Name: utilizing the antigen capsid-incorporation strategy for the development of adenovirus serotype 5-vectored vaccine approaches
Uploaded: 2015-05-06T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grants 5T32AI7493-20 and&#160;5R01AI089337-03. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

The University of Alabama at Birmingham Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee approved the use of mice as described herein under the approved protocol number 101109272.
1. Genetic Construction of a Modified Plasmid pAd5/H5-HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His 6 with the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy
<ol>
	<li>Construction of the shuttle plasmid HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His6/pH5S
	<ol>
		<li>Order a plasmid containing the synthesized DNA sequence HVR1-KWAS between the restriction enzy...

<ol>
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L., Krendelchtchikov, A. L. G., Li, Z. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral+Vectors+for+Vaccine+Development.">Viral Vectors for Vaccine Development.</a> INTECH. , (2013).</li><li>Tang, D. C., Zhang, J., Toro, H., Shi, Z., Van Kampen, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenovirus+as+a+carrier+for+the+development+of+influenza+virus-free+avian+influenza+vaccines.">Adenovirus as a carrier for the development of influenza virus-free avian influenza vaccines.</a> Expert review of vaccines. 8, 469-481 (2009).</li><li>Flatt, J. W., Kim, R., Smith, J. G., Nemerow, G. R., Stewart, P. 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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+innate+and+pre-existing+immunity+on+adenovirus+therapy.">The influence of innate and pre-existing immunity on adenovirus therapy.</a> Journal of cellular biochemistry. 108, 778-790 (2009).</li><li>Sumida, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutralizing+antibodies+and+CD8++T+lymphocytes+both+contribute+to+immunity+to+adenovirus+serotype+5+vaccine+vectors.">Neutralizing antibodies and CD8+ T lymphocytes both contribute to immunity to adenovirus serotype 5 vaccine vectors.</a> Journal of virology. 78, 2666-2673 (2004).</li><li>Sumida, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutralizing+antibodies+to+adenovirus+serotype+5+vaccine+vectors+are+directed+primarily+against+the+adenovirus+hexon+protein.">Neutralizing antibodies to adenovirus serotype 5 vaccine vectors are directed primarily against the adenovirus hexon protein.</a> Journal of immunology. 174, 7179-7185 (2005).</li><li>Bradley, R. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenovirus+serotype+5-specific+neutralizing+antibodies+target+multiple+hexon+hypervariable+regions.">Adenovirus serotype 5-specific neutralizing antibodies target multiple hexon hypervariable regions.</a> Journal of virology. 86, 1267-1272 (2012).</li><li>Gahery-Segard, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+response+to+recombinant+capsid+proteins+of+adenovirus+in+humans:+antifiber+and+anti-penton+base+antibodies+have+a+synergistic+effect+on+neutralizing+activity.">Immune response to recombinant capsid proteins of adenovirus in humans: antifiber and anti-penton base antibodies have a synergistic effect on neutralizing activity.</a> Journal of virology. 72, 2388-2397 (1998).</li><li>Gu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+multivalent+adenoviral+vectors+for+HIV+vaccination.">Using multivalent adenoviral vectors for HIV vaccination.</a> PloS one. 8, e60347 (2013).</li><li>Tian, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protection+against+enterovirus+71+with+neutralizing+epitope+incorporation+within+adenovirus+type+3+hexon.">Protection against enterovirus 71 with neutralizing epitope incorporation within adenovirus type 3 hexon.</a> PloS one. 7, e41381 (2012).</li><li>Wu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Construction+and+characterization+of+adenovirus+serotype+5+packaged+by+serotype+3+hexon.">Construction and characterization of adenovirus serotype 5 packaged by serotype 3 hexon.</a> Journal of virology. 76, 12775-12782 (2002).</li><li>Wu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+sites+in+adenovirus+hexon+for+foreign+peptide+incorporation.">Identification of sites in adenovirus hexon for foreign peptide incorporation.</a> Journal of virology. 79, 3382-3390 (2005).</li><li>Qiu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serotype-specific+neutralizing+antibody+epitopes+of+human+adenovirus+type+3+(HAdV-3)+and+HAdV-7+reside+in+multiple+hexon+hypervariable+regions.">Serotype-specific neutralizing antibody epitopes of human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) and HAdV-7 reside in multiple hexon hypervariable regions.</a> Journal of. 86, 7964-7975 (2012).</li><li>Parker, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fine+definition+of+the+epitope+on+the+gp41+glycoprotein+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+for+the+neutralizing+monoclonal+antibody+2F5.">Fine definition of the epitope on the gp41 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 for the neutralizing monoclonal antibody 2F5.</a> Journal of virology. 75, 10906-10911 (2001).</li><li>Farrow, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunization+with+Hexon+Modified+Adenoviral+Vectors+Integrated+with+gp83+Epitope+Provides+Protection+against+Trypanosoma+cruzi+Infection.">Immunization with Hexon Modified Adenoviral Vectors Integrated with gp83 Epitope Provides Protection against Trypanosoma cruzi Infection.</a> PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 8, e3089 (2014).</li><li>Krause, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epitopes+expressed+in+different+adenovirus+capsid+proteins+induce+different+levels+of+epitope-specific+immunity.">Epitopes expressed in different adenovirus capsid proteins induce different levels of epitope-specific immunity.</a> Journal of virology. 80, 5523-5530 (2006).</li><li>Omori, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modification+of+a+fiber+protein+in+an+adenovirus+vector+improves+in+vitro+gene+transfer+efficiency+to+the+mouse+microglial+cell+line.">Modification of a fiber protein in an adenovirus vector improves in vitro gene transfer efficiency to the mouse microglial cell line.</a> Neuroscience letters. 324, 145-148 (2002).</li><li>Dmitriev, I. 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The application of the traditional transgene strategy on Ad5 modification for the development of vaccines has been diminished primarily due to the bottleneck associated with the Ad5 PEI4,6. This bottleneck can be partially diminished by application of the alternative Antigen Capsid-Incorporation strategy (Figure 1A), since this strategy can evade neutralization by Ad5 NAbs by replacing neutralizing epitopes of Ad5 with antigens-of-interest, and facilitate the generation of robust immunity to t...

