Name: mirna expression analyses in prostate cancer clinical tissues
Uploaded: 2015-09-08T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about miRNA Expression Analyses in Prostate Cancer Clinical Tissues at JoVE.com

우리는 원고의 준비와 자신의 지원과 도움 박사 로저 에릭슨 감사합니다. 이 작품은 국립 보건원의 국립 암 연구소 (National Cancer Institute)에 의해 지원되었다 (허가 번호 RO1CA177984, RO1CA138642), 전립선 암 (BX001604)에 버지니아 프로그램 프로젝트.

포르말린 고정 파라핀 포매 (FFPE) 또는 냉동 전립선 암 샘플 SFVAMC로부터 수득 하였다. 샘플 SFVAMC에서 급진적 인 전립선 절제술을받은 전립선 암 환자에서 있었다. 서면 동의서는 모든 환자에서 얻어진 것으로,이 연구는 인간의 연구에 UCSF위원회에 의해 승인되었다. 또는, 전립선 암 조직 마이크로 어레이는 상업적인 출처의 조달과의 miRNA가 ISH하여 분석에 사용 하였다. 분석 된 전립선 암 환자의 임...

<ol>
	<li>Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., Jemal, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+statistics.">Cancer statistics.</a> CA Cancer J Clin. 65 (1), 5-29 (2015).</li><li>Shen, M. M., Abate-Shen, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+genetics+of+prostate+cancer:+new+prospects+for+old+challenges.">Molecular genetics of prostate cancer: new prospects for old challenges.</a> Genes Dev. 24 (18), 1967-2000 (2010).</li><li>Sequeiros, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+markers+for+prostate+cancer+in+formalin-fixed+paraffin-embedded+tissues.">Molecular markers for prostate cancer in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.</a> Biomed Res Int. 2013, 283635 (2013).</li><li>Cary, K. C., Cooperberg, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomarkers+in+prostate+cancer+surveillance+and+screening:+past,+present,+and+future.">Biomarkers in prostate cancer surveillance and screening: past, present, and future.</a> Ther Adv Urol. 5 (6), 318-329 (2013).</li><li>Sartori, D. A., Chan, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomarkers+in+prostate+cancer:+what's+new.">Biomarkers in prostate cancer: what's new.</a> Curr Opin Oncol. 26 (3), 259-264 (2014).</li><li>Friedman, R. C., Farh, K. K., Burge, C. B., Bartel, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Most+mammalian+mRNAs+are+conserved+targets+of+microRNAs.">Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs.</a> Genome Res. 19 (1), 92-105 (2009).</li><li>Rodriguez, A., Griffiths-Jones, S., Ashurst, J. L., Bradley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+mammalian+microRNA+host+genes+and+transcription+units.">Identification of mammalian microRNA host genes and transcription units.</a> Genome Res. 14 (10A), 1902-1910 (2004).</li><li>Borchert, G. M., Lanier, W., Davidson, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+polymerase+III+transcribes+human+microRNAs.">RNA polymerase III transcribes human microRNAs.</a> Nat Struct Mol Biol. 13 (12), 1097-1101 (2006).</li><li>Cai, X., Hagedorn, C. H., Cullen, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+microRNAs+are+processed+from+capped,+polyadenylated+transcripts+that+can+also+function+as+mRNAs.">Human microRNAs are processed from capped, polyadenylated transcripts that can also function as mRNAs.</a> RNA. 10 (12), 1957-1966 (2004).</li><li>Lee, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA+genes+are+transcribed+by+RNA+polymerase+II.">MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II.</a> EMBO J. 23 (20), 4051-4060 (2004).</li><li>Bartel, D. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNAs:+target+recognition+and+regulatory+functions.">MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions.</a> Cell. 136 (2), 215-233 (2009).</li><li>Gordanpour, A., Nam, R. K., Sugar, L., Seth, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNAs+in+prostate+cancer:+from+biomarkers+to+molecularly-based+therapeutics.">MicroRNAs in prostate cancer: from biomarkers to molecularly-based therapeutics.</a> Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 15 (4), 314-319 (2012).</li><li>Hurst, D. R., Edmonds, M. D., Welch, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metastamir:+the+field+of+metastasis-regulatory+microRNA+is+spreading.">Metastamir: the field of metastasis-regulatory microRNA is spreading.</a> Cancer Res. 69 (19), 7495-7498 (2009).</li><li>Saini, S., Majid, S., Dahiya, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diet,+microRNAs+and+prostate+cancer.">Diet, microRNAs and prostate cancer.</a> Pharm Res. 27 (6), 1014-1026 (2010).