Name: an assay for measuring the effects of ethanol on the locomotion speed of caenorhabditis elegans
Uploaded: 2015-04-09T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.com

R01AA016837 (JCB)와 P20AA017828 (AGD와 JCB) :이 연구는 국립 보건원, 국립 알코올 중독과 알코올 남용 연구소에서 보조금에 의해 지원되었다.

분석하기 전에 날에 대해 수행 할 1 단계 <ol><li> 신선한 선충 성장 매체에 L4 무대 웜을 선택 (NGM) 판 OP50 E.의 잔디 파종 20 주 / N에서 대장균, 문화를. 각각의 분석 조건 (10) 웜이 필요합니다; 웜의 O / N 손실을 허용하는 웜의 과잉을 선택합니다. <ol><li> 첫날 성인들만 분석 동물; 많은 돌연변이가 야생형보다 느린 속도로 성장한다. 테스트 한 모든 동물이 처음 일 성인 있도록 발달 지연?...

<ol>
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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+differences+in+alcohol+sensitivity+and+the+inheritance+of+alcoholism+risk.">Genetic differences in alcohol sensitivity and the inheritance of alcoholism risk.</a> Psychol. Med. 29, 1069-1081 (1999).</li><li>Rodriguez, L. A., Wilson, J. R., Nagoshi, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+psychomotor+sensitivity+to+alcohol+predict+subsequent+alcohol+use.">Does psychomotor sensitivity to alcohol predict subsequent alcohol use.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 17, 155-161 (1993).</li><li>Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. 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T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conserved+single+residue+in+the+BK+potassium+channel+required+for+activation+by+alcohol+and+intoxication+in.">Conserved single residue in the BK potassium channel required for activation by alcohol and intoxication in.</a> C. elegans. J. Neurosci. 34, 9562-9573 (2014).</li><li>Raabe, R. C., Mathies, L. D., Davies, A. G., Bettinger, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Omega-3+Fatty+Acid+Eicosapentaenoic+Acid+Is+Required+for+Normal+Alcohol+Response+Behaviors+in+C.+elegans.">The Omega-3 Fatty Acid Eicosapentaenoic Acid Is Required for Normal Alcohol Response Behaviors in C. elegans.</a> PLoS ONE. 9, e105999 (2014).</li><li>Topper, S. M., Aguilar, S. C., Topper, V. Y., Elbel, E., Pierce-Shimomura, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alcohol+disinhibition+of+behaviors+in+C.+elegans.">Alcohol disinhibition of behaviors in C. elegans.</a> PLoS ONE. 9, e92965 (2014).</li><li>Bhandari, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chloride+intracellular+channels+modulate+acute+ethanol+behaviors+Drosophila,Caenorhabditis+elegans+and+mice.">Chloride intracellular channels modulate acute ethanol behaviors Drosophila,Caenorhabditis elegans and mice.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 11, 387-397 (2012).</li><li>Davies, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+central+role+of+the+BK+potassium+channel+in+behavioral+responses+to+ethanol+in+C.+elegans.">A central role of the BK potassium channel in behavioral responses to ethanol in C. elegans.</a> Cell. 115, 655-666 (2003).</li><li>Davies, A. G., Bettinger, J. C., Thiele, T. R., Judy, M. E., McIntire, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+variation+in+the+npr-1+gene+modifies+ethanol+responses+of+wild+strains+of+C.+elegans.">Natural variation in the npr-1 gene modifies ethanol responses of wild strains of C. elegans.</a> Neuron. 42, 731-743 (2004).</li><li>Kapfhamer, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+RAB-3/A+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+and+the+mouse+affects+behavioral+response+to+ethanol.">Loss of RAB-3/A in Caenorhabditis elegans and the mouse affects behavioral response to ethanol.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 7, 669-676 (2008).</li><li>Speca, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conserved+role+of+unc-79+in+ethanol+responses+in+lightweight+mutant+mice.">Conserved role of unc-79 in ethanol responses in lightweight mutant mice.</a> PLoS Genet. 6, e1001057 (2010).</li><li>Thiele, T. E., Badia-Elder, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+neuropeptide+Y+in+alcohol+intake+control:+evidence+from+human+and+animal+research.">A role for neuropeptide Y in alcohol intake control: evidence from human and animal research.</a> Physiol. Behav. 79, 95-101 (2003).</li><li>Treistman, S. N., Martin, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BK+Channels:+mediators+and+models+for+alcohol+tolerance.">BK Channels: mediators and models for alcohol tolerance.