). After rNAION induction, there is an early optic nerve ischemia, optic nerve edema, and intraneural inflammation, followed by selective RGC and axonal loss. Since the optic nerve is a CNS white matter tract, the rNAION model is applicable to mechanistic studies of selective white matter ischemia, as well as neuroprotective analyses and short and long-term mechanisms of glial and neuronal response to ischemia.

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy rNAION

The following report describes how to replicate the rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rNAION), using the appropriate dye, contact lens and laser parameters. We also reveal the appropriate steps for evaluating the rNAION lesion in vivo.

El modelo de roedor de la anterior no arterítica neuropatía óptica isquémica (rNAION)

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a focal ischemic lesion of the optic nerve that affects 1/700 individuals throughout their ...