</li><li>Saini, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulatory+Role+of+mir-203+in+Prostate+Cancer+Progression+and+Metastasis.">Regulatory Role of mir-203 in Prostate Cancer Progression and Metastasis.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 17 (16), 5287-5298 (2011).</li><li>Ambs, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic+profiling+of+microRNA+and+messenger+RNA+reveals+deregulated+microRNA+expression+in+prostate+cancer.">Genomic profiling of microRNA and messenger RNA reveals deregulated microRNA expression in prostate cancer.</a> Cancer Res. 68 (15), 6162-6170 (2008).</li><li>Martens-Uzunova, E. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+and+prognostic+signatures+from+the+small+non-coding+RNA+transcriptome+in+prostate+cancer.">Diagnostic and prognostic signatures from the small non-coding RNA transcriptome in prostate cancer.</a> Oncogene. 31 (8), 978-991 (2012).</li><li>Porkka, K. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA+expression+profiling+in+prostate+cancer.">MicroRNA expression profiling in prostate cancer.</a> Cancer Res. 67 (13), 6130-6135 (2007).</li><li>Schaefer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+and+prognostic+implications+of+microRNA+profiling+in+prostate+carcinoma.">Diagnostic and prognostic implications of microRNA profiling in prostate carcinoma.</a> Int J Cancer. 126 (5), 1166-1176 (2010).</li><li>Maugeri-Sacca, M., Coppola, V., De Maria, R., Bonci, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+role+of+microRNAs+in+prostate+cancer+and+therapeutic+opportunities.">Functional role of microRNAs in prostate cancer and therapeutic opportunities.</a> Crit Rev Oncog. 18 (4), 303-315 (2013).</li><li>Xi, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+analysis+of+microRNA+expression+of+RNA+extracted+from+fresh+frozen+and+formalin-fixed+paraffin-embedded+samples.">Systematic analysis of microRNA expression of RNA extracted from fresh frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples.</a> RNA. 13 (10), 1668-1674 (2007).</li><li>Lucas, S. M., Heath, E. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+challenges+in+development+of+differentially+expressed+and+prognostic+prostate+cancer+biomarkers.">Current challenges in development of differentially expressed and prognostic prostate cancer biomarkers.</a> Prostate Cancer. , 640968 (2012).</li><li>Singh, S. K., Kumar, R., Wengel, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+Novel+Bicyclo[2.2.1]+Ribonucleosides:+2'-Amino-+and+2'-Thio-LNA+Monomeric+Nucleosides.">Synthesis of Novel Bicyclo[2.2.1] Ribonucleosides: 2'-Amino- and 2'-Thio-LNA Monomeric Nucleosides.</a> J Org Chem. 63 (18), 6078-6079 (1998).</li><li>Suh, S. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA-145+is+regulated+by+DNA+methylation+and+p53+gene+mutation+in+prostate+cancer.">MicroRNA-145 is regulated by DNA methylation and p53 gene mutation in prostate cancer.</a> Carcinogenesis. 32 (5), 772-778 (2011).</li><li>Shukla, C. J., Pennington, C. J., Riddick, A. C., Sethia, K. K., Ball, R. Y., Edwards, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-capture+microdissection+in+prostate+cancer+research:+establishment+and+validation+of+a+powerful+tool+for+the+assessment+of+tumour-stroma+interactions.">Laser-capture microdissection in prostate cancer research: establishment and validation of a powerful tool for the assessment of tumour-stroma interactions.</a> BJU Int. 101 (6), 765-774 (2008).</li><li>Nelson, P. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RAKE+and+LNA-ISH+reveal+microRNA+expression+and+localization+in+archival+human+brain.">RAKE and LNA-ISH reveal microRNA expression and localization in archival human brain.</a> RNA. 12 (2), 187-191 (2006).</li><li>Chen, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+quantification+of+microRNAs+by+stem-loop+RT-PCR.">Real-time quantification of microRNAs by stem-loop RT-PCR.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 33 (20), e179 (2005).</li><li>Hanna, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+microRNAs+in+tissue+microarrays+by+in+situ+hybridization.">Quantitative analysis of microRNAs in tissue microarrays by in situ hybridization.</a> Biotechniques. 52 (4), 235-245 (2012).</li></ol>