Human adenovirus (Ad) is a medium-sized, non-enveloped virus with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double stranded DNA genome. Ad belongs to the Adenoviridae family, with a classification into seven groups (A through G). Each group contains virus of different serotypes. Of which, adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) from group C has been the most extensively studied and the most widely applied for vectored approaches like gene therapy and vaccinations.
The traditional transgene strategy has been developed and applied for Ad5 modifications, which is characterized by the displacement of the virus early genes with a gene-of-interest, and the focused expression of the gene-of-interest in a host. Examples are the construction of pENV9/Ad5hr&#8710;E3 by replacing early gene 3 (E3) with rev gene of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus1, the construction of AdCMVGag by replacing early gene 1 (E1) with the gag gene of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)2, and the construction of AdlacZ by replacing E1 with lacZ gene3. The broad application of the traditional transgene strategy on Ad5 depends on the following merits: the wide range of hosts for Ad5, the feasible gene engineering on virus and virus propagation, the large accommodation of foreign gene insert and the safety of Ad54,5. However, the reduced efficacies of Ad5-vectored clinical therapies by use of this strategy has been a major bottleneck, which has been mapped to be primarily associated with Ad5 PEI, since Ad5 is so prevalent among the majority of children and adults4,6.
To overcome the major bottleneck of Ad5, the primary objective is to develop an alternative strategy circumventing Ad5 PEI. Innate immunity7, adaptive immunity such as neutralizing antibodies (NAbs)8-10 and CD8+ T cell responses10 against Ad5 have been shown to contribute to Ad5 PEI, with Ad5 NAbs appearing to play the dominant role in the contributions to Ad5 PEI10,11. Moreover, Ad5 NAbs target epitopes located in capsid proteins, including the major protein hexon, fiber and penton base. Of which, hexon is the major target of Ad5 NAbs8,11-13. Based on these findings, an innovative Antigen Capsid-Incorporation strategy has been introduced. This novel strategy highlights the replacement or incorporation of proteins-of-interest on Ad5 capsid proteins, which shifts or masks the Ad5 neutralizing epitopes, leading to the decreased recognition by the NAbs and efficient Ad5 vector administrations. It is noteworthy that this strategy is competitive because it can also help hosts elicit robust humoral immunity and potent cellular immunity by directly presenting antigens-of-interest to the immune system4,14,15. Based on this strategy, the molecular cloning and recombinant Ad viral vector rescue can be structurally divided into four main steps: (a) the preparation of gene-of-interest fragment by either polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or synthesis; (b) the ligation of gene fragment into a shuttle plasmid that contains the gene-of-interest fragment and homologous arms to an adenovirus backbone; (c) the homologous recombination by co-transforming the shuttle plasmid containing the gene-of-interest fragment with the linearized backbone plasmid pAd5/&#8710;H5 (GL)16; (d) the transfection of linearized recombinant adenoviral plasmid to rescue the recombinant Ad vector incorporated with antigens-of-interest.
Our group and some others have extended this alternative Ad incorporation strategy for Ad vectored vaccine development against different infectious pathogens. We reported the generation of a recombinant Ad vector Ad-HVR1-lgs-His6-V3 by incorporating a His-tagged HIV-1 antigen V3 into the HVR1 locale of Ad5 hexon (hexon5). This generated vector triggered strong humoral immune response specific to the V3 epitope4. We also reported the development of Ad5/HVR2-MPER-L15&#8710;E1 by incorporating HIV-1 membrane proximal ectodomain region (MPER) into the HVR2 locale of hexon52. In addition, Dr. Zhou&#8217;s group has used the benefits of this Ad incorporation strategy to develop Ad serotype 3 (Ad3) vectored vaccines, i.e., the generation of viral vector R1SP70A3 by incorporating a neutralizing epitope SP70 of Enterovirus 71 into the HVR1 of Ad3 hexon (hexon3). R1SP70A3 generated strong NAbs and IFN-&#947; production specific to the epitope SP70, which lead to the high rate of protection against Enterovirus 71 challenge15.
For the purpose of technical reference, our study took advantage of the qualitative Antigen Capsid-Incorporation strategy to focus on the generation of a divalent Ad5 vector Ad5/H5-HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His6 by incorporating an HIV-1 antigen into HVR1 and a His tag into HVR5 of hexon5. The generated viral vector was also immunologically evaluated. The Antigen Capsid-Incorporation strategy could be utilized towards the development of Ad5-vectored vaccination approaches against different infectious diseases.

