Name: a co2 concentration gradient facility for testing co2 enrichment and soil effects on grassland ecosystem function
Uploaded: 2015-11-21T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function at JoVE.com

We thank Anne Gibson, Katherine Jones, Chris Kolodziejczyk, Alicia Naranjo, Kyle Tiner, and numerous students and temporary technicians for operating the LYCOG facility, conducting sampling, and data processing. L.G.R. acknowledges USDA-NIFA (2010-65615-20632).

1.收集土壤石柱用作称重测渗计<ol><li> 1.5米，深8毫米厚的钢构建开放式钢箱1×1米的正方形。 </li><li>按开放式盒垂直插入土中，用液压机安装在螺旋锚钻3米深入到土壤中。 </li><li>挖掘使用反铲挖土机或类似设备的包裹整体。 </li><li>放置在与土壤接触的玻璃纤维燃烧芯的整体件的基座。穿过钢基灯芯入10升的储排空整料，然后焊接钢底座上的框的底部。 </li><li>通过施加一个非残留除草剂，如草?...

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该LYCOG设施达到保持C A浓度对三种土壤类型建立实验草地群落250〜500微升L-1连续梯度其业务目标。 C中的一个变化是线性的规定范围。每个部分内的空气温度升高，却被段之间的冷却盘管在大部分路段复位。其结果是，保持一致的平均温度从段到段的操作目标是满足以上多数渐变。温度和C 控制在春季和初夏期间容易维护，当土壤含水量较高，植物处于最高的光合?...

大气中的二氧化碳浓度（C A）最近增加了近400微升L -1约270微升L-1之前的工业革命。 C A预计2100年1至少要达到550微升L-1。增加这个比率超过观察，在过去50万年的任何C A的变化。改变C A的前所未有的速度提出了生态系统的非线性或阈值响应增加C A的可能性。大多数生态系统规模的C A浓缩试验只适用两种处理中，丰富了C A和控制单级。这些实验已经极大地扩展了我们的C 的丰富的生态系统影响的认识。然而，这可以揭示非线性的生态系统的响应的存在，以增加C A的替代方法是，跨到一个连续范围低于环境的生态系统的研究superambient C A。低于环境C A是很难在现场维护，并且最经常被使用生长室2研究。 Superambient C A一直用生长箱，开顶式气室，并提供免费空气富集技术3，4研究。 C A富集操作通过含有多种土壤类型的景观。土属性可以强烈地影响生态系统的反应，C A富集。例如，土壤质地确定的水和养分的土壤剖面5的保留，其可用性植物6，和有机物7-9的数量和质量。土壤水分的有效性是生态系统的反应时在水中有限的系统，包括最草原10 A富集的关键调解人。近场C A浓缩试验通常都检查只有一种土壤类型，以及控制不断诉测试arying C A富集在几个土壤类型所缺乏的。如果C A丰富的生态系统过程的影响具有不同土壤类型，有足够的理由期待空间变化的生态系统响应C A富集和气候11,12随之而来的变化。 的蒸渗仪二氧化碳梯度（LYCOG）设施的目的是要解决的空间变化的生态系统中的至C A水平范围从〜250到500微升L -1的非线性和阈值响应的问题。 LYCOG创建C A对多年生草地植物群落上代表广泛的质地，N和C的含量，以及水文美国中原南部的部分草原的性质土壤中生长的规定的梯度。在设施中使用的特定的土壤系列是休斯敦黑粘土（32巨石），一个变性土（城投Haplustert）典型的低地;奥斯汀（32巨石），高碳氮内特，粉质粘土软土（Udorthentic Haplustol）典型的高地;和Bastsil（16巨石），冲积砂壤土淋溶土（城投Paleustalf）。 在LYCOG采用的工作原理是利用植物的光合能力耗尽C A从包裹空气的定向移动通过封闭室。治疗目标是保持在C A的恒定线性白天梯度从500到250微升L-1。要做到这一点，LYCOG由两个线性腔室，一个腔室superambient保持梯度从500至390（环境）的部分微升L-1 C A，和低于环境室保持的390到250微升L-1部梯度。这两个腔室并排放置，面向上的南北轴。当植物光合能力是足够的一年中部分中的C A梯度维持;通常四月下旬至十一月初。 该室含有调节C A梯度，控制空气温度（T A）接近环境值，并应用统一的降水量所有的土壤需要的传感器和仪器。土壤是从安装在仪表以确定水预算的所有组分水文隔离称量渗漏池附近黑土大草原收集完好整料。水的量和时间，即近似的降雨事件的季节性和期间的平均年降水量达事件的应用。因此，LYCOG能够评估低于环境来superambient C A和土壤类型对草地生态系统功能的长期影响，包括水和碳预算。 LYCOG是第三代的美国农业部ARS草地水土保持研究实验室进行的C A梯度实验。第一代是一个雏形低于环境来所建立的梯度法13的活力和提高了我们的植物叶级生理反应的认识，以低于室温的C A 14-20变化的环境梯度。第二代是概念的油田规模的应用程序，以常年的 C 4草原，与延伸至200〜550μLL -1 21梯度。该油田规模试验首次提供了证据表明，用C草地生产力增加了浓缩可能饱和电流环境浓度20附近，部分原因是因为氮的可用性可能会限制植物生产力superambient C A 22。 LYCOG扩展了第二代实验通过将不同的纹理，让强大的测试在C草地群落的响应土壤的互动效应的复制的土壤。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dataloggers, multiplexers</td>
			<td>Campell Scientific, Logan, UT, USA</td>
			<td>CR-7, CR-10, CR-21X, SDM-A04, SDM-CD16AC, AM25T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocouples: Copper-constantan</td>
			<td>Omega Engineering, Inc., Stamford, CT, USA</td>
			<td>TT-T-40-SLE, TT-T-24-SLE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quantum sensor</td>
			<td>Li-Cor Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA</td>
			<td>LI-190SB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2/H2O analyzer</td>
			<td>Li-Cor Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA</td>
			<td>LI-7000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysimeter scales</td>
			<td>Avery Weigh-Tronix, Houston, TX, USA</td>
			<td>DSL-3636-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air sampling pump</td>
			<td>Grace Air Components, Houston, TX, USA</td>
			<td>VP 0660</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dew-point generator</td>
			<td>Li-Cor Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA</td>
			<td>LI-610</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cold water chiller</td>
			<td>AEC Application Engineering, Wood Dale, IL, USA</td>
			<td>CCOA-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chilled water flow control values</td>
			<td>Belimo Air Controls, Danbury, CT, USA</td>
			<td>LRB24-SR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chilled-water cooling coils</td>
			<td>Coil Company, Paoli, PA, USA</td>
			<td>WC12-C14-329-SCA-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon dioxide refrigerated liquid</td>
			<td>Temple Welding Supply, Temple, TX, USA</td>
			<td>UN2187</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene film</td>
			<td>AT Plastics, Toronto, ON, Canada</td>
			<td>Dura-film Super Dura 4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blower motor/controller</td>
			<td>Dayton Electric, Lake Forest, IL, USA</td>
			<td>2M168C/4Z829</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solenoids</td>
			<td>Industrial Automation, Cornelius, NC, USA</td>
			<td>U8256B046V-12/DC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leachate collection pump</td>
			<td>Gast Manufacturing, Benton Harbor, MI, USA</td>
			<td>0523-V191Q-G588DX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a co2 concentration gradient facility for testing co2 enrichment and soil effects on grassland ecosystem function

继续增加大气中二氧化碳的浓度（C a）任务技术研究对陆地生态系统的影响。大多数实验检查只有两个或C 的浓度和单个土壤类型的几级，但如果C A可改变为从低于环境的梯度superambient多个土壤浓度，就可以辨别过去的生态系统的响应是否可以继续直线在未来，无论是应对可能会在景观各不相同。在蒸渗仪二氧化碳梯度基金申请250至500微升L-C A梯度含有粘土，粉质粘土和沙土渗漏池建立黑土草原植物群落。该梯度为光合作用植被温控室封闭在创建逐步消耗的二氧化碳从空气通过室流出定向。保持适当的空气流率，足够photosynthetic能力，温度控制是至关重要的克服系统的主要局限，这是下降的夏季光合速率和增加水的压力。该设施是一种经济的替代的C A富集的其他技术，成功地洞察生态系统响应的形状，以低于环境到superambient C A富集，并且可以适于对测试为二氧化碳与其他温室气体，例如甲烷或臭氧相互作用。

渐变的superambient和低于环境部分被保持在单独的腔室（ 图1）。但是，超过七年操作（2007 - 2013年）的，所述腔保持在C中的线性梯度的浓度为500〜250微升L-1（图2）与只有一小的不连续性在C A的富集腔室的出口之间（整体式40）和梯度的低于环境部的入口（巨石41）。 气温和水汽压赤字依然从部分同时在superambient和低于环境室部...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function at JoVE.com

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

在蒸渗仪二氧化碳梯度设备创建了一个250到500μLL -1线性二氧化碳梯度对粘土，粉质粘土和沙土巨石温控室的住房草地植物群落。该设施被用来确定过去和未来的二氧化碳水平如何影响草地碳循环。

一个外线<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;浓度梯度用于测试CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;浓度与土壤对草地生态系统功能的影响

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

设计一个连续和操作<sup&gt; 13</sup&gt; C和<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt;Ñ贴标商会统一或差分，代谢和结构，植物同位素标记

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes ...

科研

环境科学

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

设计一个城市径流研究设施的建设

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates

An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates

一种优化富集技术的隔离<em&gt;节杆菌</em&gt;噬菌体种从土壤样品隔离

Bacteriophage isolation from environmental samples has been performed for decades using principles set forth by pioneers in microbiology. The isolation of ...

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

测量碳为基础的污染物矿化结合使用CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;助焊剂和放射性碳分析

A method is described which uses the absence of radiocarbon in industrial chemicals and fuels made from petroleum feedstocks which frequently contaminate ...

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

一种用于收集和构建土芯协议测渗计

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

土壤蒸渗仪开挖加之水文，地球化学和微生物调查

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

与CO平衡的原油流变学测量<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;在水库条件

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

On-Site Molecular Detection of Soil-Borne Phytopathogens Using a Portable Real-Time PCR System

用便携式实时 PCR 系统进行土壤载体 Phytopathogens 的现场分子检测

On-site diagnosis of plant diseases can be a useful tool for growers for timely decisions enabling the earlier implementation of disease management ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...