이 글에서, 우리는 보관 FFPE 또는 냉동 전립선 암의 임상 조직에서 프로파일 miRNA의 발현에 대한 단순화 된 워크 플로우를 설명합니다. 전립선 암, 몇몇 연구는 전립선 암의 개시, 진행 및 전이에서 마이크로 RNA의 중요한 역할을 시사한다. 그러나, 충돌 결과는 종종 miRNA의 추출 이후 특정 miRNA의 22에 얻은 방법은 크게 다르다 분석된다. 전립선 암의 예후, 진단 및 치료를위한 대안적인 전립?...

전립선 암은 남성의 암 관련 사망의 주요 원인 중 하나이며 흔히 진단 남성 악성 종양이다. 미국의 경우는 220,800 새로운 사례를 추정하고 27,540 명이 사망 2015 년 1에보고됩니다. 전립선 암은 종양이 나태한 또는 매우 공격적이 될 수 코스 - 매우 다양 질환을 가진 이질적인 질환이다. 전립선 암의 임상 관리에서 중요한 과제는 질병 검사, 진단, 예후 및 치료 (2) 현재 사용되는 방법 / 바이오 마커의 무능력에 의해 제기된다. 현재 검사 방법은 전립선 특이 항원 (PSA) 테스트 및 전립선 생검 3이어서 직장 수지 검사 (DRE)을 포함한다. 전립선 특이 항원 (PSA)은 크게 개선 된 임상 관리 생존율 4 혁명에서 가장 널리 사용되는 전립선 암의 표지자이다. 그러나, PSA 포함 락의 본질적인 한계로특이도, PSA 기반 검사의 k는 진단을 통해 질병의 치료를 통해하게되었다. 이러한 관점에서 집중적 인 노력은 대체 전립선 암 바이오 마커에 ​​대한 검색 향해 공격성 질병을 예측하고 더 나은 치료 결정 4,5-를 구동 할 수있는 특히 지시되고있다. 지난 몇 년 동안, 마이크로 RNA (miRNA가)는 유망한 대체 전립선 암 바이오 마커로 등장했다. 마이크로 RNA (miRNA가)는 동족 mRNA의 대상의 3&#39;- 번역되지 않은 지역 (UTRs)와 서열 - 특이 적 상호 작용을 통해 후 전사적으로 유전자 발현을 억제하는 작은 비 코딩 RNA를의 진화 적으로 보존 된 클래스를 구성한다. 그것은의 mRNA의 60 %의 miRNAs 6의 목표를 ​​보존하고 있습니다&gt; 것으로 추정된다. miRNA의 유전자는 유전자 간 지역 또는 인트론 또는 유전자 (7)를 코딩하는 단백질 / 비 단백질의 엑손 내에 위치하고 있습니다. 이 유전자는 우선적으로 주역에 RNA 중합 효소 II에 의해 전사된다공예의 miRNAs (PRI-miRNA가 몇 킬로베이스) 그 형태의 머리 핀의 자형 모양의 줄기 루프 차 구조. 이 PRI-의 miRNAs는 세포질에 수출하고 추가로 8-10 (1,825 염기 길이) 성숙의 miRNAs로 처리되는 전구체의 miRNAs (60-75 염기 긴 사전의 miRNAs)로 처리됩니다. miRNA가 증식, 개발, 분화 및 세포 사멸 (11) 등 주요 세포 과정을 조절한다. 연구는 전립선 암 12 ~ 15 등 다양한 인간의 악성 종양에서의 miRNA 발현 프로파일의 광범위한 조절 곤란을 제안한다. miRNA의 발현 프로파일은 널리 기본 및 전이성 전립선 암에서 이상 조절되는 것으로보고되었다. 변경된 miRNA의 발현의 miRNAs 12,14,16-19의 예후 잠재력을 강조 전립선 암의 진행, 공격성과 재발과 연결되어있다. 증거의 성장 몸은 miRNA가 전립선 암 개시, 개발, 진행에 중요한 기계적인 역할을한다는 것을 나타냅니다이온과 전이. 전반적으로, miRNAs의 전립선 암 (12)의 계층화에 정상 및 암 조직과 원조를 구별 할 수 전립선 암 진단 및 예후 등 유망한 대체 바이오 마커를 부상하고있다. 또한, miRNAs의 전립선 암 (20)에 대한 효과적인 치료제의 개발을위한 중요한 표적이다. 내생의 RNase 활성에 작은 크기와 저항으로 인해, miRNAs의 용이 포르말린 고정 된 조직 (21) 및 전립선 생검 (22)에서 검출 될 수 안정한 바이오 마커이다. 더욱이의 miRNAs의 발현 양상은 고정 냉동과 포르말린 조직에 비해 한 강하게 될 21 개의 상관하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 그러나 임상 적 전립선 암 조직에서의 miRNA 발현 프로파일들은 전립선 암 등 심하게 RELI에게 효과적 생체 등의 miRNAs의 개발 종양 이질성, 샘플링 오류, 간질 오염으로 인해 도전임상 조직에서 자신의 정확한 검출에 말이지. 여기에 우리가 보관 FFPE 또는 냉동 전립선 암 임상 검체에서 프로파일 miRNA의 발현에 대한 우리의 실험실에서 사용되는 단순화 된 워크 플로우를 설명합니다. 우리는 정량적 실시간 PCR의 조합을 채용하고 miRNA에 대한 계내 혼성화에 전 수득 더 정량적 정보와 조직의 어레이의 잠재적 miRNA의 바이오 마커의 발현 차이를 시각화 후자, 임상 검체 분석. 이 워크 플로우 내에서, 우리는 FFPE 및 냉동 전립선 조직에서 miRNA의 추출을위한 기존의 방법을 최적화, 표현은 프로브 (23)를 기반 잠금 핵산 (LNA)를 사용하여 miRNA의 RT-PCR 및 miRNA의 현장 하이브리드 기술에 기반의 TaqMan 프로브에 의해 분석한다. LNA 기반 프로브는 DNA- 또는 RNA- 기초하여 프로브에 비해 증가 된 민감도 및 특이성을 제공하며, 자신의 GC 함량에 관계없이 모두의 miRNA 서열 강력한 검출을 가능하게하고 또한 discrimina 허용miRNA의 가족의 기. 우리의 최적화 된 miRNA ISH 프로토콜 miRNA의 바이오 마커 발견을 촉진시킬 가능성을 제공하고, 후자와, 전립선 암 조직 슬라이드 또는 전립선 암 조직 마이크로 어레이 (TMA)에 적용될 수있다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems&#160;</td>
			<td>RM2255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Arcturus Autopix for LCM</td>
