Name: paw-dragging: a novel, sensitive analysis of the mouse cylinder test
Uploaded: 2015-04-29T16:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Paw-Dragging: a Novel, Sensitive Analysis of the Mouse Cylinder Test at JoVE.com

私たちは、写真やビデオ撮影とその技術的専門知識と支援のためにジョン·クローウェル氏とテリーアプシャルに感謝します。この作品は、ヘルスリサーチおよびニューファンドランドの研究開発株式会社および脳卒中の回復の触媒付与のためのカナダのカナダのパートナーシップのハート＆ストローク財団のカナダの研究所からJLVに動作する補助金によってサポートされていました。 RBRはキース·グリフィスメモリアルハート＆ストローク財団大学院奨学金の受取人でした。

倫理文：全ての実験は、動物ケアのカナダの協議会のガイドラインに従ってニューファンドランドの動物ケア倫理委員会の記念大学によって承認されました。 1.マウス<ol><li>成体マウスを使用。本研究では、2~4ヶ月の間に成人男性FVBNのマウス（n = 10）を使用しました。 12時12分時間の家のマウスは、明暗サイクルを逆転させ、標準的なげっ歯類固形飼料および水を自由に提供し?...

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+effective+behavioral+tasks+for+evaluating+sensorimotor+dysfunction+following+traumatic+brain+injury+in+mice.">Two effective behavioral tasks for evaluating sensorimotor dysfunction following traumatic brain injury in mice.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 129 (1), 87-93 (2003).</li><li>Li, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+behavioral+testing+after+focal+ischemia+in+the+mouse:+functional+recovery+and+the+effects+of+gender.">Chronic behavioral testing after focal ischemia in the mouse: functional recovery and the effects of gender.</a> Exp Neurol. 187 (1), 94-104 (2004).</li><li>Clarke, J., Ploughman, M., Corbett, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+qualitative+and+quantitative+analysis+of+skilled+forelimb+reaching+impairment+following+intracerebral+hemorrhage+in+rats.">A qualitative and quantitative analysis of skilled forelimb reaching impairment following intracerebral hemorrhage in rats.</a> Brain Res. , 204-212 (2007).</li><li>Montoya, C. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+vermicelli+and+capellini+handling+tests:+simple+quantitative+measures+of+dexterous+forepaw+function+in+rats+and+mice.">The vermicelli and capellini handling tests: simple quantitative measures of dexterous forepaw function in rats and mice.</a> J Vis Exp. (41), (2010).</li><li>Clarkson, A. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AMPA+receptor-induced+local+brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor+signaling+mediates+motor+recovery+after+stroke.">AMPA receptor-induced local brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling mediates motor recovery after stroke.</a> J Neurosci. 31 (10), 3766-3775 (2011).</li><li>Clarkson, A. N., Huang, B. S., Macisaac, S. E., Mody, I., Carmichael, S. 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円筒試験で足-ドラッグ挙動を定量化する際確立するための重要なポイントは次のとおりです。i）の数のベースラインを確立するために、脳損傷の前に各足の総足のタッチ対の足は、ドラッグ定量化。 ii）の虚血性損傷後の各足の総足のタッチ対足-の薬物の数を定量化します。およびiii）足ドラッグとマウスの胴体の左右回転時シリンダ壁に沿って足の横方向の動きとを区別。 <p class="jove...

神経再生戦略の目標は、組織修復及び機能回復の両方を実証することです。機能回復は、典型的には、特定の脳領域への損傷と関連している運動能力を含む、この場合、機能障害を測定する行動試験を用いて評価されます。外傷性脳損傷または皮質の感覚前肢領域の虚血性損傷は、行動試験の数で示すことができます。そのような試験は、シリンダテストは、前肢活性1における機能障害を評価するために、ラットに広く使用されています。テストでは、透明のトップを持つ唯一のシリンダー、カメラとテーブルを必要とする低セットアップ費用を持っています。それは、げっ歯類の自然探索行動に基づいているので、事前にトレーニングや食品剥奪や報酬が必要とされないように管理することは容易です。これらの多くの利点にもかかわらず、シリンダテストは、前肢のに焦点傷害後のマウスに前肢の赤字を評価するために、下に、利用されています我々は円筒試験におけるマウスの行動の分析に属性皮質を、ensorimotor。前肢非対称性は、シリンダテストの分析の古典的な尺度です。シリンダー内に置かれたとき、げっ歯類が自然に後肢に飼育し、姿勢のバランスのための彼らの前肢の足とシリンダー壁に触れることにより、シリンダの壁を探ります。各前肢と壁と足のタッチの数を容易にシリンダのこの探査中にげっ歯類を撮影することによって定量化されます。影響を受けた前肢の足は影響を受けない前肢の足よりも壁に少ないタッチを行い、反対側の感覚運動皮質への損傷の指標であるとき前肢非対称性が発生します。血管収縮剤のラット、内皮質注射では、エンドセリン（ET-1）は、前肢感覚運動皮質に反対前肢で行動障害をもたらす焦点虚血性病変を引き起こします。対側前肢使用の欠損を容易にFの変化として検出されますラット1-3の円筒試験に非対称性をorelimb。しかし、ラットは対照的に、前肢の非対称性の変化は、変数と同等のET-1注射4-6後のマウスではあまり一致しています。ここでは、シリンダテストで前肢の行動の新規解析を実証 - 足 - ドラッグ挙動の分析を。我々は以前その足-ドラッグ解析は、古典的な前肢非対称性分析より、マウスにおける前肢感覚運動皮質への損傷のより敏感な尺度であるため、焦点の皮質損傷モデルの様々に適用可能であることを示しています。 足-ドラッグ4 -前肢感覚運動皮質への虚血性損傷後どのように前足コンタクトシリンダー壁の検査は、マウスにおける新規の挙動を明らかにしました。マウスがシリンダ壁を探索し、その後方の足で立っているときに足ドラッグが発生し、その中線に向かって、または壁しばらくダウンシリンダ壁に沿って、その影響を受けた（コントラ病変）足をドラッグその影響を受けない前足は壁に対して姿勢をサポートしています。めったにので足ドラッグの外観は前肢感覚運動皮質4の損傷の正の指標である無傷のマウスでは発生しない足-ドラッグ。我々は以前前肢感覚運動皮質へのET-1の虚血性損傷後のマウスにおける足-ドラッグ挙動を定量化しており、脳卒中後4 2週間までマウスで持続足-ドラッグの挙動を示しました。ここでは、足、ドラッグ動作が脳卒中後4週間まで維持されることを示しています。足-ドラッグ挙動の分析は、マウスの前肢感覚運動皮質に焦点虚血性損傷を評価するための新規かつ敏感なツールを提供しています。その安価なセットアップ、管理のしやすさと、この急速にマウスで前肢行動欠陥を評価するための、シンプルでありながら便利なツールとなって得点。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Plexi-glass cylinder</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>17.5cm high, 9.5cm outer diameter, 8.8cm inner diameter, wall thickness 0.35cm (or 3.5 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>viewing table</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>54x56x66.5cm (width x length x height), top of table is a 51x51cm sheet of plexiglass.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mirror</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>34x58cm mirror</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>video camera</td>
			<td>Sony</td>
			<td>DCR-SR42</td>
			<td>Video camera with onboard storage, SD functionality, 40x optical zoom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Optiplex 760</td>
			<td>Processor: Intel, 3.0 GHz, Memory 4.00GB (RAM)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>computer monitor</td>
			<td>Samsung</td>
			<td>S22C350H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Excel (Microsoft Office Professional Plus)</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td>v14.0.7106.5003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VLC Media Player</td>
			<td>Video LAN</td>
			<td>v2.1.2</td>
			<td>Media player with playback speed modulation and video support</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>External Hard Drive</td>
			<td>Western Digital</td>
			<td>WDBAAU0020HBK-01</td>
			<td>2 TB</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

paw-dragging: a novel, sensitive analysis of the mouse cylinder test

シリンダテストを日常げっ歯類における前肢運動皮質に限局性虚血損傷を予測するために使用されます。シリンダー内に置かれたとき、げっ歯類は飼育や姿勢をサポートするためのそれらの前肢の足とシリンダーの壁に触れて探ります。前肢感覚運動皮質への虚血性損傷後、ラットは、前肢の非対称性と呼ばれ、その影響を受けた足と少ないタッチで得られた姿勢をサポートするために、その影響を受けない前肢の足に、より大きく依存しています。これとは対照的に、マウスの脳内の焦点虚血性損傷は前肢の非対称性において同等一貫した赤字をもたらすことができません。前肢非対称性の欠損が頻繁に観察されるが、マウスは「足 - ドラッグ」と呼ばれる新たな行動脳卒中後を実証ありません。足-ドラッグは4本足のスタンスに後方から取り外す際に直接壁からプッシュオフではなく、シリンダ壁に沿って、その影響を受けた足をドラッグするマウスのための傾向です。我々は以前に実証されていること足-ドラッグ動作が前肢の運動野に小さな皮質虚血性傷害に非常に敏感です。ここでは、足-ドラッグ分析のための詳細なプロトコルを提供します。私たちは、足ドラッグが何であるかを定義し、足-ドラッグ行動を定量化する方法を示します。シリンダテストは、管理するための簡単​​で安価なテストであり、事前にトレーニングや食品の剥奪戦略を必要としません。小さい焦点傷害を人気で増え続けると生成された2つのモデル - シリンダテストで足-ドラッグ分析を使用して、このような光血栓やエンドセリン-1（ET-1）誘発性虚血のような皮質の虚血性傷害を予測するためのニッチを埋めます中大脳動脈閉塞より。最後に、円筒試験で足-ドラッグの挙動を測定することは、以前の前肢非対称性分析は一貫性欠損を検出するために失敗したトランスジェニックマウス系統の広いコホートを用いて皮質損傷後の機能回復の研究を可能にします。

我々は以前、足、ドラッグ動作が前肢感覚運動皮質に焦点虚血性損傷後、損傷4の正の指標で表示されていることを実証しました。前肢の感覚運動皮質にET-1のイントラ皮質注射は、虚血性病変（ 図8A、B）を誘導するために使用されました。本研究では、足-ドラッグ動作がより長く14日間機能回復を評価するため、その潜在的な使用のために、損傷後を拡張するかどうかを...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Paw-Dragging: a Novel, Sensitive Analysis of the Mouse Cylinder Test at JoVE.com

Paw-Dragging: a Novel, Sensitive Analysis of the Mouse Cylinder Test

円筒試験の古典前肢非対称性解析を日常脳損傷や脳卒中後のラットにおける行動障害を評価するために使用されます。しかし、マウスでは、一貫した障害を検出することができません。この研究は、足·ドラッグ動作を定量化することは、マウスにおける脳損傷の、より敏感な分析であることを示しています。

ポウ·ドラッグ：小説、マウスシリンダー試験の感度分析

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore ...

paw-dragging-a-novel-sensitive-analysis-of-the-mouse-cylinder-test

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal communication, and repetitive behaviors with restricted interest. As diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, any potentially relevant rodent models of this heterogeneous disorder should ideally recapitulate these diverse behavioral traits. The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse is an established animal model of ASD, displaying repetitive behaviors such as increased grooming, as well as cognitive inflexibility. With respect to social interaction and interest, the juvenile play test has been employed in multiple rodent models of ASD. Here, we show that when BTBR mice are tested in a juvenile social interaction enclosure containing sawdust bedding, they display a repetitive synchronous digging motion. This repetitive motor behavior, referred to as &#34;inchworming,&#34; was named because of the stereotypic nature of the movements exhibited by the mice while moving horizontally across the floor. Inchworming mice must use their fore- and hind-limbs in synchrony to displace the bedding, performing a minimum of one inward and one outward motion. Although both BTBR and C56BL/6J (B6) mice exhibit this behavior, BTBR mice demonstrate a significantly higher duration and frequency of inchworming and a decreased latency to initiate inchworming when placed in a bedded enclosure. We conclude that this newly described behavior provides a measure of a repetitive motor stereotypy that can be easily measured in animal models of ASD.

