Name: an assay for measuring the effects of ethanol on the locomotion speed of caenorhabditis elegans
Uploaded: 2015-04-09T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.com

Deze studies werden ondersteund door subsidies van de National Institutes of Health, Nationaal Instituut voor Alcoholisme en alcoholmisbruik: R01AA016837 (JCB) en P20AA017828 (AGD en JCB).

1. Stappen om te presteren op de Dag voor de Assay <ol><li> Pick L4 stadium wormen in de frisse nematode groeimedium (NGM) platen gezaaid met een gazon van OP50 E. coli, en cultuur ze op 20 CO / N. Elke test conditie vereist 10 wormen; pick een overmaat van wormen om voor O / N verlies van wormen. <ol><li> Alleen assay dieren die de eerste dag volwassenen zijn; vele mutanten groeien in een langzamer tempo dan wild-type. Pas de timing van plukken voor stammen die ontwikkelingsstoornissen vertragingen hebben, z...

<ol>
	<li>Prescott, C. A., Kendler, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+and+environmental+contributions+to+alcohol+abuse+and+dependence+in+a+population-based+sample+of+male+twins.">Genetic and environmental contributions to alcohol abuse and dependence in a population-based sample of male twins.</a> Am. J. Psychiatry. 156, 34-40 (1999).</li><li>Schuckit, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+the+risk+for+alcoholism.">Genetics of the risk for alcoholism.</a> Am. J. Addict. Article Review. 9, 103-112 (2000).</li><li>Heath, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+differences+in+alcohol+sensitivity+and+the+inheritance+of+alcoholism+risk.">Genetic differences in alcohol sensitivity and the inheritance of alcoholism risk.</a> Psychol. Med. 29, 1069-1081 (1999).</li><li>Rodriguez, L. A., Wilson, J. R., Nagoshi, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+psychomotor+sensitivity+to+alcohol+predict+subsequent+alcohol+use.">Does psychomotor sensitivity to alcohol predict subsequent alcohol use.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 17, 155-161 (1993).</li><li>Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+8-year+follow-up+of+450+sons+of+alcoholic+and+control+subjects.">An 8-year follow-up of 450 sons of alcoholic and control subjects.</a> Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 53, 202-210 (1996).</li><li>Kalu, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heritability+of+level+of+response+and+association+with+recent+drinking+history+in+nonalcohol-dependent+drinkers.">Heritability of level of response and association with recent drinking history in nonalcohol-dependent drinkers.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 36, 522-529 (2012).</li><li>Davis, S. J., Scott, L. L., Hu, K., Pierce-Shimomura, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conserved+single+residue+in+the+BK+potassium+channel+required+for+activation+by+alcohol+and+intoxication+in.">Conserved single residue in the BK potassium channel required for activation by alcohol and intoxication in.</a> C. elegans. J. Neurosci. 34, 9562-9573 (2014).</li><li>Raabe, R. C., Mathies, L. D., Davies, A. G., Bettinger, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Omega-3+Fatty+Acid+Eicosapentaenoic+Acid+Is+Required+for+Normal+Alcohol+Response+Behaviors+in+C.+elegans.">The Omega-3 Fatty Acid Eicosapentaenoic Acid Is Required for Normal Alcohol Response Behaviors in C. elegans.</a> PLoS ONE. 9, e105999 (2014).</li><li>Topper, S. M., Aguilar, S. C., Topper, V. Y., Elbel, E., Pierce-Shimomura, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alcohol+disinhibition+of+behaviors+in+C.+elegans.">Alcohol disinhibition of behaviors in C. elegans.</a> PLoS ONE. 9, e92965 (2014).</li><li>Bhandari, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chloride+intracellular+channels+modulate+acute+ethanol+behaviors+Drosophila,Caenorhabditis+elegans+and+mice.">Chloride intracellular channels modulate acute ethanol behaviors Drosophila,Caenorhabditis elegans and mice.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 11, 387-397 (2012).</li><li>Davies, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+central+role+of+the+BK+potassium+channel+in+behavioral+responses+to+ethanol+in+C.+elegans.">A central role of the BK potassium channel in behavioral responses to ethanol in C. elegans.</a> Cell. 115, 655-666 (2003).</li><li>Davies, A. G., Bettinger, J. C., Thiele, T. R., Judy, M. E., McIntire, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+variation+in+the+npr-1+gene+modifies+ethanol+responses+of+wild+strains+of+C.+elegans.">Natural variation in the npr-1 gene modifies ethanol responses of wild strains of C. elegans.</a> Neuron. 42, 731-743 (2004).</li><li>Kapfhamer, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+RAB-3/A+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+and+the+mouse+affects+behavioral+response+to+ethanol.">Loss of RAB-3/A in Caenorhabditis elegans and the mouse affects behavioral response to ethanol.