			<td>Arcturus/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td>LCM1621/LCM1110</td>
			<td>Alternatively, Arcutus Xt system from Life Technolgies can be used.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CapSure Macro LCM Caps</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>LCM0211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>miRNeasy FFPE Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right">217504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7500 Fast Real Time PCR System&#160;</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right">4351106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taqman MicroRNA Reverse Transcription kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right">4366596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taqman Fast Universal PCR master mix&#160;</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right">4352042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DIG labeled LNA probe for U6</td>
			<td>Exiqon</td>
			<td>99002-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BM Purple AP substrate</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td align="right">11442074001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pre-hybridization solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Biochain</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.biochain.com/coa/K21910XXCA.pdf">K2191050-1</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridization solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Biochain</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.biochain.com/coa/K21910XXCA.pdf">K2191050-2</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blocking solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Biochain</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.biochain.com/coa/K21910XXCA.pdf">K2191050-8</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AP-conjugated anti-digoxigenin antibody</td>
			<td>Biochain</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.biochain.com/coa/K21910XXCA.pdf">K2191050-7</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aqueous mounting media&#160;</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories&#160;</td>
			<td>H-5501&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizol (guanidine isothiocyanate-phenol reagent)&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td><a href="https://www.lifetechnologies.com/order/catalog/product/15596018">15596-018</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harris hematoxylin</td>
			<td>Statlab</td>
			<td>SL200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin&#160;</td>
			<td>Statlab</td>
			<td>SL201&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mirna expression analyses in prostate cancer clinical tissues