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Inchworming is a highly repetitive synchronous digging motion displayed by BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice when placed in a testing cage with sufficient sawdust bedding. The procedure is a modification of the juvenile social interaction protocol and is used here to assess repetitive motor stereotypies relevant to Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Inchworming：BTBRにおける新規モーター常<em&gt; T<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Itpr3<sup&gt; TF</sup</em自閉症の&gt; / Jマウスモデル

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal ...

行動学

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

マウスにおけるビデオ解析システムを用いた文脈と手掛り恐怖条件付け試験

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

うつ病のような動作のモデルとしての強制水泳試験

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

モリス水迷路試験：マウス系統およびテスト環境の最適化

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to screen different neurostimulation patterns in hemiparkinsonian (unilateral lesioned) rats. It consists of creating a unilateral Parkinson&#39;s lesion by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right medial forebrain bundle, implanting chronic stimulation electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus and evaluating motor outcomes at the end of 24 hr periods of cable-bound external neurostimulation. The stimulation was conducted with constant current stimulation. The amplitude was set 20% below the individual threshold for side effects. The motor outcome evaluation was done by the assessment of spontaneous paw use in the cylinder test according to Shallert and by the assessment of skilled reaching in the staircase test according to Montoya. This protocol describes in detail the training in the staircase box, the cylinder test, as well as the use of both in hemiparkinsonian rats. The use of both tests is necessary, because the staircase test seems to be more sensitive for fine motor skill impairment and exhibits greater sensitivity to change during neurostimulation. The combination of the unilateral Parkinson model and the two behavioral tests allows the assessment of different stimulation parameters in a standardized way.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment option for Parkinson's disease. We established a study design to screen novel stimulation paradigms in rats. The protocol describes the use of the staircase test and cylinder test for motor outcome assessment in DBS treated hemiparkinsonian rats.

Hemiparkinsonianラットにおける脳深部刺激効果のモーターの成果を評価するための新しいアプローチ：階段室とシリンダーテスト

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

トレッドミル疲労試験：マウスの​​疲労のような挙動のシンプルな、ハイスループットアッセイ

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of four mountains within a computer-generated landscape is tested using a delayed match-to-sample paradigm. Allocentric spatial memory is assessed by altering the viewpoint, colors and textures between the initially presented and target images.
Allocentric spatial memory is a key function of the hippocampus, one of the earliest brain regions to be affected in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) and impairment of hippocampal function predates the onset of dementia. It was hypothesized that performance on the 4MT would aid the diagnosis of predementia AD, which manifests clinically as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
The 4MT was applied to patients with MCI, stratified further based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarker status (10 MCI biomarker positive, 9 MCI biomarker negative), and with mild AD dementia, as well as healthy controls. Comparator tests included tests of episodic memory and attention widely accepted as sensitive measures of early AD. Behavioral data were correlated with quantitative MRI measures of the hippocampus, precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus.
4MT scores were significantly different between the two MCI groups (p = 0.001), with a test score of &#8804;8/15 associated with 100% sensitivity and 78% specificity for the classification of MCI with positive AD biomarkers, i.e., predementia AD. 4MT test scores correlated with hippocampal volume (r = 0.42) and cortical thickness of the precuneus (r = 0.55).
In conclusion, the 4MT is effective in identifying the early stages of AD. The short duration, easy application and scoring, and favorable psychometric properties of the 4MT fulfil the need for a simple but accurate diagnostic test for predementia AD.

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer&#039;s Disease

This article describes the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a hippocampus-dependent test of working allocentric spatial memory. The hippocampus is affected early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and this article outlines the 4MT methodology and results of patient testing, which demonstrates the value of the 4MT in the diagnosis of pre-dementia AD.

4山脈テスト：プレ認知症、アルツハイマー病の診断のための高感度と空間記憶のショートテスト

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

環境内の交信が交配行動に及ぼす影響を調べる方法<em&gt;ショウジョウバエmelanogaster</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

マウスの記憶・学習の調査のための新規オブジェクト認識テスト

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

マウスで個別にアクティブとパッシブのふがいなさを測定

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...