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		<tr>
			<td>1x DPBS</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30256.01</td>
			<td>for cell spliting&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x DPBS</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30378.02</td>
			<td>for dialysis buffer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glycerol</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>G5516-1L</td>
			<td>for dialysis buffer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>161-0301</td>
			<td>for virus lysis buffer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30910.03</td>
			<td>component of culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100X Non-Essential Amino Acids&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30238.01</td>
			<td>component of culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200mM/L L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>25-005-CI</td>
			<td>component of culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>penicillin/streptomycin solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>30-002-CI</td>
			<td>component of culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM with high glucose</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30081.01</td>
			<td>for HEK293 cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minimum Essential Medium Eagle</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>M5650</td>
			<td>for HeLa cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol&#160;</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>P3803-100ML</td>
			<td>for large size of DNA purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cesium chloride&#160;</td>
			<td>Research Products International Corp.</td>
			<td>C68050</td>
			<td>for virus purificiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>25-060-CI</td>
			<td>for CsCl solution preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK293</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>51-0036</td>
			<td>for virus rescue and upscale</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HeLa</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-2</td>
			<td>for neutralization assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-25 flask</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>156367</td>
			<td>for cell culture&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-75 flask</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>430641</td>
			<td>for cell culture&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-175 flask</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>159910</td>
			<td>for cell culture&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>BECKMAN</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>for virus purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge tube</td>
			<td>BECKMAN</td>
			<td>344059</td>
			<td>for virus purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dialysis cassette&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>66380</td>
			<td>for virus dialysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELISA plate</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>442404</td>
			<td>for ELISA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>human anti-gp41 (2F5) mAb</td>
			<td>NIH AIDS Reagent Program</td>
			<td>1475</td>
			<td>for immunological assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse anti-His tag mAb</td>
			<td>GenScript</td>
			<td>A00186</td>
			<td>for immunological assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOC medium</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>46-003-CR</td>
			<td>for transformation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR master mix solution</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>201445</td>
			<td>for PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal lancet (point length at 5mm)</td>
			<td>MEDIpoint</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for mice bleeding&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biophotometer</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for virus physical titer titration</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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utilizing the antigen capsid-incorporation strategy for the development of adenovirus serotype 5-vectored vaccine approaches

Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) has been extensively modified with traditional transgene methods for the vaccine development. The reduced efficacies of these traditionally modified Ad5 vectors in clinical trials could be primarily correlated with Ad5 pre-existing immunity (PEI) among the majority of the population. To promote Ad5-vectored vaccine development by solving the concern of Ad5 PEI, the innovative Antigen Capsid-Incorporation strategy has been employed. By merit of this strategy, Ad5-vectored we first constructed the hexon shuttle plasmid HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His6/pH5S by subcloning the hypervariable region (HVR) 1 of hexon into a previously constructed shuttle plasmid HVR5-His6/pH5S, which had His6 tag incorporated into the HVR5. This HVR1 DNA fragment containing a HIV epitope ELDKWAS was synthesized. HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His6/pH5S was then linearized and co-transformed with linearized backbone plasmid pAd5/&#8710;H5 (GL) , for homologous recombination. This recombined plasmid pAd5/H5-HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His6 was transfected into cells to generate the viral vector Ad5/H5-HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His6. This vector was validated to have qualitative fitness indicated by viral physical titer (VP/ml), infectious titer (IP/ml) and corresponding VP/IP ratio. Both the HIV epitope and His6 tag were surface-exposed on the Ad5 capsid, and retained epitope-specific antigenicity of their own. A neutralization assay indicated the ability of this divalent vector to circumvent neutralization by Ad5-positive sera in vitro. Mice immunization demonstrated the generation of robust humoral immunity specific to the HIV epitope and His6. This proof-of-principle study suggested that the protocol associated with the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation strategy could be feasibly utilized for the generation of Ad5-vectored vaccines by modifying different capsid proteins. This protocol could even be further modified for the generation of rare-serotype adenovirus-vectored vaccines.

The Antigen Capsid-Incorporation strategy (Figure 1A) was utilized to generate the divalent Ad5 viral vector Ad5/H5-HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His6. Firstly, the shuttle plasmid HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His6/pH5S was constructed by subcloning HVR1-KWAS fragment into the previous constructed shuttle plasmid HVR5-His6/pH5S17. Secondly, the plasmid pAd5/H5-HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His614 was constructed by a homologous recombination between the fragment of &#8220;EcoRI-HVR1...

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Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches

Here, we present a protocol to generate a proof-of-principle divalent adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector Ad5/H5-HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His6 by utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation strategy. This vector was demonstrated to exhibit qualitative fitness, the capability to escape Ad5-positive sera in vitro, and the antigenicity as well as immunogenicity to the incorporated antigens.

Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) has been extensively modified with traditional transgene methods for the vaccine development. The reduced efficacies of these ...

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