전립선 암 (PCA) 임상 관리에서 중요한 과제는 질병 검사, 진단, 예후 및 치료를 위해 현재 사용되는 바이오 마커의 무능력에 의해 제기된다. 최근, 마이크로 RNA (miRNA에)은 전립선 암의 진단 및 예후에 대한 유망한 대체로서 생체 등장했다. 그러나, 전립선 암에 대한 효과적인 생체 등의 miRNAs의 개발은 주로 임상 조직에서의 정확한 검출에 의존한다. miRNA는 종종 종양의 이질성, 샘플링 오류, 간질 오염 등의 miRNA가 조합을 사용하여 아카이브 FFPE 또는 냉동 전립선 암 임상 검체의 분석은이 문서의 목적은 단순화 된 워크 플로우를 설명하는 것입니다 때문에 도전 전립선 암 임상 검체에서 분석 정량 실시간 PCR (RT-PCR) 및 현장 하이브리드에서 (ISH). 이 워크 플로우 내에서, 우리는 FFPE에서 miRNA의 추출을위한 기존의 방법과 냉동 전립선 tissu을 최적화ES 및 표현은 m​​iRNA의 RT-PCR 기반의 TaqMan 프로브에 의해 분석한다. 기반 프로브 - 또, ISH위한 최적화 방식이 고정 된 핵산 (LNA)를 이용하여 전립선 조직에서 formiRNA 검출 분석 기술한다. 우리의 miRNA ISH 최적화 프로토콜은 전립선 암 조직 슬라이드 또는 전립선 암 조직 마이크로 어레이 (TMA)에 적용될 수있다.

RT-PCR에 의한 LCM 차 전립선 암 임상 검체 미르-203의 발현 프로파일 분석 (그림 1) RT-PCR은 LCM 차 전립선 암 조직에서 상대적은 miR-203의 발현을 분석 대조군으로 사용 하였다 Saini 외. RNU48 15에 기재된 바와 같이 유사한 인접하는 정상 영역을 행했다. 아래 표는 인접한 정상 조직에 대해 전립선 암 종양 조직에서 상대적은 miR-203의 발현을 요약 한 것이다....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about miRNA Expression Analyses in Prostate Cancer Clinical Tissues at JoVE.com

miRNA Expression Analyses in Prostate Cancer Clinical Tissues

Here we describe a simplified protocol for microRNA (miRNA) expression analyses in archived Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) or fresh frozen prostate cancer (PCa) clinical tissues employing quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH).

전립선 암 임상 조직에서의 miRNA 식 분석

A critical challenge in prostate cancer (PCa) clinical management is posed by the inadequacy of currently used biomarkers for disease screening, ...

mirna-expression-analyses-in-prostate-cancer-clinical-tissues

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Evaluation of Nanoparticle Uptake in Tumors in Real Time Using Intravital Imaging

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle uptake in tumors at the microscopic level1,2,3, highlighting the utility of a suitable xenograft model in which to perform detailed uptake analyses. Here, we use high-resolution intravital imaging to evaluate nanoparticle uptake in human tumor xenografts in a modified, shell-less chicken embryo model. The chicken embryo model is particularly well-suited for these in vivo analyses because it supports the growth of human tumors, is relatively inexpensive and does not require anesthetization or surgery 4,5. Tumor cells form fully vascularized xenografts within 7 days when implanted into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) 6. The resulting tumors are visualized by non-invasive real-time, high-resolution imaging that can be maintained for up to 72 hours with little impact on either the host or tumor systems. Nanoparticles with a wide range of sizes and formulations administered distal to the tumor can be visualized and quantified as they flow through the bloodstream, extravasate from leaky tumor vasculature, and accumulate at the tumor site. We describe here the analysis of nanoparticles derived from Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) decorated with near-infrared fluorescent dyes and/or polyethylene glycol polymers (PEG) 7, 8, 9,10,11. Upon intravenous administration, these viral nanoparticles are rapidly internalized by endothelial cells, resulting in global labeling of the vasculature both outside and within the tumor7,12. PEGylation of the viral nanoparticles increases their plasma half-life, extends their time in the circulation, and ultimately enhances their accumulation in tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect 7, 10,11. The rate and extent of accumulation of nanoparticles in a tumor is measured over time using image analysis software. This technique provides a method to both visualize and quantify nanoparticle dynamics in human tumors.

We present a novel approach to quantify nanoparticle localization in the vasculature of human xenografted tumors using dynamic, real-time intravital imaging in an avian embryo model.

Intravital 이미징을 사용하여 실시간으로 종양의 Nanoparticle의 이해 평가

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle ...

연구

의학

Cell Population Analyses During Skin Carcinogenesis

Cancer development is a multiple-step process involving many cell types including cancer precursor cells, immune cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Each type of cells undergoes signaling and functional changes during carcinogenesis. The current challenge for many cancer researchers is to dissect these changes in each cell type during the multiple-step process in vivo. In the last few years, the authors have developed a set of procedures to isolate different cell populations during skin cancer development using K14creER/R26-SmoM2YFP mice. The procedure is divided into 6 parts: 1) generating appropriate mice for the study (K14creER+ and R26-SmoM2YFP+ mice in this protocol); 2) inducing SmoM2YFP expression in mouse skin; 3) preparing mouse skin biopsies; 4) isolating epidermis from skin; 5) preparing single cells from epidermis; 6) labeling single cell populations for flow cytometry analysis. Generation of sufficient number of mice with the right genotype is the limiting step in this protocol, which may take up to two months. The rest of steps take a few hours to a few days. Within this protocol, we also include a section for troubleshooting. Although we focus on skin cancer, this protocol may be modified to apply for other animal models of human diseases.

Carcinogenesis is a process involving interactions between cancer cells and the cancer microenvironment. To dissect the molecular events, one needs to isolate different cell populations at different stages during cancer development. Using a mouse model for basal cell carcinoma, we describe a protocol for cell analyses during carcinogenesis.

세포 인구 분석 피부 발암 중

Cancer development is  a multiple-step process involving many cell types including cancer precursor  cells, immune cells, fibroblasts and endothelial ...

MR Molecular Imaging of Prostate Cancer with a Small Molecular CLT1 Peptide Targeted Contrast Agent

Tumor extracellular matrix has abundance of cancer related proteins that can be used as biomarkers for cancer molecular imaging. In this work, we demonstrated effective MR cancer molecular imaging with a small molecular peptide targeted Gd-DOTA monoamide complex as a targeted MRI contrast agent specific to clotted plasma proteins in tumor stroma. We performed the experiment of evaluating the effectiveness of the agent for non-invasive detection of prostate tumor with MRI in a mouse orthotopic PC-3 prostate cancer model. The targeted contrast agent was effective to produce significant tumor contrast enhancement at a low dose of 0.03 mmol Gd/kg. The peptide targeted MRI contrast agent is promising for MR molecular imaging of prostate tumor.

To demonstrate MR cancer molecular imaging with a small peptide targeted MRI contrast agent specific to clotted plasma proteins in tumor stroma in a mouse prostate cancer model.

작은 분자 CLT1 펩타이드 표적 조영제와 전립선 암의 MR 분자 영상

Tumor extracellular  matrix has abundance of cancer related proteins that can be used as biomarkers  for cancer molecular imaging. In this work,  we ...

Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer

The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the main diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer in clinical use, but it lacks specificity and sensitivity, particularly in low dosage values1&#8203;&#8203;. &#8216;How to use PSA&#39; remains a current issue, either for diagnosis as a gray zone corresponding to a concentration in serum of 2.5-10 ng/ml which does not allow a clear differentiation to be made between cancer and noncancer2 or for patient follow-up as analysis of post-operative PSA kinetic parameters can pose considerable challenges for their practical application3,4. Alternatively, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging as key molecules in human cancer, with the potential to serve as novel markers of disease, e.g. PCA3 in prostate cancer5,6 and to reveal uncharacterized aspects of tumor biology. Moreover, data from the ENCODE project published in 2012 showed that different RNA types cover about 62% of the genome. It also appears that the amount of transcriptional regulatory motifs is at least 4.5x higher than the one corresponding to protein-coding exons. Thus, long terminal repeats (LTRs) of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) constitute a wide range of putative/candidate transcriptional regulatory sequences, as it is their primary function in infectious retroviruses. HERVs, which are spread throughout the human genome, originate from ancestral and independent infections within the germ line, followed by copy-paste propagation processes and leading to multicopy families occupying 8% of the human genome (note that exons span 2% of our genome). Some HERV loci still express proteins that have been associated with several pathologies including cancer7-10. We have designed a high-density microarray, in Affymetrix format, aiming to optimally characterize individual HERV loci expression, in order to better understand whether they can be active, if they drive ncRNA transcription or modulate coding gene expression. This tool has been applied in the prostate cancer field (Figure 1).