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 7, 669-676 (2008).</li><li>Speca, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conserved+role+of+unc-79+in+ethanol+responses+in+lightweight+mutant+mice.">Conserved role of unc-79 in ethanol responses in lightweight mutant mice.</a> PLoS Genet. 6, e1001057 (2010).</li><li>Thiele, T. E., Badia-Elder, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+neuropeptide+Y+in+alcohol+intake+control:+evidence+from+human+and+animal+research.">A role for neuropeptide Y in alcohol intake control: evidence from human and animal research.</a> Physiol. Behav. 79, 95-101 (2003).</li><li>Treistman, S. N., Martin, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BK+Channels:+mediators+and+models+for+alcohol+tolerance.">BK Channels: mediators and models for alcohol tolerance.</a> Trends Neurosci. 32, 629-637 (2009).</li><li>Han, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrating+GWASs+and+human+protein+interaction+networks+identifies+a+gene+subnetwork+underlying+alcohol+dependence.">Integrating GWASs and human protein interaction networks identifies a gene subnetwork underlying alcohol dependence.</a> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93, 1027-1034 (2013).</li><li>Kendler, K. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomewide+association+analysis+of+symptoms+of+alcohol+dependence+in+the+molecular+genetics+of+schizophrenia+(MGS2)+control+sample.">Genomewide association analysis of symptoms of alcohol dependence in the molecular genetics of schizophrenia (MGS2) control sample.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 35, 963-975 (2011).</li><li>Schuckit, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autosomal+linkage+analysis+for+the+level+of+response+to+alcohol.">Autosomal linkage analysis for the level of response to alcohol.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 29, 1976-1982 (2005).</li><li>Alaimo, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethanol+metabolism+and+osmolarity+modify+behavioral+responses+to+ethanol+in+C.+elegans.">Ethanol metabolism and osmolarity modify behavioral responses to ethanol in C. elegans.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 36, 1840-1850 (2012).</li><li>Morgan, P. G., Sedensky, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+affecting+sensitivity+to+ethanol+in+the+nematode,+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Mutations affecting sensitivity to ethanol in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 19, 1423-1429 (1995).</li><li>Mitchell, P. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+concentration-dependent+effects+of+ethanol+on+Caenorhabditis+elegans+behaviour.">The concentration-dependent effects of ethanol on Caenorhabditis elegans behaviour.</a> Pharmacogenomics J. 7, 411-417 (2007).</li><li>Vidal-Gadea, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caenorhabditis+elegans+selects+distinct+crawling+and+swimming+gaits+via+dopamine+and+serotonin.">Caenorhabditis elegans selects distinct crawling and swimming gaits via dopamine and serotonin.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 108, 17504-17509 (2011).</li><li>Bettinger, J. C., Leung, K., Bolling, M. H., Goldsmith, A. D., Davies, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipid+environment+modulates+the+development+of+acute+tolerance+to+ethanol+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Lipid environment modulates the development of acute tolerance to ethanol in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> PLoS ONE. 7, e35129 (2012).</li><li>Davies, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+genes+influence+toluene-+and+ethanol-induced+locomotor+impairment+in+C.+elegans.">Different genes influence toluene- and ethanol-induced locomotor impairment in C. elegans.</a> Drug Alcohol Depend. 122, 47-54 (2012).</li><li>Newlin, D., Thomson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alcohol+challenge+with+sons+of+alcoholics:+a+critical+review+and+analysis.">Alcohol challenge with sons of alcoholics: a critical review and analysis.</a> Psychol. Bull. 108, 383-402 (1990).</li><li>Ponomarev, I., Crabbe, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+method+to+assess+initial+sensitivity+and+acute+functional+tolerance+to+hypnotic+effects+of+ethanol.">A novel method to assess initial sensitivity and acute functional tolerance to hypnotic effects of ethanol.</a> J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 302, 257-263 (2002).</li><li>Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIH+Image+to+ImageJ:+25+years+of+image+analysis.">NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.</a> Nat Methods. 9, 671-675 (2012).</li><li>Husson, S. J., Costa, W. S., Schmitt, C., Gottschalk, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Keeping+track+of+worm+trackers.">Keeping track of worm trackers.</a> WormBook. , (2012).</li></ol>

