Name: paw-dragging: a novel, sensitive analysis of the mouse cylinder test
Uploaded: 2015-04-29T16:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Paw-Dragging: a Novel, Sensitive Analysis of the Mouse Cylinder Test at JoVE.com

우리는 사진 및 비디오 그래피와 기술적 전문 지식과 지원 씨 존 크로 웰 씨 테리 Upshall 감사합니다. 이 작품은 뇌졸중 복구 촉매 보조금 건강 연구의 캐나다 연구소와 뉴 펀들 랜드의 연구 및 개발 공사와 심장과 캐나다 캐나다 파트너십의 스트로크 재단 JLV에 보조금을 운영에 의해 지원되었다. RBR은 키스 그리피스 기념 심장 및 뇌졸중 재단 대학원 장학금받는 사람이었다.

윤리 문 : 모든 실험 동물 관리에 캐나다위원회의 지침에 따라 뉴 펀들 랜드의 동물 관리 윤리위원회의 기념 대학에 의해 승인되었습니다. 1. 마우스 <ol><li> 성인 마우스를 사용합니다. 이 연구에서, 성인 남성 FVBN 마우스 (N = 10) 사이 2-4개월 사용 하였다. 12시 12분 시간에 집 마우스는 명암 사이클을 역 및 표준 설치류 식사 및 임의 량의 물을 제공한다. </li></ol> 실린더...

<ol>
	<li>Schallert, T., Fleming, S. M., Leasure, J. L., Tillerson, J. L., Bland, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CNS+plasticity+and+assessment+of+forelimb+sensorimotor+outcome+in+unilateral+rat+models+of+stroke,+cortical+ablation,+parkinsonism+and+spinal+cord+injury.">CNS plasticity and assessment of forelimb sensorimotor outcome in unilateral rat models of stroke, cortical ablation, parkinsonism and spinal cord injury.</a> Neuropharmacology. 39, 777-787 (2000).</li><li>Kolb, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+factor-stimulated+generation+of+new+cortical+tissue+and+functional+recovery+after+stroke+damage+to+the+motor+cortex+of+rats.">Growth factor-stimulated generation of new cortical tissue and functional recovery after stroke damage to the motor cortex of rats.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 27 (5), 983-997 (2007).</li><li>Windle, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+analysis+of+four+different+methods+of+producing+focal+cerebral+ischemia+with+endothelin-1+in+the+rat.">An analysis of four different methods of producing focal cerebral ischemia with endothelin-1 in the rat.</a> Exp Neurol. 201 (2), 324-334 (2006).</li><li>Roome, R. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reproducible+Endothelin-1+model+of+forelimb+motor+cortex+stroke+in+the+mouse.">A reproducible Endothelin-1 model of forelimb motor cortex stroke in the mouse.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 233, 34-44 (2014).</li><li>Tennant, K. A., Jones, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensorimotor+behavioral+effects+of+endothelin-1+induced+small+cortical+infarcts+in+C57BL/6+mice.">Sensorimotor behavioral effects of endothelin-1 induced small cortical infarcts in C57BL/6 mice.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 181 (1), 18-26 (2009).</li><li>Wang, Y., Jin, K., Greenberg, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurogenesis+associated+with+endothelin-induced+cortical+infarction+in+the+mouse.">Neurogenesis associated with endothelin-induced cortical infarction in the mouse.</a> Brain Res. 1167, 118-122 (2007).</li><li>Baskin, Y. K., Dietrich, W. D., Green, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+effective+behavioral+tasks+for+evaluating+sensorimotor+dysfunction+following+traumatic+brain+injury+in+mice.">Two effective behavioral tasks for evaluating sensorimotor dysfunction following traumatic brain injury in mice.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 129 (1), 87-93 (2003).</li><li>Li, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+behavioral+testing+after+focal+ischemia+in+the+mouse:+functional+recovery+and+the+effects+of+gender.">Chronic behavioral testing after focal ischemia in the mouse: functional recovery and the effects of gender.</a> Exp Neurol. 187 (1), 94-104 (2004).</li><li>Clarke, J., Ploughman, M., Corbett, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+qualitative+and+quantitative+analysis+of+skilled+forelimb+reaching+impairment+following+intracerebral+hemorrhage+in+rats.">A qualitative and quantitative analysis of skilled forelimb reaching impairment following intracerebral hemorrhage in rats.</a> Brain Res. , 204-212 (2007).</li><li>Montoya, C. P., Campbell-Hope, L. J., Pemberton, K. D., Dunnett, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+'staircase+test':+a+measure+of+independent+forelimb+reaching+and+grasping+abilities+in+rats.">The 'staircase test': a measure of independent forelimb reaching and grasping abilities in rats.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 36 (2-3), 219-228 (1991).</li><li>Farr, T. D., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+and+qualitative+impairments+in+skilled+reaching+in+the+mouse+(Mus+musculus)+after+a+focal+motor+cortex+stroke.">Quantitative and qualitative impairments in skilled reaching in the mouse (Mus musculus) after a focal motor cortex stroke.</a> Stroke. 33 (7), 1869-1875 (2002).</li><li>Tennant, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+vermicelli+and+capellini+handling+tests:+simple+quantitative+measures+of+dexterous+forepaw+function+in+rats+and+mice.">The vermicelli and capellini handling tests: simple quantitative measures of dexterous forepaw function in rats and mice.</a> J Vis Exp. (41), (2010).</li><li>Clarkson, A. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AMPA+receptor-induced+local+brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor+signaling+mediates+motor+recovery+after+stroke.">AMPA receptor-induced local brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling mediates motor recovery after stroke.</a> J Neurosci. 31 (10), 3766-3775 (2011).</li><li>Clarkson, A. N., Huang, B. S., Macisaac, S. E., Mody, I., Carmichael, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reducing+excessive+GABA-mediated+tonic+inhibition+promotes+functional+recovery+after+stroke.">Reducing excessive GABA-mediated tonic inhibition promotes functional recovery after stroke.</a> Nature. 468 (7321), 305-309 (2010).</li></ol>

다음은 실린더 시험에서 발 드래그 동작을 정량화 할 때 요점 설정 : I)의 수 정량 기준을 설정하기 위해 뇌 손상 전에 각 발에 대한 총 발 접촉 대 발을-드래그; ⅱ) 허혈 손상 다음 각 발에 대한 총 발 접촉 대 발-, 드래그의 수를 정량화; 및 ⅲ) 발 드래그하고 마우스의 몸통의 측면 회전시 실린더 벽을 따라 발의 측면 움직임을 구별. 발 드래그은 앞다리의 감각 피질에 손상 후...

신경 재생 전략 목표는 조직 복구 및 복구 기능을 모두 보여주는 것이다. 기능 회복은 일반적으로 특정 뇌 영역에 대한 손상과 관련된 운동 능력이 관련된 경우에, 기능적 결손을 측정 행동 시험으로 평가된다. 외상성 뇌 손상 또는 피질의 감각 앞다리 영역 허혈성 손상, 행동 시험에 의해 증명 될 수있다. 하나의 그러한 테스트는, 실린더 테스트는 앞다리 1 작용 성 활성을 평가하기위한 결손 래트에서 광범위하게 사용된다. 이 테스트는 투명 상단 만 실린더, 카메라와 테이블을 필요로하는 낮은 셋업 비용이 있습니다. 그것은이 설치류의 자연 탐구 행동을 기반으로 관리하기 쉽고, 그래서 사전 교육 및 음식 부족 또는 보상은 필요하지 않습니다. 이러한 많은 장점에도 불구하고, 실린더 시험은 앞다리 s의 초점 부상 다음 쥐에서 앞다리 적자를 평가하기 위해 아래-활용우리가 실린더 시험에서 마우스 동작의 분석 특성 피질, ensorimotor. 앞다리 비대칭 실린더 시험 분석의 고전 척도이다. 실린더에 배치하는 경우, 설치류 자연스럽게 자신의 뒷다리에 양육 및 자세 균형에 대한 자신의 앞다리의 발과 실린더 벽을 터치하여 실린더의 벽을 탐구한다. 각 앞다리와 벽 발 접촉의 수는 쉽게 실린더의 탐사 기간 동안 설치류 촬영에 의해 정량화된다. 영향을받는 앞다리 발은 영향을받지 앞다리 발보다 벽 적은 접촉을하고 반대측 감각 피질에 손상을 나타내는 경우 앞다리 비대칭이 발생합니다. 쥐에서 혈관 수축 화제의 피질 내 주사, 엔도 텔린은 앞다리 감각 피질로 (ET-1), 반대편의 앞다리 행동 결손 결과 국소 허혈성 병소가 발생. 반대측 앞다리 사용의 적자는 쉽게 F의 변화로 감지된다래트 1-3 실린더 테스트에 비대칭 orelimb. 그러나 래트 달리 앞다리 비대칭의 변화와 유사한 가변 ET-1 주사 4-6 다음 마우스에서 덜 일치한다. 여기에서 우리는 실린더 테스트에서 앞다리 행동의 새로운 해석을 보여 - 발 - 드래그 동작의 분석. 우리는 이전에 그 발 드래그 분석은 고전 앞다리의 비대칭 분석보다 쥐의 앞다리의 감각 피질의 손상에 더 민감 측정 따라서 초점 대뇌 피질의 손상 다양한 모델에 적용 할 수있다 보여 주었다. 4 발 - 드래그 - 어떻게 앞발 연락처 시험은 앞다리의 감각 피질에 허혈성 손상 다음과 실린더 벽은 마우스에 새로운 동작을 밝혔다. 마우스를 다음의 중간 선으로 또는 벽 동안 아래로 실린더 벽을 따라 그 영향을받는 (- 콘트라 병변) 발을 드래그 실린더 벽을 탐구하기 위해 뒷다리에 서 때 발 드래그가 발생그것의 영향을받지 앞발은 벽에 자세 지원을 제공합니다. 발은-를 드래그하는 거의 따라서 발 드래그의 모양은 앞다리의 감각 피질 (4) 부상의 긍정적 인 지표가 손상되지 않은 쥐에서 발생하지 않습니다. 우리는 이전에 앞다리의 감각 피질에 ET-1의 허혈성 손상을 다음 마우스에서 발 드래그 동작을 정량화하고 사후 행정 4 이주까지 생쥐에서 지속 발 드래그 동작을 보여 주었다. 여기에 우리가 발 드래그 동작이 사주 후 스트로크까지 지속되는 것으로 나타났다. 발 - 드래그 동작의 분석은 쥐의 앞다리의 감각 피질에 초점 허혈성 손상을 평가하기위한 새롭고 중요한 도구를 제공합니다. 그 저렴한 셋업, 관리의 용이성이 빠르게 마우스의 앞다리 행동 적자를 평가하는 간단하면서도 유용한 도구 만들기 득점.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Plexi-glass cylinder</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>17.5cm high, 9.5cm outer diameter, 8.8cm inner diameter, wall thickness 0.35cm (or 3.5 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>viewing table</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>54x56x66.5cm (width x length x height), top of table is a 51x51cm sheet of plexiglass.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mirror</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>34x58cm mirror</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>video camera</td>
			<td>Sony</td>
			<td>DCR-SR42</td>
			<td>Video camera with onboard storage, SD functionality, 40x optical zoom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Optiplex 760</td>
			<td>Processor: Intel, 3.0 GHz, Memory 4.00GB (RAM)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>computer monitor</td>
			<td>Samsung</td>
			<td>S22C350H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Excel (Microsoft Office Professional Plus)</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td>v14.0.7106.5003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VLC Media Player</td>
			<td>Video LAN</td>
			<td>v2.1.2</td>
			<td>Media player with playback speed modulation and video support</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>External Hard Drive</td>
			<td>Western Digital</td>
			<td>WDBAAU0020HBK-01</td>
			<td>2 TB</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

paw-dragging: a novel, sensitive analysis of the mouse cylinder test

실린더 테스트는 통상적으로 설치류 앞다리 운동 피질 허혈 손상에 초점을 예측하는 데 사용된다. 실린더에 배치하는 경우, 설치류는 양육과 자세 지원을위한 자신의 앞다리의 발과 실린더의 벽을 만져 탐구. 앞다리의 감각 피질에 허혈 손상 후, 쥐 앞다리 비대칭이라고한다 그들의 영향을받는 발을 적은 접촉의 결과로 자세 지원을 위해 자신의 영향을받지 앞다리의 발에 더 많이 의존하고있다. 반면에, 마우스의 뇌에 초점 허혈성 손상은 앞다리의 비대칭 성에서 비교 일치 적자가 발생되지 않습니다. 앞다리 비대칭 적자가 자주 관찰되는 반면, 마우스는 &quot;발 드래그&quot;라고 새로운 행동 포스트 행정을 보여 않습니다. 발 - 드래그는 4 다리 자세로 후면에서 분리 할 때 직접 벽에서 밀어보다는 실린더 벽을 따라 그 영향을받는 발을 끌어 마우스의 경향이다. 우리는 이전에 있음을 증명하고있다발 드래그 동작은 앞다리의 운동 피질에 작은 대뇌 피질의 허혈성 손상에 매우 민감하다. 여기에 우리가 발 드래그 분석에 대한 자세한 프로토콜을 제공합니다. 우리는 발 드래그가 무엇인지 정의하고 발 드래그 동작을 정량화하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 실린더 테스트 관리하는 간단하고 저렴한 실험이며 사전 훈련 또는 음식 박탈 전략을 필요로하지 않는다. 작은 초점 부상의 인기가 계속 증가하고 생산되는 두 가지 모델 - 실린더 테스트와 발 드래그 분석을 사용하여, 이러한 photothrombosis 및 엔도 텔린 -1 (ET-1) 유도 된 허혈과 같은 대뇌 피질의 허혈성 손상을 예측하는 틈새 시장을 채 웁니다 중간 대뇌 동맥 폐색보다. 마지막으로, 실린더 시험에서 발 - 드래그 동작을 측정하는 단계 이전 앞다리 비대칭 분석 일관성 결손을 검출하지 못한 트랜스 제닉 마우스 균주를 사용하여 넓은 코호트 피질 손상 후 기능 회복의 연구를 허용 할 것이다.

우리는 이전에 그 발 드래그 동작은 앞다리의 감각 피질에 초점 허혈 손상에 따라 표시 및 손상 (4)의 긍정적 인 지표가 증명하고있다. 앞다리의 감각 피질에 ET-1의 인트라 대뇌 피질의 주사는 허혈성 병변 (도 8a, B)를 유도하기 위해 사용되었다. 잠재적 사용 기능 회복을 평가하기 위해 발 드래그 동작이 이상 십사일 후 부상 연장 여부를이 연구는 조사 하였다. 마우스는 이전?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Paw-Dragging: a Novel, Sensitive Analysis of the Mouse Cylinder Test at JoVE.com

Paw-Dragging: a Novel, Sensitive Analysis of the Mouse Cylinder Test

실린더 시험의 고전 앞다리 비대칭 분석 일상적 뇌 손상 또는 뇌졸중 다음 래트에서 행동 결손을 평가하기 위해 사용된다; 그러나, 쥐에서 일관된 적자를 감지하지 못한다. 이 연구는 발 드래그 동작을 정량화하는 것은 쥐의 뇌 손상에 더 민감 분석 것을 보여줍니다.

발 - 드래그 : 소설, 마우스 실린더 시험의 민감성 분석

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore ...

paw-dragging-a-novel-sensitive-analysis-of-the-mouse-cylinder-test

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal communication, and repetitive behaviors with restricted interest. As diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, any potentially relevant rodent models of this heterogeneous disorder should ideally recapitulate these diverse behavioral traits. The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse is an established animal model of ASD, displaying repetitive behaviors such as increased grooming, as well as cognitive inflexibility. With respect to social interaction and interest, the juvenile play test has been employed in multiple rodent models of ASD. Here, we show that when BTBR mice are tested in a juvenile social interaction enclosure containing sawdust bedding, they display a repetitive synchronous digging motion. This repetitive motor behavior, referred to as &#34;inchworming,&#34; was named because of the stereotypic nature of the movements exhibited by the mice while moving horizontally across the floor. Inchworming mice must use their fore- and hind-limbs in synchrony to displace the bedding, performing a minimum of one inward and one outward motion. Although both BTBR and C56BL/6J (B6) mice exhibit this behavior, BTBR mice demonstrate a significantly higher duration and frequency of inchworming and a decreased latency to initiate inchworming when placed in a bedded enclosure. We conclude that this newly described behavior provides a measure of a repetitive motor stereotypy that can be easily measured in animal models of ASD.

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Inchworming is a highly repetitive synchronous digging motion displayed by BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice when placed in a testing cage with sufficient sawdust bedding. The procedure is a modification of the juvenile social interaction protocol and is used here to assess repetitive motor stereotypies relevant to Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Inchworming : BTBR의 소설 모터 상동증 (stereotypy)을<em&gt; T<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Itpr3<sup&gt; TF</sup</em자폐증의&gt; / J 마우스 모델

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal ...

연구

행동분석학

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

마우스에서 비디오 분석 시스템을 사용하여 콘텐츠 및 시작됨 공포 컨디셔닝 테스트

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

우울증 같은 행동의 모델로 강제 수영 테스트

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

모리스 물 미로 테스트 : 마우스 스트레인 및 테스트 환경을위한 최적화

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to screen different neurostimulation patterns in hemiparkinsonian (unilateral lesioned) rats. It consists of creating a unilateral Parkinson&#39;s lesion by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right medial forebrain bundle, implanting chronic stimulation electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus and evaluating motor outcomes at the end of 24 hr periods of cable-bound external neurostimulation. The stimulation was conducted with constant current stimulation. The amplitude was set 20% below the individual threshold for side effects. The motor outcome evaluation was done by the assessment of spontaneous paw use in the cylinder test according to Shallert and by the assessment of skilled reaching in the staircase test according to Montoya. This protocol describes in detail the training in the staircase box, the cylinder test, as well as the use of both in hemiparkinsonian rats. The use of both tests is necessary, because the staircase test seems to be more sensitive for fine motor skill impairment and exhibits greater sensitivity to change during neurostimulation. The combination of the unilateral Parkinson model and the two behavioral tests allows the assessment of different stimulation parameters in a standardized way.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment option for Parkinson's disease. We established a study design to screen novel stimulation paradigms in rats. The protocol describes the use of the staircase test and cylinder test for motor outcome assessment in DBS treated hemiparkinsonian rats.

계단 및 실린더 테스트 : 소설 접근은 Hemiparkinsonian 쥐에 깊은 뇌 자극 효과의 모터 결과를 평가하는

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

디딜 방아 피로 시험 : 마우스에 대한 피로와 같은 행동 간단한, 높은 처리량 분석

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of four mountains within a computer-generated landscape is tested using a delayed match-to-sample paradigm. Allocentric spatial memory is assessed by altering the viewpoint, colors and textures between the initially presented and target images.
Allocentric spatial memory is a key function of the hippocampus, one of the earliest brain regions to be affected in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) and impairment of hippocampal function predates the onset of dementia. It was hypothesized that performance on the 4MT would aid the diagnosis of predementia AD, which manifests clinically as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
The 4MT was applied to patients with MCI, stratified further based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarker status (10 MCI biomarker positive, 9 MCI biomarker negative), and with mild AD dementia, as well as healthy controls. Comparator tests included tests of episodic memory and attention widely accepted as sensitive measures of early AD. Behavioral data were correlated with quantitative MRI measures of the hippocampus, precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus.
4MT scores were significantly different between the two MCI groups (p = 0.001), with a test score of &#8804;8/15 associated with 100% sensitivity and 78% specificity for the classification of MCI with positive AD biomarkers, i.e., predementia AD. 4MT test scores correlated with hippocampal volume (r = 0.42) and cortical thickness of the precuneus (r = 0.55).
In conclusion, the 4MT is effective in identifying the early stages of AD. The short duration, easy application and scoring, and favorable psychometric properties of the 4MT fulfil the need for a simple but accurate diagnostic test for predementia AD.

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer&#039;s Disease

This article describes the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a hippocampus-dependent test of working allocentric spatial memory. The hippocampus is affected early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and this article outlines the 4MT methodology and results of patient testing, which demonstrates the value of the 4MT in the diagnosis of pre-dementia AD.

4 산맥 테스트 : 알츠하이머 병 전 치매의 진단에 대한 높은 감도와 공간 메모리의 짧은 테스트

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

환경에서 신호의 결합 효과에 미치는 영향을 시험하는 방법<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

학습 및 생쥐에서 메모리의 조사에 대 한 새로운 개체 인식 테스트

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

마우스에서 별도로 측정 능동 및 수동 Tameness

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...