Name: mirna expression analyses in prostate cancer clinical tissues
Uploaded: 2015-09-08T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about miRNA Expression Analyses in Prostate Cancer Clinical Tissues at JoVE.com

Wir danken Herrn Dr. Roger Erickson für seine Unterstützung und Hilfe bei der Erstellung des Manuskripts. Diese Arbeit wurde von der National Cancer Institute an der National Institutes of Health (Förderkennzeichen RO1CA177984; RO1CA138642), VA-Programm Projekt Prostatakrebs (BX001604).

Formalin-fixierte, in Paraffin eingebettete (FFPE) oder frisch gefrorenem Prostatakrebs Proben wurden aus dem SFVAMC erhalten. Proben wurden von Prostatakrebs-Patienten, die radikale Prostatektomie bei SFVAMC unterzog. Eine schriftliche Einverständniserklärung wurde von allen Patienten erhalten, und die Studie wurde von der UCSF Ausschuss für Menschenforschung genehmigt. Alternativ wurden Prostatakrebs Gewebe-Mikroarrays aus kommerziellen Quellen beschafft und verwendet für die miRNA-Analysen von ISH. Klinisch-patho...

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In diesem Artikel beschreiben wir einen vereinfachten Workflow für die miRNA-Expression Profiling in archivierten FFPE oder gefrorenes Frisch Prostatakrebs klinischen Gewebe. Bei Prostatakrebs, schlagen mehrere Studien eine wichtige Rolle von microRNAs im Prostatakrebs Initiation, Progression und Metastasierung. Allerdings sind widersprüchliche Ergebnisse oft auf einen bestimmten miRNA 22 seit der miRNA-Extraktion erhalten und analysiert Methoden weit auseinander. Im Hinblick auf die Schwellen Nachweise fü...