De eenvoudige neurobiologie en genetische hulpmiddelen die beschikbaar zijn in C. elegans maken de worm een uitstekend model om de moleculaire basis van de effecten van ethanol op gedrag te bestuderen. Hier beschrijven we een test die is gebruikt om verschillende moleculaire en milieu mediatoren van acute gedragsreactie tot ethanol 8,10,20,24,25 identificeren. Deze methode maakt de differentiatie en gelijktijdig onderzoek van twee verschillende ethanol responsgedrag fenotypes, aanvankelijk gevoelighe...

Alcohol use disorders (AUD) are widespread and produce serious health, social, and economic problems. In humans, the susceptibility to developing an AUD is heavily influenced by both genetics and the environment1,2. A strong physiological predictor of abuse liability is the initial level of response (LR) to alcohol (ethanol) that is exhibited by na&#239;ve drinkers3-5. This LR phenotype is influenced by genetics and non-genetic components6. Determining the molecular mechanisms that influence the LR to ethanol is an important goal of the study of ethanol response behaviors.
The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, has been increasingly used as a model for studying the effects of ethanol on behavior7-9. There is strong molecular conservation in the machinery of nervous system function between worms and mammals, and several genes that have been shown to influence the LR to ethanol in worms have been shown to influence LR to ethanol in mammals10-16, and have been implicated in abuse liability in humans17-19. 
Ethanol intoxicates worms, which is reflected in a decrease in their locomotion speed. Several different laboratories have developed behavioral assays that differ in several ways, for example, the locomotion behavior that they study (crawling versus swimming11,12,14,20,21) or in the composition of the solutions in which the assays are performed (nematode growth medium versus Dent&#8217;s saline20,22). Interestingly, these diverse assays have yielded somewhat different dose response profiles for the effects of ethanol. These results have pointed to important differences in the underlying behaviors of crawling and swimming9,23, as well as a role for the environmental variable osmolarity in ethanol responses20, and have highlighted the importance of describing experimental detail of the various assays.
An assay to measure the acute effects of ethanol on crawling behavior is presented here. This assay has been used extensively to study the genetic and environmental influences on the LR to ethanol8,10,20,24,25. The mammalian LR phenotype is a composite of at least two components, initial sensitivity to ethanol and acute functional tolerance to ethanol26,27. In worms, the LR phenotype has been shown to be separable into these two components through the use of this behavioral assay. The influences of genetic and environmental manipulations on both phenotypes can be examined using this single assay. Importantly, these two phenotypes are genetically separable.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>C. elegans strains</td>
			<td>Caenorhabditis Genetics Center</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 x15 mm Petri plates, triple vented</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>628161</td>
			<td>Other plate brands will suffice.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NGM agar</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>NaCl (3g/L), agar (17g/L), peptone (2.5g/L), 1 mL cholesterol (5mg/mL in ethanol), 1 mL (1M) MgSO4, 1 mL (1M) CaCl2, 25 mL (1M) KPO4, pH=6, 975 mL H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>e.g. Fisher Scientific #10300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37&#176;C Incubator</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For drying agar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital balance</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For determining plate weights and agar volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper rings</td>
			<td>Plumbmaster</td>
			<td>STK#35583 (48 cap thread gasket)</td>
			<td>1.6 cm inner diameter, 1.8 cm outer diameter copper rings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% ethanol</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm M</td>
			<td>Bemis</td>
			<td>PM996</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD camera</td>
			<td>QImaging</td>
			<td>RET-4000R-F-M-12</td>
			<td>This camera has a large field of view.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope with C-mount and 0.5X objective</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>MZ6</td>
			<td>Discontinued model, M60 is current equivalent.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light source</td>
			<td>Schott</td>
			<td>A08923</td>
			<td>3&#8221;x3&#8221;&#160; backlight for even illumination across the field of view</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imaging and tracking software</td>
			<td>Media Cybernetics</td>
			<td>ImagePro-Plus v6.0-6.3</td>
			<td>Newer versions of the software have tracking functions.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an assay for measuring the effects of ethanol on the locomotion speed of caenorhabditis elegans