</a> Trends Neurosci. 32, 629-637 (2009).</li><li>Han, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrating+GWASs+and+human+protein+interaction+networks+identifies+a+gene+subnetwork+underlying+alcohol+dependence.">Integrating GWASs and human protein interaction networks identifies a gene subnetwork underlying alcohol dependence.</a> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93, 1027-1034 (2013).</li><li>Kendler, K. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomewide+association+analysis+of+symptoms+of+alcohol+dependence+in+the+molecular+genetics+of+schizophrenia+(MGS2)+control+sample.">Genomewide association analysis of symptoms of alcohol dependence in the molecular genetics of schizophrenia (MGS2) control sample.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 35, 963-975 (2011).</li><li>Schuckit, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autosomal+linkage+analysis+for+the+level+of+response+to+alcohol.">Autosomal linkage analysis for the level of response to alcohol.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 29, 1976-1982 (2005).</li><li>Alaimo, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethanol+metabolism+and+osmolarity+modify+behavioral+responses+to+ethanol+in+C.+elegans.">Ethanol metabolism and osmolarity modify behavioral responses to ethanol in C. elegans.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 36, 1840-1850 (2012).</li><li>Morgan, P. G., Sedensky, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+affecting+sensitivity+to+ethanol+in+the+nematode,+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Mutations affecting sensitivity to ethanol in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 19, 1423-1429 (1995).</li><li>Mitchell, P. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+concentration-dependent+effects+of+ethanol+on+Caenorhabditis+elegans+behaviour.">The concentration-dependent effects of ethanol on Caenorhabditis elegans behaviour.</a> Pharmacogenomics J. 7, 411-417 (2007).</li><li>Vidal-Gadea, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caenorhabditis+elegans+selects+distinct+crawling+and+swimming+gaits+via+dopamine+and+serotonin.">Caenorhabditis elegans selects distinct crawling and swimming gaits via dopamine and serotonin.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 108, 17504-17509 (2011).</li><li>Bettinger, J. C., Leung, K., Bolling, M. H., Goldsmith, A. D., Davies, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipid+environment+modulates+the+development+of+acute+tolerance+to+ethanol+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Lipid environment modulates the development of acute tolerance to ethanol in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> PLoS ONE. 7, e35129 (2012).</li><li>Davies, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+genes+influence+toluene-+and+ethanol-induced+locomotor+impairment+in+C.+elegans.">Different genes influence toluene- and ethanol-induced locomotor impairment in C. elegans.</a> Drug Alcohol Depend. 122, 47-54 (2012).</li><li>Newlin, D., Thomson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alcohol+challenge+with+sons+of+alcoholics:+a+critical+review+and+analysis.">Alcohol challenge with sons of alcoholics: a critical review and analysis.</a> Psychol. Bull. 108, 383-402 (1990).</li><li>Ponomarev, I., Crabbe, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+method+to+assess+initial+sensitivity+and+acute+functional+tolerance+to+hypnotic+effects+of+ethanol.">A novel method to assess initial sensitivity and acute functional tolerance to hypnotic effects of ethanol.</a> J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 302, 257-263 (2002).</li><li>Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIH+Image+to+ImageJ:+25+years+of+image+analysis.">NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.</a> Nat Methods. 9, 671-675 (2012).</li><li>Husson, S. J., Costa, W. 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C.에서 사용할 수있는 간단한 신경 생물학 및 유전 적 도구 엘레 웜 행동에 에탄올의 효과의 분자 기초를 공부하는 우수한 모델합니다. 여기서는 8,10,20,24,25을 에탄올 급성 행동 반응의 여러 환경 매개체 분자를 식별하는 데 사용 된 분석법을 설명한다. 이 방법은 함께 포유 동물에서 응답의 수준의 복합 표현형 모델, 분화 및 두 개의 서로 다른 에탄올 응답 행동 표현형, 초기 ...