Krebs der Prostata ist eine häufig diagnostiziert männlicher Bösartigkeit, die eine der führenden Ursachen von Krebs bedingte Sterblichkeit unter den Menschen ist. In US schätzungsweise 220.800 neue Fälle und 27.540 Todesfälle im Jahr 2015 1 gemeldet werden. Prostatakrebs ist eine heterogene Erkrankung mit sehr variablen Krankheits Kurs- Tumoren können indolenten oder sehr aggressiv sein. Eine kritische Herausforderung bei Prostatakrebs klinische Management wird durch die Unzulänglichkeit der derzeit verwendeten Methoden / Biomarker für Krankheiten Screening, Diagnose, Prognose und Behandlung 2 gestellt. Stromscreeningverfahren schließen Prostata-spezifischen Antigens (PSA) und eine digitale rektale Untersuchung (DRU), gefolgt von Prostatabiopsien 3. Prostata-spezifisches Antigen (PSA) ist die am weitesten verbreitete Prostatakrebs-Biomarker, die deutlich revolutioniert hat das Klinikmanagement und verbesserte Überlebensraten 4. Jedoch aufgrund der inhärenten Beschränkungen der PSA einschließlich lack Spezifitäts PSA basierten Screening auf über Diagnose und über die Behandlung der Krankheit geführt. Im Hinblick darauf werden die intensiven Bemühungen in Richtung auf eine Suche nach alternativen Prostatakrebs biomarkers gerichtet, insbesondere solche, die die Aggressivität der Erkrankung vorherzusagen und fahren bessere Behandlungsentscheidungen 4,5 kann. In den letzten Jahren wurden microRNAs (miRNAs) als vielversprechende alternative Prostatakrebs biomarkers entstanden. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) stellen eine evolutionär konservierte Klasse von kleinen nicht-kodierenden RNAs, die die Genexpression über sequenzspezifische Wechselwirkungen mit den 3&#39;-untranslatierten Regionen (UTR) des verwandten mRNA-Ziele zu unterdrücken posttranskriptional. Es wird geschätzt, dass&gt; 60% der mRNAs konserviert Ziele miRNAs 6. miRNA-Gene sind in Intergenregionen oder innerhalb Introns oder Exons von Protein / Nicht-Protein kodierende Gene 7 angeordnet. Diese Gene werden vorzugsweise durch RNA-Polymerase II in prima transkribiertry miRNAs (pri-miRNAs mehrere Kilobasen lang), dass die Form Haarnadel-förmigen Stammschleife Sekundärstrukturen. Diese pri-miRNAs werden in Vorläufer-miRNAs (pre-miRNAs, 60-75 Nukleotide lange), die in das Zytoplasma exportiert und weiter zu reifen miRNAs (18-25 Nukleotide lange) 8-10 verarbeitet verarbeitet. miRNAs regulieren Schlüssel zelluläre Prozesse einschließlich Verbreitung, Entwicklung, Differenzierung und Apoptose 11. Studien legen nahe, eine weit verbreitete Fehlregulation der miRNA-Expressionsprofile in verschiedenen menschlichen Tumoren einschließlich Prostatakrebs 12-15. miRNA-Expressionsprofile wurde berichtet, weit verbreitet in der primären und metastatischen Prostatakrebs fehlreguliert werden. Veränderte miRNA-Expression wurden mit Prostatakrebs Progression, Aggressivität und Rezidivhervorhebung der prognostische Potential von miRNAs 12,14,16-19 Verbindung gebracht worden. Eine wachsende Zahl von Beweisen zeigt, dass miRNAs spielen wichtige mechanistische Rolle bei Prostatakrebs Initiierung, Entwicklung, FortschrittIonen und Metastasierung. Insgesamt miRNAs entstehen als vielversprechende alternative Biomarker für Prostatakrebs Diagnose und Prognose, die zwischen normalen und Krebsgeweben und Hilfe bei der Stratifizierung von Prostata-Tumoren 12 unterscheiden kann. Auch miRNAs sind wichtige Ziele für die Entwicklung wirksamer Therapeutika gegen Prostatakrebs 20. Aufgrund ihrer geringen Größe und der Beständigkeit gegenüber endogenen RNase-Aktivität sind miRNAs stabile Biomarkern, die in Formalin fixierten Geweben 21 und in Prostatabiopsien 22 leicht erkannt werden können. Darüber hinaus haben die Expressionsprofile von miRNAs in gefrorenen und Formalin fixierten Geweben verglichen worden und haben sich als stark korreliert sein 21. Allerdings ist miRNA Expression Profiling bei Prostatakrebs klinischen Geweben oft eine Herausforderung aufgrund Tumorheterogenität, Stichprobenfehler, Stroma-Kontaminationen etc. Die Entwicklung von miRNAs als effektive Biomarker für Prostatakrebs stark relies auf ihre genaue Erfassung der klinischen Gewebe. Hier beschreiben wir einen vereinfachten Workflow in unserem Labor für die miRNA-Expression Profiling in archivierten FFPE oder gefrorenes Frisch Prostatakrebs klinischen Proben verwendet. Wir verwenden eine Kombination quantitativer Echtzeit-PCR und in situ Hybridisierung für miRNA-Analysen von klinischen Proben mit dem früheren Gewinnung quantitativer Informationen und letztere zur Visualisierung der differentiellen Expression potentieller miRNA Biomarkern in einem Array von Geweben. In diesem Workflow optimieren wir die bestehenden Methoden für die miRNA-Extraktion aus FFPE und gefrorenen Prostatagewebe, Analysen Expression durch Taqman-Sonde basiert miRNA RT-PCR und miRNA in situ-Hybridisierungstechnik unter Verwendung gesperrt Nukleinsäure (LNA) -basierte Sonden 23. LNA-basierte Sonden bieten eine erhöhte Sensitivität und Spezifität gegenüber DNA- oder RNA-Sonden basiert und ermöglicht robuste Erkennung aller miRNA-Sequenzen, unabhängig von ihrem GC-Gehalt und erlauben auch Diskriminierungtion der miRNA-Familien. Unsere optimierte miRNA ISH-Protokoll kann zur Prostatakrebsgewebe Dias oder Prostatakrebs Tissue Microarrays (TMA) und bietet das Potenzial, miRNA Biomarkern beschleunigen angewendet werden, wobei die letzteren.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems&#160;</td>
			<td>RM2255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Arcturus Autopix for LCM</td>
			<td>Arcturus/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td>LCM1621/LCM1110</td>
			<td>Alternatively, Arcutus Xt system from Life Technolgies can be used.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CapSure Macro LCM Caps</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>LCM0211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>miRNeasy FFPE Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right">217504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7500 Fast Real Time PCR System&#160;</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right">4351106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taqman MicroRNA Reverse Transcription kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right">4366596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taqman Fast Universal PCR master mix&#160;</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right">4352042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DIG labeled LNA probe for U6</td>
			<td>Exiqon</td>
			<td>99002-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BM Purple AP substrate</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td align="right">11442074001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pre-hybridization solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Biochain</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.biochain.com/coa/K21910XXCA.pdf">K2191050-1</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridization solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Biochain</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.biochain.com/coa/K21910XXCA.pdf">K2191050-2</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blocking solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Biochain</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.biochain.com/coa/K21910XXCA.pdf">K2191050-8</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AP-conjugated anti-digoxigenin antibody</td>
			<td>Biochain</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.biochain.com/coa/K21910XXCA.pdf">K2191050-7</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aqueous mounting media&#160;</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories&#160;</td>
			<td>H-5501&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizol (guanidine isothiocyanate-phenol reagent)&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td><a href="https://www.lifetechnologies.com/order/catalog/product/15596018">15596-018</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harris hematoxylin</td>
			<td>Statlab</td>
			<td>SL200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin&#160;</td>
			<td>Statlab</td>
			<td>SL201&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mirna expression analyses in prostate cancer clinical tissues

Eine kritische Herausforderung bei Prostatakrebs (PCa) klinische Management wird durch die Unzulänglichkeit der derzeit verwendeten Biomarker für Krankheiten Screening, Diagnose, Prognose und Therapie gestellt. In den letzten Jahren microRNAs (miRNAs) als vielversprechende alternative Biomarker für Prostatakrebs Diagnose und Prognose entstanden. Jedoch ist die Entwicklung von miRNAs so wirksam Biomarker für Prostatakrebs in hohem Maße von ihrer genauen Nachweis klinisch Geweben. miRNA-Analysen bei Prostatakrebs klinischen Proben ist häufig eine Herausforderung aufgrund Tumorheterogenität, Stichprobenfehler, Stroma-Kontaminationen etc. Das Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, einen vereinfachten Workflow beschreiben, für die miRNA-Analysen in archivierten FFPE oder gefrorenes Frisch Prostatakrebs klinischen Proben mit einer Kombination aus quantitative Echtzeit-PCR (RT-PCR) und in situ Hybridisierung (ISH). In diesem Workflow optimieren wir die bestehenden Methoden für die miRNA-Extraktion aus FFPE und eingefroren Prostata tissuES und Expressionsanalysen durch Taqman-Sonde basiert miRNA RT-PCR. Darüber hinaus beschreiben wir ein optimiertes Verfahren zur ISH Analysen formiRNA Erkennung in Prostatagewebe mit gesperrten Nukleinsäure (LNA) - basierten Sonden. Unsere optimierte miRNA ISH-Protokoll kann zur Prostatakrebsgewebe Dias oder Prostatakrebs Tissue Microarrays (TMA) angewendet werden.

Expression Profiling von miR-203 in LCM primären Prostatakrebs klinischen Proben durch RT-PCR-Analysen (Abbildung 1) RT-PCR-Analysen von relativen miR-203-Expression in LCM primären Prostatakrebsgewebe und die angepaßten angrenzenden normalen Regionen erfolgt wie in Saini et al. 15 RNU48 beschrieben wurde als eine Kontrolle verwendet wurde. Die folgende Tabelle fasst die relative miR-203 Expression in Prostatakrebstumorgewebe relativ zu benachbarten no...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about miRNA Expression Analyses in Prostate Cancer Clinical Tissues at JoVE.com

miRNA Expression Analyses in Prostate Cancer Clinical Tissues

Here we describe a simplified protocol for microRNA (miRNA) expression analyses in archived Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) or fresh frozen prostate cancer (PCa) clinical tissues employing quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH).

miRNA-Expressionsanalysen in Prostate Cancer Clinical Tissues

A critical challenge in prostate cancer (PCa) clinical management is posed by the inadequacy of currently used biomarkers for disease screening, ...

mirna-expression-analyses-in-prostate-cancer-clinical-tissues

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Medicine

Evaluation of Nanoparticle Uptake in Tumors in Real Time Using Intravital Imaging

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle uptake in tumors at the microscopic level1,2,3, highlighting the utility of a suitable xenograft model in which to perform detailed uptake analyses. Here, we use high-resolution intravital imaging to evaluate nanoparticle uptake in human tumor xenografts in a modified, shell-less chicken embryo model. The chicken embryo model is particularly well-suited for these in vivo analyses because it supports the growth of human tumors, is relatively inexpensive and does not require anesthetization or surgery 4,5. Tumor cells form fully vascularized xenografts within 7 days when implanted into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) 6. The resulting tumors are visualized by non-invasive real-time, high-resolution imaging that can be maintained for up to 72 hours with little impact on either the host or tumor systems. Nanoparticles with a wide range of sizes and formulations administered distal to the tumor can be visualized and quantified as they flow through the bloodstream, extravasate from leaky tumor vasculature, and accumulate at the tumor site. We describe here the analysis of nanoparticles derived from Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) decorated with near-infrared fluorescent dyes and/or polyethylene glycol polymers (PEG) 7, 8, 9,10,11. Upon intravenous administration, these viral nanoparticles are rapidly internalized by endothelial cells, resulting in global labeling of the vasculature both outside and within the tumor7,12. PEGylation of the viral nanoparticles increases their plasma half-life, extends their time in the circulation, and ultimately enhances their accumulation in tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect 7, 10,11. The rate and extent of accumulation of nanoparticles in a tumor is measured over time using image analysis software. This technique provides a method to both visualize and quantify nanoparticle dynamics in human tumors.

We present a novel approach to quantify nanoparticle localization in the vasculature of human xenografted tumors using dynamic, real-time intravital imaging in an avian embryo model.

Evaluation von Nanopartikel-Aufnahme in Tumoren in Echtzeit über Intravital Imaging

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle ...

Forschung

Medizin

Cell Population Analyses During Skin Carcinogenesis

Cancer development is a multiple-step process involving many cell types including cancer precursor cells, immune cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Each type of cells undergoes signaling and functional changes during carcinogenesis. The current challenge for many cancer researchers is to dissect these changes in each cell type during the multiple-step process in vivo. In the last few years, the authors have developed a set of procedures to isolate different cell populations during skin cancer development using K14creER/R26-SmoM2YFP mice. The procedure is divided into 6 parts: 1) generating appropriate mice for the study (K14creER+ and R26-SmoM2YFP+ mice in this protocol); 2) inducing SmoM2YFP expression in mouse skin; 3) preparing mouse skin biopsies; 4) isolating epidermis from skin; 5) preparing single cells from epidermis; 6) labeling single cell populations for flow cytometry analysis. Generation of sufficient number of mice with the right genotype is the limiting step in this protocol, which may take up to two months. The rest of steps take a few hours to a few days. Within this protocol, we also include a section for troubleshooting. Although we focus on skin cancer, this protocol may be modified to apply for other animal models of human diseases.

Carcinogenesis is a process involving interactions between cancer cells and the cancer microenvironment. To dissect the molecular events, one needs to isolate different cell populations at different stages during cancer development. Using a mouse model for basal cell carcinoma, we describe a protocol for cell analyses during carcinogenesis.

Handy Bevölkerung Analysen Während Hautcarcinogenese

Cancer development is  a multiple-step process involving many cell types including cancer precursor  cells, immune cells, fibroblasts and endothelial ...

MR Molecular Imaging of Prostate Cancer with a Small Molecular CLT1 Peptide Targeted Contrast Agent

Tumor extracellular matrix has abundance of cancer related proteins that can be used as biomarkers for cancer molecular imaging. In this work, we demonstrated effective MR cancer molecular imaging with a small molecular peptide targeted Gd-DOTA monoamide complex as a targeted MRI contrast agent specific to clotted plasma proteins in tumor stroma. We performed the experiment of evaluating the effectiveness of the agent for non-invasive detection of prostate tumor with MRI in a mouse orthotopic PC-3 prostate cancer model. The targeted contrast agent was effective to produce significant tumor contrast enhancement at a low dose of 0.03 mmol Gd/kg. The peptide targeted MRI contrast agent is promising for MR molecular imaging of prostate tumor.

To demonstrate MR cancer molecular imaging with a small peptide targeted MRI contrast agent specific to clotted plasma proteins in tumor stroma in a mouse prostate cancer model.

MR Molekulare Bildgebung von Prostatakrebs mit einem kleinen Molecular Targeted CLT1 Peptid-Kontrastmittel

Tumor extracellular  matrix has abundance of cancer related proteins that can be used as biomarkers  for cancer molecular imaging. In this work,  we ...

Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer

The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the main diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer in clinical use, but it lacks specificity and sensitivity, particularly in low dosage values1&#8203;&#8203;. &#8216;How to use PSA&#39; remains a current issue, either for diagnosis as a gray zone corresponding to a concentration in serum of 2.5-10 ng/ml which does not allow a clear differentiation to be made between cancer and noncancer2 or for patient follow-up as analysis of post-operative PSA kinetic parameters can pose considerable challenges for their practical application3,4. Alternatively, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging as key molecules in human cancer, with the potential to serve as novel markers of disease, e.g. PCA3 in prostate cancer5,6 and to reveal uncharacterized aspects of tumor biology. Moreover, data from the ENCODE project published in 2012 showed that different RNA types cover about 62% of the genome. It also appears that the amount of transcriptional regulatory motifs is at least 4.5x higher than the one corresponding to protein-coding exons. Thus, long terminal repeats (LTRs) of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) constitute a wide range of putative/candidate transcriptional regulatory sequences, as it is their primary function in infectious retroviruses. HERVs, which are spread throughout the human genome, originate from ancestral and independent infections within the germ line, followed by copy-paste propagation processes and leading to multicopy families occupying 8% of the human genome (note that exons span 2% of our genome). Some HERV loci still express proteins that have been associated with several pathologies including cancer7-10. We have designed a high-density microarray, in Affymetrix format, aiming to optimally characterize individual HERV loci expression, in order to better understand whether they can be active, if they drive ncRNA transcription or modulate coding gene expression. This tool has been applied in the prostate cancer field (Figure 1).

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV), which occupy 8% of the human genome, retain scarce coding capacities but a hundred thousand long terminal repeats (LTRs). A custom Affymetrix microarray was designed to identify individual HERV locus expression and was used on prostate cancer tissues as a proof of concept for future clinical studies.

Microarray-basierte Identifizierung von Einzel HERV Expression Loci: Anwendung auf Biomarker Discovery in Prostatakrebs

The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the main diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer in clinical use, but it lacks specificity and sensitivity, ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but rather the formation of distinct metastasis, the ability to effectively model this progression pre-clinically is of high value. In this model, cells are directly implanted into the ventral lobe of the prostate in Balb/c athymic mice, and allowed to progress for 4-6 weeks. At experiment termination, several distinct endpoints can be measured, such as size and molecular characterization of the primary tumor, the presence and quantification of circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow, and formation of metastasis to the lung. In addition to a variety of endpoints, this model provides a picture of a cells ability to invade and escape the primary organ, enter and survive in the circulatory system, and implant and grow in a secondary site. This model has been used effectively to measure metastatic response to both changes in protein expression as well as to response to small molecule therapeutics, in a short turnaround time.

This orthotopic model of human prostate cancer allows for quantification of tumor size, circulating tumor cells, and formation of distinct metastasis to the lung. As cells must escape the primary organ, enter the blood stream, and implant into a secondary site, this model effectively recapitulates the scenario in humans.

Ein orthotopen Mausmodell der menschlichen Prostatakrebs-Metastasen

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly isolated from human tissues and serially propagated in immunodeficient mice, typically through antibody labeling of subpopulations of cells and fractionation by flow cytometry. However, the unique clinical features of prostate cancer have considerably limited the study of prostate CSCs from fresh human tumor samples. We recently reported the isolation of prostate CSCs directly from human tissues by virtue of their HLA class I (HLAI)-negative phenotype. Prostate cancer cells are harvested from surgical specimens and mechanically dissociated. A cell suspension is generated and labeled with fluorescently conjugated HLAI and stromal antibodies. Subpopulations of HLAI-negative cells are finally isolated using a flow cytometer. The principal limitation of this protocol is the frequently microscopic and multifocal nature of primary cancer in prostatectomy specimens. Nonetheless, isolated live prostate CSCs are suitable for molecular characterization and functional validation by transplantation in immunodeficient mice.

The isolation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) directly from human tissues is requisite for their biological characterization. This manuscript describes a methodology for the isolation of prostate CSCs from human tissues, while also providing tips on troubleshooting difficult steps.

Isolierung von Krebs Stammzellen aus menschlichen Prostatakrebs-Proben

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly ...

Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that self-renew while giving rise to more differentiated progeny. Understanding and targeting these cancer stem cells in breast cancer, which may possess enhanced chemo- and radio-resistance compared to the non-stem tumor bulk, has become an important research area. Markers including CD44, CD24, and ALDH activity can be assessed using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to prospectively isolate cells that display enhanced tumorigenicity when implanted into immunocompromised mice: the mammosphere assay has also become widely used for its ability to retrospectively identify sphere-forming cells that develop from single stem cell-like clones. Here we outline approaches for the appropriate culturing of mammospheres from cell lines or primary patient samples, their passaging, and calculations to estimate sphere forming efficiency (SFE). First we discuss key considerations and pitfalls in the appropriate planning and interpretation of mammosphere experiments.

Floating mammosphere assays can investigate the subset of stem-like breast cancer cells that survive in suspension conditions and show enhanced tumorigenesis when implanted into mice. This protocol provides a convenient in vitro measure of sphere-forming ability, a proxy for in vivo tumorigenesis, while facilitating analysis of the stem-associated transcriptional landscape.

Mammosphere Formation Assay von Menschen Brustkrebs Geweben und Zelllinien

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that ...

Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient Derived Xenograft Models from Circulating Tumor Cells

Patient derived xenograft (PDX) models are gaining popularity in cancer research and are used for preclinical drug evaluation, biomarker identification, biologic studies, and personalized medicine strategies. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) play a critical role in tumor metastasis and have been isolated from patients with several tumor types. Recently, CTCs have been used to generate PDX experimental models of breast and prostate cancer. This manuscript details the method for the generation of prostate cancer PDX models from CTCs developed by our group. Advantages of this method over conventional PDX models include independence from surgical sample collection and generating experimental models at various disease stages. Density gradient centrifugation followed by red blood cell lysis and flow cytometry depletion of CD45 positive mononuclear cells is used to enrich CTCs from peripheral blood samples collected from patients with metastatic disease. The CTCs are then injected into immunocompromised mice; subsequently generated xenografts can be used for functional studies or harvested for molecular characterization. The primary limitation of this method is the negative selection method used for CTC enrichment. Despite this limitation, the generation of PDX models from CTCs provides a novel experimental model to be applied to prostate cancer research.

This manuscript details a method used to generate prostate cancer patient derived xenografts (PDXs) from circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The generation of PDX models from CTCs provides an alternative experimental model to study prostate cancer; the most commonly diagnosed tumor and a frequent cause of death from cancer in men.

Generation von Prostatakrebs-Patienten gewonnen Xenograft-Modelle von zirkulierenden Tumorzellen

Patient derived xenograft (PDX) models are gaining popularity in cancer research and are used for preclinical drug evaluation, biomarker identification, ...

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research

Medical research for human benefit is greatly impeded by the necessity for human tissues and subjects. However, upon obtaining consent for human specimens, precious samples must be handled with the greatest care in order to ensure integrity of organs, tissues, and cells to the highest degree. Unfortunately, tissue processing by definition requires extraction of tissues from the host, a change which can cause great cellular stress and have major repercussions on subsequent analyses. These stresses could result in the specimen being no longer representative of the site from which it was retrieved. Therefore, a strict protocol must be adhered to while processing these specimens to ensure representativeness. The desired assay(s) must also be taken into consideration in order to ensure that an optimal technique is used for sample processing. Outlined here is a protocol for tissue retrieval, processing and various analyses which may be performed on processed tissue in order to maximize downstream production from limited tissue samples.

Translational cancer research is dependent on extraction of human tissues. Much work has gone into optimizing extraction methods for ex vivo analysis. Here, we describe tissue processing methods allowing for maximal data output from limited samples.

Arbeiten mit menschlichen Geweben für Translationale Krebsforschung

Medical research for human benefit is greatly impeded by the necessity for human tissues and subjects. However, upon obtaining consent for human ...

Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool

The discovery of alterations in the EGFR and ALK genes, amongst others, in NSCLC has driven the development of targeted-drug therapy using selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). To optimize the use of these TKIs, the discovery of new biomarkers for early detection and disease progression is mandatory. These plasma-isolated exosomes can be used as a non-invasive and repeatable way for the detection and follow-up of these biomarkers. One ml of plasma from 12 NSCLC patients, with different mutations and treatments (and 6 healthy donors as controls), were used as exosome sources. After RNAse treatment, in order to degrade circulating miRNAs, the exosomes were isolated with a commercial kit and resuspended in specific buffers for further analysis. The exosomes were characterized by western blotting for ALIX and TSG101 and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, the standard techniques to obtain biochemical and dimensional data of these nanovesicles. Total RNA extraction was performed with a high yield commercial kit. Due to the limited miRNA-content in exosomes, we decided to perform retro-transcription PCR using an individual assay for each selected miRNA. A panel of miRNAs (30b, 30c, 103, 122, 195, 203, 221, 222), all correlated with NSCLC disease, were analyzed taking advantage of the remarkable sensitivity and specificity of Real-Time PCR analysis; mir-1228-3p was used as endogenous control and data were processed according to the formula 2-&#916;&#916;ct 13. Control values were used as baseline and results are shown in logarithmic scale.

Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer NSCLC Patients&#039; Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool

This protocol describes the feasibility to perform miRNA profiling in exosomes, released in plasma of NSCLC patients, through a commercial exosome isolation kit with Proteinase K and RNAse treatments, in order to avoid circulating miRNAs contamination and evaluate their biomarker features in NSCLC.

Exosomalen miRNA-Analyse in nicht-kleinzelligem Lungenkrebs (NSCLC) der Patienten Plasma durch qPCR: ein gangbarer Flüssiges Biopsy-Tool

The discovery of alterations in the EGFR and ALK genes, amongst others, in NSCLC has driven the development of targeted-drug therapy using selective ...