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the development of more effective treatments is the relative lack of understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the effects of ethanol on behavior. The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C.&#160;elegans), provides a useful model in which to generate and test hypotheses about the molecular effects of ethanol. Here, we describe an assay that has been developed and used to examine the roles of particular genes and environmental factors in behavioral responses to ethanol, in which locomotion is the behavioral output. Ethanol dose-dependently causes an acute depression of crawling on an agar surface. The effects are dynamic; animals exposed to a high concentration demonstrate an initial strong depression of crawling, referred to here as initial sensitivity, and then partially recover locomotion speed despite the continued presence of the drug. This ethanol-induced behavioral plasticity is referred to here as the development of acute functional tolerance. This assay has been used to demonstrate that these two phenotypes are distinct and genetically separable. The straightforward locomotion assay described here is suitable for examining the effects of both genetic and environmental manipulations on these acute behavioral responses to ethanol in C.&#160;elegans.

Representatieve gegevens (figuur 1) van verschillende genotypen en hun gepaarde controles worden gepresenteerd 8,24; gegevens werden specifiek gekozen die highlight verschillen in de geteste dieren. De mate van het effect bij 10 minuten blootstelling wordt beschouwd als de oorspronkelijke gevoeligheid van een stam, die wordt weergegeven aan de linkerkant assen in Figuur 1B-G. Mutante stammen met een relatieve snelheid groter dan de controle 10 min worden geacht resistent etha...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.com

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

C. elegans is a useful model for studying the effects of ethanol on behavior. We present a behavioral assay that quantifies the effects of ethanol on the locomotion speed of crawling worms; both initial sensitivity and the development of acute functional tolerance to ethanol can be measured with this assay.

Een test voor het meten van de effecten van ethanol de voortbeweging Snelheid<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

Microdialysis of Ethanol During Operant Ethanol Self-administration and Ethanol Determination by Gas Chromatography

Microdialyse van alcohol tijdens de operante ethanol zelftoediening en ethanol bepaling door gaschromatografie

Operant self-administration methods are commonly used to study the behavioral and pharmacological effects of many drugs of abuse, including ethanol.  ...

An Assay for Permeability of the Zebrafish Embryonic Neuroepithelium

Een bepaling voor de permeabiliteit van de zebravis embryonale neuroepitheel

The brain ventricular system is conserved among vertebrates and is composed of a series of interconnected cavities called brain ventricles, which form ...

A Caenorhabditis elegans Model System for Amylopathy Study

A Caenorhabditis elegans Model System for Amylopathy Study

Een<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Model Systeem voor Amylopathy Study

Amylopathy is a term that describes abnormal synthesis and accumulation of amyloid beta (A&beta;) in tissues with time. A&beta; is a hallmark of ...

Methods for Studying the Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs in Caenorhabditis elegans

Methods for Studying the Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs in Caenorhabditis elegans

Methoden voor het bestuderen van de werkingsmechanismen van Antipsychotica in<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Caenorhabditis elegans is a simple genetic organism amenable to  large-scale forward and reverse genetic screens and chemical genetic screens. The C.  ...

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

Een goedkope, Scalable Behavioral Test voor het meten Ethanol Sedatie Gevoeligheid en Rapid Tolerantie in<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a serious health challenge. Despite a large hereditary component to AUD, few genes have been unambiguously implicated in ...

Agarose Microchambers for Long-term Calcium Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans

Agarose Microchambers for Long-term Calcium Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans

Agarose microkamers naar Lange termijn Calcium Imaging van<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Behavior is controlled by the nervous system. Calcium imaging is a straightforward method in the transparent nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to measure ...

Novel Metrics to Characterize Embryonic Elongation of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Novel Metrics to Characterize Embryonic Elongation of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Novel Metrics te karakteriseren Embryonale Verlenging van de nematode<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Dissecting the signaling pathways that control the alteration of morphogenic processes during embryonic development requires robust and sensitive metrics. ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Elektrofysiologische Methode voor opname intracellulaire Voltage Reacties van<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Fotoreceptoren en Interneurons naar Light Stimuli<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

EEN<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Voedingsstatus gebaseerde Koper Aversion Assay

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their ...

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

Ratiometric Calcium beeldvorming van individuele neuronen in gedragen Caenorhabditis Elegans

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized ...