Name: screening foodstuffs for class 1 integrons and gene cassettes
Uploaded: 2015-06-19T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Screening Foodstuffs for Class 1 Integrons and Gene Cassettes at JoVE.com

Tak til Michaela Hall, Larissa Bispo og Gustavo Tavares for teknisk bistand.

Fødevarer, som spises rå eller let kogte, er af de fleste for menneskers sundhed. Eksempler omfatter salat grøntsager, frugt, skaldyr og krebsdyr. 1. Prøvetagning <ol><li> Indsamle prøver under forhold, der minimerer forurening, og opbevares i særskilte, rene poser under transport. Når samlet, bør prøverne opbevares ved 4 ° C og behandles inden for 24 timer. </li></ol> 2. beriget Culture Forberedelse <ol><li> Frugt og grøntsager: <ol><li> Placer ca. 10 ...

<ol>
	<li>Bush, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tackling+antibiotic+resistance.">Tackling antibiotic resistance.</a> Nature Rev. Microbiol. 9, 894-896 (2011).</li><li>Davies, J., Davies, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origins+and+evolution+of+antibiotic+resistance.">Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance.</a> Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 74 (3), 417-433 (2010).</li><li>Costa, V. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibiotic+resistance+is+ancient.">Antibiotic resistance is ancient.</a> Nature. 477 (7365), 457-461 (2011).</li><li>Gillings, M. 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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impacts+of+anthropogenic+activity+on+the+ecology+of+class+1+integrons+and+integron-associated+genes+in+the+environment.">Impacts of anthropogenic activity on the ecology of class 1 integrons and integron-associated genes in the environment.</a> ISME J. 5, 1253-1261 (2011).</li><li>Gerzova, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+microbiota+composition+and+presence+of+selected+antibiotic+resistance+genes+in+carriage+water+of+ornamental+fish.">Characterization of microbiota composition and presence of selected antibiotic resistance genes in carriage water of ornamental fish.</a> PLoS ONE. 9, e103865 (2014).</li><li>Power, M., Emery, S., Gillings, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Into+the+wild:+dissemination+of+antibiotic+resistance+determinants+via+a+species+recovery+program.">Into the wild: dissemination of antibiotic resistance determinants via a species recovery program.</a> PLoS ONE. 8, e63017 (2013).</li><li>Stokes, H. W., Gillings, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+flow,+mobile+genetic+elements+and+the+recruitment+of+antibiotic+resistance+genes+into+Gram-negative+pathogens.">Gene flow, mobile genetic elements and the recruitment of antibiotic resistance genes into Gram-negative pathogens.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 35 (5), 790-819 (2011).</li><li>Moura, A., Oliveira, C., Henriques, I., Smalla, K., Correia, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Broad+diversity+of+conjugative+plasmids+in+integron-carrying+bacteria+from+wastewater+environments.">Broad diversity of conjugative plasmids in integron-carrying bacteria from wastewater environments.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 330 (2), 157-164 (2012).</li><li>Schl&#252;ter, A., Krause, L., Szczepanowski, R., Goesmann, A., P&#252;hler, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+diversity+and+composition+of+a+plasmid+metagenome+from+a+wastewater+treatment+plant.">Genetic diversity and composition of a plasmid metagenome from a wastewater treatment plant.</a> J. Biotech. 136 (1-2), 65-76 (2008).</li><li>Taylor, N. G. H., Verner-Jeffreys, D. W., Baker-Austin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aquatic+systems:+maintaining,+mixing+and+mobilising+antimicrobial+resistance.">Aquatic systems: maintaining, mixing and mobilising antimicrobial resistance.</a> TREE. 26 (6), 278-284 (2011).</li><li>Stalder, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+and+qualitative+impact+of+hospital+effluent+on+dissemination+of+the+integron+pool.">Quantitative and qualitative impact of hospital effluent on dissemination of the integron pool.</a> ISME J. 8, 768-777 (2014).</li><li>Allen, H. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Call+of+the+wild:+antibiotic+resistance+genes+in+natural+environments.">Call of the wild: antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments.</a> Nature Rev. Microbiol. 8, 251-259 (2010).</li><li>Wellington, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+the+natural+environment+in+the+emergence+of+antibiotic+resistance+in+Gram-negative+bacteria.">The role of the natural environment in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.</a> Lancet Infect. Dis. 13 (2), 155-165 (2013).</li><li>Gillings, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mobilization+of+a+Tn402-like+class+1+integron+with+a+novel+cassette+array+via+flanking+miniature+inverted-repeat+transposable+element-like+structures.">Mobilization of a Tn402-like class 1 integron with a novel cassette array via flanking miniature inverted-repeat transposable element-like structures.</a> Appl. Env. Microbiol. 75 (18), 6002-6004 (2009).</li><li>Graham, D. W., Collignon, P., Davies, J., Larsson, D. J., Snape, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Underappreciated+role+of+regionally+poor+water+quality+on+globally+increasing+antibiotic+resistance.">Underappreciated role of regionally poor water quality on globally increasing antibiotic resistance.</a> Env. Sci. Technol. 48 (20), 11746-11747 (2014).</li><li>Perry, J. A., Westman, E. L., Wright, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+antibiotic+resistome:+what's+new.">The antibiotic resistome: what's new.</a> Curr. Opinion Microbiol. 21, 45-50 (2014).</li><li>Lorenz, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymerase+chain+reaction:+basic+protocol+plus+troubleshooting+and+optimization+strategies.">Polymerase chain reaction: basic protocol plus troubleshooting and optimization strategies.</a> J. Vis. Exp. 63, e3998-e3998 (2011).</li><li>Gillings, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+Extraction+of+PCR-Competent+DNA+from+Recalcitrant+Environmental+Samples.">Rapid Extraction of PCR-Competent DNA from Recalcitrant Environmental Samples.</a> Env. Microbiol. 1096, 17-23 (2014).</li><li>Sajjad, A., Holley, M. P., Labbate, M., Stokes, H., Gillings, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+class+1+integron+with+a+complete+Tn402-like+transposition+module.">Preclinical class 1 integron with a complete Tn402-like transposition module.</a> Appl. Env. Microbiol. 77 (1), 335-337 (2011).</li><li>Wright, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibiotic+resistance+in+the+environment:+A+link+to+the+clinic.">Antibiotic resistance in the environment: A link to the clinic.</a> Curr. Opinion Microbiol. 13 (5), 589-594 (2010).</li><li>Stokes, H., Nesbo, C., Holley, M., Bahl, M., Gillings, M., Boucher, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Class+1+integrons+predating+the+association+with+Tn402.-like+transposition+genes+are+present+in+a+sediment+microbial+community.">Class 1 integrons predating the association with Tn402.-like transposition genes are present in a sediment microbial community.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 188, 5722-5730 (2006).</li><li>Lane, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Nucleic Acid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics. , 115-175 (1991).</li><li>Holmes, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombination+activity+of+a+distinctive+integron-gene+cassette+system+associated+with+stutzeri.+populations+in+soil.">Recombination activity of a distinctive integron-gene cassette system associated with stutzeri. populations in soil.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 185, 918-928 (2003).</li></ol>

Identifikationen af integrons og deres tilknyttede genkassetter er potentielt et vigtigt skridt i at forudsige fremkomsten af nye opportunistiske patogener, sporing veje for patogener ind i den menneskelige fødekæde, og identificere nye modstand og virulensdeterminanter 8,21,26. Formålet med dette dokument var at beskrive en strømlinet tilgang til screening prøver til klasse 1 integrons, der karakteriserer deres kassette arrays og identificere de bakteriearter, som de bor. Kritiske trin i protokollen ind...

Opdagelsen af antibiotika var en af de største videnskabelige resultater af det 20. århundrede. Imidlertid har brug og misbrug af antibiotika ført til den hurtige udvikling af antibiotikaresistente bakterier, og disse nu udgør en alvorlig trussel mod folkesundheden i det 21. århundrede. Fremkomsten af bakteriestammer er resistente over for de fleste behandlingsmuligheder rejser muligheden vi er på vej ind i en æra, hvor antimikrobielle stoffer ikke længere effektive 1,2. Den genetiske maskineri, som giver antibiotikaresistens er et gammelt system forud mennesker og antibiotikaselektion pres af millioner af år 3. Mobile genetiske elementer, såsom plasmider, transposoner, genomiske øer, integrativ konjugative elementer og integrons kan formidle antibiotikumresistensgener (Arg), både inden for og mellem bakteriearter 4. Af disse har integrons spillet en central rolle i spredningen af ​​ARG, på trods af denfaktum, at de er afhængige af plasmider og transposoner til mobilisering og indføring i bakterielle genomer 5. Integrons fange genkassetter anvendelse af en integron-integrase, og derefter udtrykke kassetter anvendelse af en integron kodet promotor 6,7 (figur 1). Integron gen-kassetter er små mobile elementer bestående af enkelte åbne læserammer (ORF), hvis produkter kan give resistens over for antibiotika eller desinfektionsmidler 8. Klasse 1 integrons er integrons mest almindeligt inddrives fra kliniske isolater 5, hvor de tilsammen har erhvervet over 130 forskellige antibiotikaresistens genkassetter 9. Udbredelsen af klasse 1 integrons i humane-associeret kommensale og sygdomsfremkaldende bakterier genererer menneskelige affaldsstrømme, der indeholder et stort antal af disse genetiske elementer 10. Det anslås 10 19 bakterier, der indeholder klasse 1 integrons frigives via spildevandsslam hvert år in Det Forenede Kongerige 11. Det er derfor ikke overraskende, at klasse 1 integrons der giver antibiotika modstande nu er ved at blive opdaget i mikrobiota af vilde fugle, fisk og andre indfødte dyreliv 12-14. Frigivelse integrons tilbage i miljøet udgør en betydelig trussel mod folkesundheden, da køb af nye genkassetter og komplekse rearrangementer med andre mobile elementer fortsætter med at opstå, især i rensningsanlæg og andre vandområder 15-18. Det naturlige miljø bliver så en frugtbar rekrutteringsgrundlag for nye modstand determinanter og opportunistiske patogener 19,20. Nye integron-holdige bakterier og nye args kan cirkel tilbage i det menneskelige fællesskab gennem forurenet vand og mad 21,22. Overvågning af de miljømæssige args er en vigtig strategi for at forstå og administrere antibiotikaresistens i fremtiden 23. Især bør man være opmærksom på fødevarer, der spises rå ellerlet kogte, da disse præsentere den største trussel for overførsel af nye mobile elementer og patogener. I denne protokol, en strømlinet tilgang til detektering, identificering og karakterisering af klasse 1 integrons og deres tilknyttede genkassetter i levnedsmidler er skitseret (figur 2). Ved hjælp af en kombination af dyrkning og polymerasekædereaktion (PCR), kan integrons hurtigt påvises i komplekse bakterielle samfund og individuelle isolater. Fremgangsmåder til at identificere de arter af bakterier og konformationen og identiteten af ​​de integron-associerede genkassetter er givet. Fremgangsmåden er velegnet til en bred vifte af vegetabilske og animalske fødevarer, og er givet eksempler på typiske arbejdsgange for hver af disse typer fødevarer.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>GoTaq Colourless Mastermix</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M7132</td>
			<td>Used in all PCRs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAse (Ribonuclease A from bovine pancreas)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R6513-10MG</td>
			<td>Used in all PCRs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HinFI restriction enzyme</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>R6201</td>
			<td>Used to digest 16S rDNA PCR poducts. Enzyme comes with optimal buffer and BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 bp ladder</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>27400701</td>
			<td>Used as a size standard on all agarose gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GelRed DNA stain</td>
			<td>Biotium</td>
			<td>41003</td>
			<td>CAUTION: Personal protection must be worn when handling this material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guanidinium Thiocyanate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AM9422</td>
			<td>CAUTION: Personal protection must be worn when handling this material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CLS-TC Solution</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>6540409</td>
			<td>Resuspension solution used at the begining of the genomic DNA extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysing Matrix E FastPrep tubes</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>116914500</td>
			<td>Tube required for mechanical disruption of bacterial cell walls. This code is used for packs of 500 tubes, smaller quantities are available.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>binding matrix</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>116540408</td>
			<td>Diluted 1:5 with 6M guanidinium thiocyanate and used in the genomic DNA extraction method.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast Prep machine</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>Number of options available</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals has a number of FastPrep machines available to purchase. Visit http://www.mpbio.com for more information</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

screening foodstuffs for class 1 integrons and gene cassettes

Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest threats to health in the 21st century. Acquisition of resistance genes via lateral gene transfer is a major factor in the spread of diverse resistance mechanisms. Amongst the DNA elements facilitating lateral transfer, the class 1 integrons have largely been responsible for spreading antibiotic resistance determinants amongst Gram negative pathogens. In total, these integrons have acquired and disseminated over 130 different antibiotic resistance genes. With continued antibiotic use, class 1 integrons have become ubiquitous in commensals and pathogens of humans and their domesticated animals. As a consequence, they can now be found in all human waste streams, where they continue to acquire new genes, and have the potential to cycle back into humans via the food chain. This protocol details a streamlined approach for detecting class 1 integrons and their associated resistance gene cassettes in foodstuffs, using culturing and PCR. Using this protocol, researchers should be able to: collect and prepare samples to make enriched cultures and screen for class 1 integrons; isolate single bacterial colonies to identify integron-positive isolates; identify bacterial species that contain class 1 integrons; and characterize these integrons and their associated gene cassettes.

Screening af blandede kulturer og bakterielle isolater for intI1 Primersæt HS463a / HS464 PCR kan anvendes til at påvise tilstedeværelsen af klasse 1 integron-integrase-gen, intI1 (figur 1). Denne primer sæt fungerer godt til at detektere intI1 i blandede kulturer, og bruges også til at screene bakterielle kolonier høstet fra spread plader (figur 2). Positive isolater bør generere en enkelt stærk bånd ved 471 bp under anvendelse af de...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Screening Foodstuffs for Class 1 Integrons and Gene Cassettes at JoVE.com

Screening Foodstuffs for Class 1 Integrons and Gene Cassettes

This protocol describes the detection of class 1 integrons and their associated gene cassettes in foodstuffs.

Screening Levnedsmidler for klasse 1 Integrons og genkassetter

Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest threats to health in the 21st century. Acquisition of resistance genes via lateral gene transfer is a major ...

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