Alcohol use disorders (AUD) are widespread and produce serious health, social, and economic problems. In humans, the susceptibility to developing an AUD is heavily influenced by both genetics and the environment1,2. A strong physiological predictor of abuse liability is the initial level of response (LR) to alcohol (ethanol) that is exhibited by na&#239;ve drinkers3-5. This LR phenotype is influenced by genetics and non-genetic components6. Determining the molecular mechanisms that influence the LR to ethanol is an important goal of the study of ethanol response behaviors.
The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, has been increasingly used as a model for studying the effects of ethanol on behavior7-9. There is strong molecular conservation in the machinery of nervous system function between worms and mammals, and several genes that have been shown to influence the LR to ethanol in worms have been shown to influence LR to ethanol in mammals10-16, and have been implicated in abuse liability in humans17-19. 
Ethanol intoxicates worms, which is reflected in a decrease in their locomotion speed. Several different laboratories have developed behavioral assays that differ in several ways, for example, the locomotion behavior that they study (crawling versus swimming11,12,14,20,21) or in the composition of the solutions in which the assays are performed (nematode growth medium versus Dent&#8217;s saline20,22). Interestingly, these diverse assays have yielded somewhat different dose response profiles for the effects of ethanol. These results have pointed to important differences in the underlying behaviors of crawling and swimming9,23, as well as a role for the environmental variable osmolarity in ethanol responses20, and have highlighted the importance of describing experimental detail of the various assays.
An assay to measure the acute effects of ethanol on crawling behavior is presented here. This assay has been used extensively to study the genetic and environmental influences on the LR to ethanol8,10,20,24,25. The mammalian LR phenotype is a composite of at least two components, initial sensitivity to ethanol and acute functional tolerance to ethanol26,27. In worms, the LR phenotype has been shown to be separable into these two components through the use of this behavioral assay. The influences of genetic and environmental manipulations on both phenotypes can be examined using this single assay. Importantly, these two phenotypes are genetically separable.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>C. elegans strains</td>
			<td>Caenorhabditis Genetics Center</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 x15 mm Petri plates, triple vented</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>628161</td>
			<td>Other plate brands will suffice.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NGM agar</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>NaCl (3g/L), agar (17g/L), peptone (2.5g/L), 1 mL cholesterol (5mg/mL in ethanol), 1 mL (1M) MgSO4, 1 mL (1M) CaCl2, 25 mL (1M) KPO4, pH=6, 975 mL H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>e.g. Fisher Scientific #10300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37&#176;C Incubator</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For drying agar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital balance</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For determining plate weights and agar volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper rings</td>
			<td>Plumbmaster</td>
			<td>STK#35583 (48 cap thread gasket)</td>
			<td>1.6 cm inner diameter, 1.8 cm outer diameter copper rings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% ethanol</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm M</td>
			<td>Bemis</td>
			<td>PM996</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD camera</td>
			<td>QImaging</td>
			<td>RET-4000R-F-M-12</td>
			<td>This camera has a large field of view.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope with C-mount and 0.5X objective</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>MZ6</td>
			<td>Discontinued model, M60 is current equivalent.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light source</td>
			<td>Schott</td>
			<td>A08923</td>
			<td>3&#8221;x3&#8221;&#160; backlight for even illumination across the field of view</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imaging and tracking software</td>
			<td>Media Cybernetics</td>
			<td>ImagePro-Plus v6.0-6.3</td>
			<td>Newer versions of the software have tracking functions.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an assay for measuring the effects of ethanol on the locomotion speed of caenorhabditis elegans