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV), which occupy 8% of the human genome, retain scarce coding capacities but a hundred thousand long terminal repeats (LTRs). A custom Affymetrix microarray was designed to identify individual HERV locus expression and was used on prostate cancer tissues as a proof of concept for future clinical studies.

전립선 암의 바이오 마커 발견에 신청 : 개인 HERV 궤적 발현 마이크로 어레이 기반의 식별

The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the main diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer in clinical use, but it lacks specificity and sensitivity, ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but rather the formation of distinct metastasis, the ability to effectively model this progression pre-clinically is of high value. In this model, cells are directly implanted into the ventral lobe of the prostate in Balb/c athymic mice, and allowed to progress for 4-6 weeks. At experiment termination, several distinct endpoints can be measured, such as size and molecular characterization of the primary tumor, the presence and quantification of circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow, and formation of metastasis to the lung. In addition to a variety of endpoints, this model provides a picture of a cells ability to invade and escape the primary organ, enter and survive in the circulatory system, and implant and grow in a secondary site. This model has been used effectively to measure metastatic response to both changes in protein expression as well as to response to small molecule therapeutics, in a short turnaround time.

This orthotopic model of human prostate cancer allows for quantification of tumor size, circulating tumor cells, and formation of distinct metastasis to the lung. As cells must escape the primary organ, enter the blood stream, and implant into a secondary site, this model effectively recapitulates the scenario in humans.

인간의 전립선 암 전이의 동소 쥐과 모델

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly isolated from human tissues and serially propagated in immunodeficient mice, typically through antibody labeling of subpopulations of cells and fractionation by flow cytometry. However, the unique clinical features of prostate cancer have considerably limited the study of prostate CSCs from fresh human tumor samples. We recently reported the isolation of prostate CSCs directly from human tissues by virtue of their HLA class I (HLAI)-negative phenotype. Prostate cancer cells are harvested from surgical specimens and mechanically dissociated. A cell suspension is generated and labeled with fluorescently conjugated HLAI and stromal antibodies. Subpopulations of HLAI-negative cells are finally isolated using a flow cytometer. The principal limitation of this protocol is the frequently microscopic and multifocal nature of primary cancer in prostatectomy specimens. Nonetheless, isolated live prostate CSCs are suitable for molecular characterization and functional validation by transplantation in immunodeficient mice.

The isolation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) directly from human tissues is requisite for their biological characterization. This manuscript describes a methodology for the isolation of prostate CSCs from human tissues, while also providing tips on troubleshooting difficult steps.

인간의 전립선 암 샘플에서 암 줄기 세포의 분리

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly ...

Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that self-renew while giving rise to more differentiated progeny. Understanding and targeting these cancer stem cells in breast cancer, which may possess enhanced chemo- and radio-resistance compared to the non-stem tumor bulk, has become an important research area. Markers including CD44, CD24, and ALDH activity can be assessed using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to prospectively isolate cells that display enhanced tumorigenicity when implanted into immunocompromised mice: the mammosphere assay has also become widely used for its ability to retrospectively identify sphere-forming cells that develop from single stem cell-like clones. Here we outline approaches for the appropriate culturing of mammospheres from cell lines or primary patient samples, their passaging, and calculations to estimate sphere forming efficiency (SFE). First we discuss key considerations and pitfalls in the appropriate planning and interpretation of mammosphere experiments.

Floating mammosphere assays can investigate the subset of stem-like breast cancer cells that survive in suspension conditions and show enhanced tumorigenesis when implanted into mice. This protocol provides a convenient in vitro measure of sphere-forming ability, a proxy for in vivo tumorigenesis, while facilitating analysis of the stem-associated transcriptional landscape.

인간 유방암 조직과 세포주에서 Mammosphere 형성 분석

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that ...

Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient Derived Xenograft Models from Circulating Tumor Cells

Patient derived xenograft (PDX) models are gaining popularity in cancer research and are used for preclinical drug evaluation, biomarker identification, biologic studies, and personalized medicine strategies. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) play a critical role in tumor metastasis and have been isolated from patients with several tumor types. Recently, CTCs have been used to generate PDX experimental models of breast and prostate cancer. This manuscript details the method for the generation of prostate cancer PDX models from CTCs developed by our group. Advantages of this method over conventional PDX models include independence from surgical sample collection and generating experimental models at various disease stages. Density gradient centrifugation followed by red blood cell lysis and flow cytometry depletion of CD45 positive mononuclear cells is used to enrich CTCs from peripheral blood samples collected from patients with metastatic disease. The CTCs are then injected into immunocompromised mice; subsequently generated xenografts can be used for functional studies or harvested for molecular characterization. The primary limitation of this method is the negative selection method used for CTC enrichment. Despite this limitation, the generation of PDX models from CTCs provides a novel experimental model to be applied to prostate cancer research.

This manuscript details a method used to generate prostate cancer patient derived xenografts (PDXs) from circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The generation of PDX models from CTCs provides an alternative experimental model to study prostate cancer; the most commonly diagnosed tumor and a frequent cause of death from cancer in men.

전립선 암 환자의 발생은 종양 세포를 순환에서 이종 이식 모델을 파생

Patient derived xenograft (PDX) models are gaining popularity in cancer research and are used for preclinical drug evaluation, biomarker identification, ...

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research

Medical research for human benefit is greatly impeded by the necessity for human tissues and subjects. However, upon obtaining consent for human specimens, precious samples must be handled with the greatest care in order to ensure integrity of organs, tissues, and cells to the highest degree. Unfortunately, tissue processing by definition requires extraction of tissues from the host, a change which can cause great cellular stress and have major repercussions on subsequent analyses. These stresses could result in the specimen being no longer representative of the site from which it was retrieved. Therefore, a strict protocol must be adhered to while processing these specimens to ensure representativeness. The desired assay(s) must also be taken into consideration in order to ensure that an optimal technique is used for sample processing. Outlined here is a protocol for tissue retrieval, processing and various analyses which may be performed on processed tissue in order to maximize downstream production from limited tissue samples.

Translational cancer research is dependent on extraction of human tissues. Much work has gone into optimizing extraction methods for ex vivo analysis. Here, we describe tissue processing methods allowing for maximal data output from limited samples.

번역 상 암 연구를위한 인체 조직에 대한 작업

Medical research for human benefit is greatly impeded by the necessity for human tissues and subjects. However, upon obtaining consent for human ...

Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool

The discovery of alterations in the EGFR and ALK genes, amongst others, in NSCLC has driven the development of targeted-drug therapy using selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). To optimize the use of these TKIs, the discovery of new biomarkers for early detection and disease progression is mandatory. These plasma-isolated exosomes can be used as a non-invasive and repeatable way for the detection and follow-up of these biomarkers. One ml of plasma from 12 NSCLC patients, with different mutations and treatments (and 6 healthy donors as controls), were used as exosome sources. After RNAse treatment, in order to degrade circulating miRNAs, the exosomes were isolated with a commercial kit and resuspended in specific buffers for further analysis. The exosomes were characterized by western blotting for ALIX and TSG101 and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, the standard techniques to obtain biochemical and dimensional data of these nanovesicles. Total RNA extraction was performed with a high yield commercial kit. Due to the limited miRNA-content in exosomes, we decided to perform retro-transcription PCR using an individual assay for each selected miRNA. A panel of miRNAs (30b, 30c, 103, 122, 195, 203, 221, 222), all correlated with NSCLC disease, were analyzed taking advantage of the remarkable sensitivity and specificity of Real-Time PCR analysis; mir-1228-3p was used as endogenous control and data were processed according to the formula 2-&#916;&#916;ct 13. Control values were used as baseline and results are shown in logarithmic scale.

Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer NSCLC Patients&#039; Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool

This protocol describes the feasibility to perform miRNA profiling in exosomes, released in plasma of NSCLC patients, through a commercial exosome isolation kit with Proteinase K and RNAse treatments, in order to avoid circulating miRNAs contamination and evaluate their biomarker features in NSCLC.

qPCR을 통해 비소 세포 폐암 (NSCLC) 환자 &#39;플라즈마에 Exosomal의 miRNA 분석 : 실현 가능한 액체 생검 도구

The discovery of alterations in the EGFR and ALK genes, amongst others, in NSCLC has driven the development of targeted-drug therapy using selective ...