Name: protocols for robust herbicide resistance testing in different weed species
Uploaded: 2015-07-02T11:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocols for Robust Herbicide Resistance Testing in Different Weed Species at JoVE.com

The research was supported by the National Research Council (CNR) of Italy. The authors thank GIRE members for collecting seed samples and are grateful to Alison Garside for revising the English.

1. Seed Prøvetaking og lagring <ol><li> Overvåke dyrket mark for uberettiget dårlig ugressmiddel ytelse, dvs. ikke på grunn av ugunstige klimatiske forhold eller lav kvalitet ugressmiddel behandlinger. </li><li> Samle et frø prøve fra en art på en gang, og tildele en unik kode. Modne frø samles vanligvis før avling høsting av planter som hadde overlevd ugressmiddel behandling (s). Betimelig monitor å observere om frøene er utgytt av morplanten når moden. </li><li> Fylle ut et skjema for hver prø...

<ol>
	<li>Massa, D., Kaiser, Y. I., And&#250;jar-S&#225;nchez, D., Carmona-Alf&#233;rez, R., Mehrtens, J., Gerhards, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+geo-referenced+database+for+weed+mapping+and+analysis+of+agronomic+factors+affecting+herbicide+resistance+in+Apera+spica-venti+L.+Beauv.+(Silky+Windgrass).">Development of a geo-referenced database for weed mapping and analysis of agronomic factors affecting herbicide resistance in Apera spica-venti L. Beauv. (Silky Windgrass).</a> Agronomy. 3 (1), 13-27 (2013).</li><li>Powles, S. B., Shaner, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Herbicides Resistance and World Grains. , 308 (2001).</li><li>Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Herbicide+resistance+in+Europe:+an+overview.">Herbicide resistance in Europe: an overview.</a> Proc. BCPC International Congress. , 131-138 (2005).</li><li>Jasieniuk, M., Le Corre, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deciphering+the+evolution+of+herbicide+resistance+in+weeds.">Deciphering the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds.</a> Trends Genet. 29 (11), 649-658 (2013).</li><li>Heap, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+documentation+of+herbicide+resistance.">Identification and documentation of herbicide resistance.</a> Phytoprotection. 75 (4), 85-90 (1994).</li><li>Beckie, H. J., Heap, I. M., Smeda, R. J., Hall, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Screening+for+herbicide+resistance+in+weeds.">Screening for herbicide resistance in weeds.</a> Weed Technol. 14 (2), 428-445 (2000).</li><li>Tal, A., Kotoula-Syka, E., Rubin, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seed-bioassay+to+detect+grass+weeds+resistant+to+acetyl+coenzyme+A+carboxylase+inhibiting+herbicides.">Seed-bioassay to detect grass weeds resistant to acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase inhibiting herbicides.</a> Crop Prot. 19, 467-472 (2000).</li><li>Boutsalis, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Syngenta+Quick-Test:+a+rapid+whole-plant+test+for+herbicide+resistance.">Syngenta Quick-Test: a rapid whole-plant test for herbicide resistance.</a> Weed Technol. 15 (2), 257-263 (2001).</li><li>Menchari, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Weed+response+to+herbicides:+regional-scale+distribution+of+herbicide+resistance+alleles+in+the+grass+weed+Alopecurus+myosuroides.">Weed response to herbicides: regional-scale distribution of herbicide resistance alleles in the grass weed Alopecurus myosuroides.</a> New Phytol. 171 (4), 861-874 (2006).</li><li>Burgos, N. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review:+confirmation+of+resistance+to+herbicides+and+evaluation+of+resistance+levels.">Review: confirmation of resistance to herbicides and evaluation of resistance levels.</a> Weed Sci. 61 (1), 4-20 (2013).</li><li>Owen, M. J., Martinez, N. J., Powles, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+herbicide-resistant+Lolium+rigidum.+(annual+ryegrass)+now+dominates+across+the+Western+Australian+grain+belt.">Multiple herbicide-resistant Lolium rigidum. (annual ryegrass) now dominates across the Western Australian grain belt.</a> Weed Res. 54 (3), 314-324 (2014).</li><li>Beckie, H. J., Tardif, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Herbicide+cross+resistance+in+weeds).">Herbicide cross resistance in weeds).</a> Crop Prot. 35, 15-28 (2012).</li><li>Moss, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+occurrence+of+herbicide-resistant+grass-weeds+in+the+United+Kingdom+and+a+new+system+for+designating+resistance+in+screening+assays.">The occurrence of herbicide-resistant grass-weeds in the United Kingdom and a new system for designating resistance in screening assays.</a> Proc. BCPC Weeds. , 179-184 (1999).</li><li>Baskin, C. C., Baskin, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Seeds, Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of dormancy and Germination. , 27-42 (1998).</li><li>Sattin, M., Gasparetto, M. A., Campagna, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Situation+and+management+of+Avena+sterilis.+ssp.+ludoviciana.+and+Phalaris+paradoxa.+resistant+to+ACCase+inhibitors+in+Italy.">Situation and management of Avena sterilis. ssp. ludoviciana. and Phalaris paradoxa. resistant to ACCase inhibitors in Italy.</a> Proc. BCPC - Weeds. , 755-762 (2001).</li><li>Scarabel, L., Varotto, S., Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+European+biotype+of+Amaranthus+retroflexus.+cross-resistant+to+ALS+inhibitors+and+response+to+alternative+herbicides.">A European biotype of Amaranthus retroflexus. cross-resistant to ALS inhibitors and response to alternative herbicides.</a> Weed Res. 47 (6), 527-533 (2007).</li><li>Collavo, A., Panozzo, S., Lucchesi, G., Scarabel, L., Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterisation+and+management+of+Phalaris+paradoxa.+resistant+to+ACCase-inhibitors.">Characterisation and management of Phalaris paradoxa. resistant to ACCase-inhibitors.</a> Crop Prot. 30 (3), 293-299 (2011).</li><li>Scarabel, L., Carraro, N., Sattin, M., Varotto, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+basis+and+genetic+characterisation+of+evolved+resistance+to+ALS-inhibitors+in+Papaver+rhoeas.">Molecular basis and genetic characterisation of evolved resistance to ALS-inhibitors in Papaver rhoeas.</a> Plant Sci. 166 (3), 703-709 (2004).</li><li>Panozzo, S., Scarabel, L., Tranel, P. J., Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Target-site+resistance+to+ALS+inhibitors+in+the+polyploid+species+Echinochloa+crus-galli.">Target-site resistance to ALS inhibitors in the polyploid species Echinochloa crus-galli.</a> Pestic. Biochem. Phys. 105 (2), 93-101 (2013).</li><li>Sattin, M., Berto, D., Zanin, G., Tabacchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resistance+to+ALS+inhibitors+in+rice+in+north-western+Italy.">Resistance to ALS inhibitors in rice in north-western Italy.</a> Proc. BCPC. Weeds. , 783-790 (1999).</li><li>Scarabel, L., Berto, D., Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dormancy+breaking+and+germination+of+Alisma+plantago-aquatica.+and+Scirpus+mucronatus.">Dormancy breaking and germination of Alisma plantago-aquatica. and Scirpus mucronatus.</a> Aspects of Applied Biology. 69, 285-292 (2003).</li><li>Collavo, A., Strek, H., Beffa, R., Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Management+of+an+ACCase-inhibitor-resistant+Lolium+rigidum.+population+based+on+the+use+of+ALS+inhibitors:+weed+population+evolution+observed+over+a+7+years+field-scale+investigation.">Management of an ACCase-inhibitor-resistant Lolium rigidum. population based on the use of ALS inhibitors: weed population evolution observed over a 7 years field-scale investigation.</a> Pest Manag. Sci. 69 (2), 200-208 (2013).</li><li>Scarabel, L., Panozzo, S., Savoia, W., Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Target-site+ACCase-resistant+Johnsongrass+(Sorghum+halepense).+selected+in+summer+dicot+crops.">Target-site ACCase-resistant Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense). selected in summer dicot crops.</a> Weed Technol. 28 (2), 307-315 (2014).</li><li>Hess, M., Barralis, H., Bleiholder, H., Buhur, L., Eggers, T., Hack, H., Strauss, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+the+extended+BBCH+scale+-+general+for+the+description+of+the+growth+stages+of+mono-+and+dicotyledonous+weed+species.">Use of the extended BBCH scale - general for the description of the growth stages of mono- and dicotyledonous weed species.</a> Weed Res. 37 (6), 433-441 (1997).</li><li>Collavo, A., Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+glyphosate-resistant+Lolium.+spp.+biotypes+found+in+a+European+annual+arable+cropping+system+also+affected+by+ACCase+and+ALS+resistance.">First glyphosate-resistant Lolium. spp. biotypes found in a European annual arable cropping system also affected by ACCase and ALS resistance.</a> Weed Res. 54 (4), 325-334 (2014).</li><li>Scarabel, L., Cenghialta, C., Manuello, D., Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+and+management+of+imidazolinone-resistant+red+rice+(Oryza+sativa.+L.,+var.+sylvatica.)+in+Clearfield&#174;+Italian+paddy+rice.">Monitoring and management of imidazolinone-resistant red rice (Oryza sativa. L., var. sylvatica.) in Clearfield&#174; Italian paddy rice.</a> Agronomy. 2 (4), 371-383 (2012).</li><li>Zelaya, I. A., Anderson, J. A. H., Owen, M. D. K., Landes, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+spectrophotometric+and+HPLC+methods+for+shikimic+acid+determination+in+plants:+Models+in+glyphosate-resistant+and-susceptible+crops.">Evaluation of spectrophotometric and HPLC methods for shikimic acid determination in plants: Models in glyphosate-resistant and-susceptible crops.</a> J. Agric. Food Chem. 59 (6), 2202-2212 (2011).</li></ol>

Flere trinn i protokollene er avgjørende for en vellykket vurdering av herbicid resistens i en populasjon: 1) frøene skal samles inn når modne fra planter som hadde overlevd herbicid behandling (er). Modning av frø på morplanten er avgjørende for å unngå vanskeligheter i frø spiring senere; 2) forsvarlig oppbevaring av frø er anbefalt for å unngå spredning av muggsopp som ville hindre spiring; 3) frøplanter bør behandles på riktig vekst stadium, som rapportert på etiketten av ugressmiddel pakken. Hensyn ...

<html> Ugressmidler som er mest brukt i stor utstrekning ugrasbekjempelse tiltak, står for opptil 50% av den globale plantevern marked 1. De er relativt billige verktøy, unngå arbeidskrevende og tidkrevende jorddyrkingspraksis, og til slutt resultere i kostnadseffektiv, sikker og lønnsom matproduksjon 2. Imidlertid, den store fenologiske og genetisk variabilitet til stede i mange ugressarter, sammen med en over-avhengighet av herbicid bruk, ofte resulterer i valg av herbicid-resistente ugress populasjoner. Innføringen av selektive herbicider med et helt bestemt metabolsk target 3-5 har dramatisk økt antall motstands tilfeller i løpet av de siste årene. Hittil har 240 plantearter (140 dicots og 100 monocots) over hele verden utviklet resistens mot ulike ugressmiddel nettsteder of Action (SOA) 4. Dette er et stort problem for luke ledelse og mer generelt for bærekraftig produksjon avling. e_content &quot;&gt; Tidlig påvisning av resistens, basert på pålitelige tester, ofte utført i et drivhus, er et viktig skritt for å administrere ugressmiddel motstandsdyktig ugress. Ulike tilnærminger har blitt utviklet i henhold til målene, kreves grad av nøyaktighet, tid og ressurser tilgjengelig, som vel som den ugressarter muligens 6-12. Når imidlertid bekreftelse av motstanden status for en ny luke biotype er nødvendig (dvs. en gruppe av individer som har en rekke fysiologiske egenskaper, inkludert muligheten til å overleve en eller flere herbicider som tilhører en bestemt gruppe anvendt i en dose som normalt ville kontrollere dem), krever et robust hele anlegget bioassay som skal utføres i et kontrollert miljø 4, 11. En bioklasse er sjelden motstandsdyktig mot bare ett ugressmiddel. Hver biotype er derfor kjennetegnet ved en viss motstand mønster, dvs. antall og type av SOA av herbicider den er motstandsdyktig mot, og med en gitt motstandnivået til hver ugressmiddel 13. Den tidlige og pålitelig bestemmelse av mønsteret av kryssresistens eller flere 5, er 14 viktig for feltstyrke styring. Det er verdt å nevne at herbicidresistens har ingenting å gjøre med den naturlige toleranse for at noen luke arter utstillings mot noen ugressmidler, for eksempel, dicot arter vs. ACCase-hemmer ugressmidler, monocot arter vs. 2,4-D, åkersnelle vs. glyfosat. Dette notatet presenterer en robust metode for å teste antatte ugressmiddel resistente biotypes samplet i felt hvor dårlig kontroll av ugressmiddel (e) hadde blitt rapportert. Relevante varianter til standard protokoller i forhold til de ugressarter som er involvert er presentert. De fordeler fremfor alternative teknikker / protokoller basert på enten hele anlegget bioanalyser ved anvendelse av bare en herbicid 15 dose, eller behandling av frø i petriskåler 8 er knyttet til høyere reliability og muligheten for å utlede motstanden på grunn av inkluderingen av to herbicid doser i eksperimentene. Imidlertid, for rutinemessig motstand testing, de samme metoder kan brukes bare en herbicid dose, slik redusere kostnader. Samt tillate bekreftelse på motstanden status, kan informasjonen innhentet brukes både for å optimalisere følgende forsknings trinn og / eller utarbeide lyd motstand forvaltningsstrategier.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper bags</td>
			<td>Celcar SAS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic dishes</td>
			<td>ISI plast S.p.A.</td>
			<td>SO600</td>
			<td>Transparent plastic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfuric acid 95-98%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>320501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-woven fabric</td>
			<td>Carretta Tessitura</td>
			<td>Art.TNT17</td>
			<td>Weight&#160; 17 gr m-&#178;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform &#62;99.5%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C2432</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A1296</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium nitrate &#62;99.0%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8394</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic containers</td>
			<td>Giganplast</td>
			<td>1875/M</td>
			<td>600 x 400 x 110 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic trays</td>
			<td>Piber plast</td>
			<td>G1210A</td>
			<td>325 x 265 x 95 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene trays</td>
			<td>Plastisavio</td>
			<td>S24</td>
			<td>537x328x72 mm, 24 round cells (6x4)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>451657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agriperlite</td>
			<td>Blu Agroingross sas</td>
			<td>AGRI100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peat</td>
			<td>Blu Agroingross sas</td>
			<td>TORBA250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Germination cabinet</td>
			<td>KW</td>
			<td>W87R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nozzles</td>
			<td>Teejet</td>
			<td>&#160;XR11002-VK, TP11001-VH</td>
			<td>The second type of nozzles are used only for glyphosate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Barcode generator</td>
			<td>Toshiba TEC</td>
			<td>SX4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Labels with barcode</td>
			<td>Felga</td>
			<td>TT20200</td>
			<td>Stick-in labels with rounded corners</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Barcode reader</td>
			<td>Cipherlab</td>
			<td>8300-L</td>
			<td>Portable data terminal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bench sprayer</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Built in house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">HERBICIDES INCLUDED IN THE RESULTS:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Commercial product</td>
			<td>Active ingredient</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Altorex</td>
			<td>imazamox</td>
			<td>BASF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Azimut&#160;</td>
			<td>florasulam</td>
			<td>Dow AgroSciences</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biopower</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Bayer Crop Science</td>
			<td>Surfact to be used with Hussar WG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dash</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>BASF</td>
			<td>Surfact to be used with Altorex</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Granstar&#160;</td>
			<td>tribenuron-methyl</td>
			<td>Dupont</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gulliver&#160;</td>
			<td>azimsulfuron</td>
			<td>Dupont</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hussar WG&#160;</td>
			<td>iodosulfuron</td>
			<td>Bayer Crop Science</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nominee&#160;</td>
			<td>bispyribac-Na</td>
			<td>Bayer Crop Science</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roundup</td>
			<td>glyphosate</td>
			<td>Monsanto</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trend</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dupont</td>
			<td>Surfact to be used with Granstar and Gulliver</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Viper&#160;</td>
			<td>penoxsulam</td>
			<td>Dow AgroSciences</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weedone LV4</td>
			<td>2,4-D</td>
			<td>Isagro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocols for robust herbicide resistance testing in different weed species

Robust protocols to test putative herbicide resistant weed populations at whole plant level are essential to confirm the resistance status. The presented protocols, based on whole-plant bioassays performed in a greenhouse, can be readily adapted to a wide range of weed species and herbicides through appropriate variants. Seed samples from plants that survived a field herbicide treatment are collected and stored dry at low temperature until used. Germination methods differ according to weed species and seed dormancy type. Seedlings at similar growth stage are transplanted and maintained in the greenhouse under appropriate conditions until plants have reached the right growth stage for herbicide treatment. Accuracy is required to prepare the herbicide solution to avoid unverifiable mistakes. Other critical steps such as the application volume and spray speed are also evaluated. The advantages of this protocol, compared to others based on whole plant bioassays using one herbicide dose, are related to the higher reliability and the possibility of inferring the resistance level. Quicker and less expensive in vivo or in vitro diagnostic screening tests have been proposed (Petri dish bioassays, spectrophotometric tests), but they provide only qualitative information and their widespread use is hindered by the laborious set-up that some species may require. For routine resistance testing, the proposed whole plant bioassay can be applied at only one herbicide dose, so reducing the costs.

For å bedømme motstanden status for en antatt resistent populasjon, er det grunnleggende for å inkludere en mottakelig sjekk i analysen for å verifisere herbicid effekt. Resultatene av en screening test utført på P. rhoeas populasjoner, en luke infesting hvete felt, rapporteres i figur 2, hvor effekten av fire etterveksten ugressmidler på en utsatt sjekk (09-36) og på den mistenkte motstandsdyktig ett (10-91) blir presentert. Populasjons 09-36 ble fullstendig kontrollert av ALS inhibito...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocols for Robust Herbicide Resistance Testing in Different Weed Species at JoVE.com

Protocols for Robust Herbicide Resistance Testing in Different Weed Species

A robust and flexible approach to confirm herbicide resistance in weed populations is presented. This protocol allows the herbicide resistance levels to be inferred and applied to a wide range of weed species and herbicides with minor adaptations.

Protokoller for Robust herbicidresistens Testing i ulike Ugressarter

Robust protocols to test putative herbicide resistant weed populations at whole plant level are essential to confirm the resistance status. The presented ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates

An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates

En optimalisert Enrichment teknikk for isolering av<em&gt; Arthrobacter</em&gt; Bakteriofag Arter fra jordprøve Isolerer

Bacteriophage isolation from environmental samples has been performed for decades using principles set forth by pioneers in microbiology. The isolation of ...

Measuring Rates of Herbicide Metabolism in Dicot Weeds with an Excised Leaf Assay

Måling Utbredelsen av ugressmiddel Metabolism i dicot Weeds med et utskåret Leaf analysen

In order to isolate and accurately determine rates of herbicide metabolism in an obligate-outcrossing dicot weed, waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), we ...

Potentiodynamic Corrosion Testing

Potentiodynamic Korrosjon Testing

Different metallic materials have different polarization characteristics as dictated by the open circuit potential, breakdown potential, and passivation ...

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

Protokoller for Kvantifisering omsettelige sprøytemiddelrester i Turfgrass Systems

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes ...

Dispersion of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media: Towards Protocol Optimization

Spredning av nanomaterialer i vandige Media: mot protokollen optimalisering

The sonication process is commonly used for de-agglomerating and dispersing nanomaterials in aqueous based media, necessary to improve homogeneity and ...

RGB and Spectral Root Imaging for Plant Phenotyping and Physiological Research: Experimental Setup and Imaging Protocols

RGB og Spectral rot bildebehandling for anlegget Phenotyping og fysiologiske forskning: eksperimentelle oppsett og Imaging protokoller

Better understanding of plant root dynamics is essential to improve resource use efficiency of agricultural systems and increase the resistance of crop ...

Ecosystem Fabrication (EcoFAB) Protocols for The Construction of Laboratory Ecosystems Designed to Study Plant-microbe Interactions

Ecosystem Fabrication EcoFAB Protocols for The Construction of Laboratory Ecosystems Designed to Study Plant-microbe Interactions

Økosystem fabrikasjon (EcoFAB) protokoller for bygging av laboratoriet økosystemer designet anlegg-mikrobe interaksjoner

Beneficial plant-microbe interactions offer a sustainable biological solution with the potential to boost low-input food and bioenergy production. A ...

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

Bioindication Testing av strømmen miljø egnet for unge ferskvann perle blåskjell med i Situ eksponering metoder

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol ...

Composition and Distribution Analysis of Bioaerosols Under Different Environmental Conditions

Sammensetning og distribusjon analyse av Bioaerosols Under ulike miljøforhold

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, ...

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

Identifisere- og Polyfluorinated kjemisk arter med en kombinert målrettet og ikke-målrettede-Screening høyoppløselig massespektrometri arbeidsflyt

Historical and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered significant interest from the public and government agencies from the ...