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the development of more effective treatments is the relative lack of understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the effects of ethanol on behavior. The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C.&#160;elegans), provides a useful model in which to generate and test hypotheses about the molecular effects of ethanol. Here, we describe an assay that has been developed and used to examine the roles of particular genes and environmental factors in behavioral responses to ethanol, in which locomotion is the behavioral output. Ethanol dose-dependently causes an acute depression of crawling on an agar surface. The effects are dynamic; animals exposed to a high concentration demonstrate an initial strong depression of crawling, referred to here as initial sensitivity, and then partially recover locomotion speed despite the continued presence of the drug. This ethanol-induced behavioral plasticity is referred to here as the development of acute functional tolerance. This assay has been used to demonstrate that these two phenotypes are distinct and genetically separable. The straightforward locomotion assay described here is suitable for examining the effects of both genetic and environmental manipulations on these acute behavioral responses to ethanol in C.&#160;elegans.

여러 가지 유전자형과 짝을 컨트롤에서 대표 데이터 (그림 1)는 8,24을 제시; 데이터는 구체적으로 분석 동물에서 그 하이라이트 차이를 선정 하였다. 노출 10 분으로 영향 정도는도 1B-G의 좌측 축 상에 도시되어 균주의 초기 감도 여겨진다. 10 분으로 제어보다 큰 상대 속도와 변이주가, 에탄올 (도 1F, G) 내성 인 것으로 간주되는 반면 (도 1D ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.com

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

C. elegans is a useful model for studying the effects of ethanol on behavior. We present a behavioral assay that quantifies the effects of ethanol on the locomotion speed of crawling worms; both initial sensitivity and the development of acute functional tolerance to ethanol can be measured with this assay.

의 로코 속도에 에탄올의 효과를 측정하는 분석<em&gt; 예쁜 꼬마 선충</em

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the ...

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An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

Microdialysis of Ethanol During Operant Ethanol Self-administration and Ethanol Determination by Gas Chromatography

가스 크로마토 그래피에 의한 operant 에탄올 자기 관리 및 에탄올 결정시 에탄올의 Microdialysis

Operant self-administration methods are commonly used to study the behavioral and pharmacological effects of many drugs of abuse, including ethanol.  ...

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Zebrafish 배아 Neuroepithelium의 투과율에 대한 분석

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<em&gt; Caenorhabditis의 엘레</emAmylopathy 연구에 대한&gt; 모델 시스템

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Caenorhabditis elegans is a simple genetic organism amenable to  large-scale forward and reverse genetic screens and chemical genetic screens. The C.  ...

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에탄올 진정 감도 및 신속한 공차 측정을위한 저렴하고 확장 가능한 행동 분석<em&gt; 초파리</em

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a serious health challenge. Despite a large hereditary component to AUD, few genes have been unambiguously implicated in ...

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의 장기 칼슘 이미징을위한 아가로 오스 Microchambers<em&gt; 예쁜 꼬마 선충</em

Behavior is controlled by the nervous system. Calcium imaging is a straightforward method in the transparent nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to measure ...

Novel Metrics to Characterize Embryonic Elongation of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Novel Metrics to Characterize Embryonic Elongation of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

소설 메트릭은 선충의 배아 신장의 특성을<em&gt; 예쁜 꼬마 선충</em

Dissecting the signaling pathways that control the alteration of morphogenic processes during embryonic development requires robust and sensitive metrics. ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

의 기록 세포 내 전압 응답에 대한 전기 생리 방법<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 빛 자극에 광수와의 interneurons<em&gt; 생체</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

에이<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; 영양 상태 기반 구리 혐오 검정

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their ...

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

꼬마 선 충 을 행동에 개별 뉴런의 비율 칼슘 이미징

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized ...