Name: lung tumor cell recruitment assay
Uploaded: 2019-02-26T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lung Tumor Cell Recruitment Assay at JoVE.com

Alle prosedyrer utført med mus ble godkjent av dyr forskning komiteen av Tokyo kvinnenes medisinske universitet.
1. hale blodåre injeksjon av Lewis lunge Carcinoma (LLC) celler
<ol><li>Opprettholde LLC celler i DMEM med 10% FCS, i en fuktet 5% CO2 inkubator på 37 ° C. Cellene må inneholde et fluorescerende protein uttrykk system (f.eks GFP).</li>
	<li>Fjerne celler fra kultur parabol ved hjelp av en ikke-enzymatisk celle dissosiasjon reagens. Følg produsentens proto...

<ol>
	<li>Valastyan, S., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+metastasis:+molecular+insights+and+evolving+paradigms.">Tumor metastasis: molecular insights and evolving paradigms.</a> Cell. 147 (2), 275-292 (2011).</li><li>Kaplan, R. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VEGFR1-positive+haematopoietic+bone+marrow+progenitors+initiate+the+pre-metastatic+niche.">VEGFR1-positive haematopoietic bone marrow progenitors initiate the pre-metastatic niche.</a> Nature. 438 (7069), 820-827 (2005).</li><li>Hiratsuka, S., Watanabe, A., Aburatani, H., Maru, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumour-mediated+upregulation+of+chemoattractants+and+recruitment+of+myeloid+cells+predetermines+lung+metastasis.">Tumour-mediated upregulation of chemoattractants and recruitment of myeloid cells predetermines lung metastasis.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 8 (12), 1369-1375 (2006).</li><li>Hiratsuka, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+S100A8-serum+amyloid+A3-TLR4+paracrine+cascade+establishes+a+pre-metastatic+phase.">The S100A8-serum amyloid A3-TLR4 paracrine cascade establishes a pre-metastatic phase.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 10 (11), 1349-1355 (2008).</li><li>Tomita, T., Sakurai, Y., Ishibashi, S., Maru, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imbalance+of+Clara+cell-mediated+homeostatic+inflammation+is+involved+in+lung+metastasis.">Imbalance of Clara cell-mediated homeostatic inflammation is involved in lung metastasis.</a> Oncogene. 30 (31), 3429-3439 (2011).</li><li>Deguchi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serum+amyloid+A3+binds+MD-2+to+activate+p38+and+NF-&#954;B+pathways+in+a+MyD88-dependent+manner.">Serum amyloid A3 binds MD-2 to activate p38 and NF-&#954;B pathways in a MyD88-dependent manner.</a> Journal of Immunology. 191 (4), 1856-1864 (2013).</li><li>Erler, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-induced+lysyl+oxidase+is+a+critical+mediator+of+bone+marrow+cell+recruitment+to+form+the+premetastatic+niche.">Hypoxia-induced lysyl oxidase is a critical mediator of bone marrow cell recruitment to form the premetastatic niche.</a> Cancer Cell. 15, 35-44 (2009).</li><li>Huang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulmonary+vascular+destabilization+in+the+premetastatic+phase+facilitates+lung+metastasis.">Pulmonary vascular destabilization in the premetastatic phase facilitates lung metastasis.</a> Cancer Research. 69 (19), 7292-7237 (2009).</li><li>Sceneay, J., Smyth, M. J., M&#246;ller, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pre-metastatic+niche:+finding+common+ground.">The pre-metastatic niche: finding common ground.</a> Cancer Metastasis Reviews. 32 (3-4), 449-464 (2013).</li><li>Castle, J., Shaker, H., Morris, K., Tugwood, J. D., Kirwan, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+significance+of+circulating+tumor+cells+in+breast+cancer:+A+review.">The significance of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer: A review.</a> The Breast. 23, 552-560 (2014).</li><li>Wolf, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+CCR2+signaling+induced+by+colon+carcinoma+cells+enables+extravasation+via+the+JAK2-Stat5+and+p38MAPK+pathway.">Endothelial CCR2 signaling induced by colon carcinoma cells enables extravasation via the JAK2-Stat5 and p38MAPK pathway.</a> Cancer Cell. 22 (1), 91-105 (2012).</li><li>Hiratsuka, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+tumours+modulate+innate+immune+signalling+to+create+pre-metastatic+vascular+hyperpermeability+foci.">Primary tumours modulate innate immune signalling to create pre-metastatic vascular hyperpermeability foci.</a> Nature Communications. 4, 1853 (2013).</li><li>Deguchi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eritoran+inhibits+S100A8-mediated+TLR4/MD-2+activation+and+tumor+growth+by+changing+the+immune+microenvironment.">Eritoran inhibits S100A8-mediated TLR4/MD-2 activation and tumor growth by changing the immune microenvironment.</a> Oncogene. 35 (19), 1445-1456 (2016).</li><li>Ieguchi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ADAM12-cleaved+ephrin-A1+contributes+to+lung+metastasis.">ADAM12-cleaved ephrin-A1 contributes to lung metastasis.</a> Oncogene. 33 (17), 2179-2190 (2014).</li></ol>

Forbehandling for mus antistoffer, narkotika, en høy-fett diett eller svulst-conditioned medium før svulst celle injeksjon er mulig. Det vanskeligste trinnet i denne analysen er halen blodåre injeksjon. Ufullstendig injeksjon resulterer i ufullstendige data. Hale venen i C57BL/6 er vanskelige å identifisere, gir injeksjoner. Plassere mus på en varmeputen (37 ° C) dilate hjelper hale venen slik at injeksjon blir enklere.
Denne analysen bruker et stort antall (1 x 104 - 1 x 10<s...

Svulst metastasering står for høy dødelighet i kreft-relaterte sykdommer. Fra synspunktet til undersøkelser på molekylært nivå, metastasering kan deles inn i flere trinn: svulst innvielse på primære svulst området, primære tumor vekst og invasjonen til omkringliggende vev, intravasation, sirkulasjon gjennom blod fartøy , bloduttredelse fjerne organer, og svulst ettervekst. Hvert trinn omfatter ulike sett av molekyler/signaler1.
Studier hittil har vært opptatt av hendelser som forekommer i fjerne organer før kreftceller sirkulerer i blodet, som er også pre metastatisk fase2,3,4,5, 6. Våre mus modell studier viste at den pre metastatisk fasen muliggjør lunge metastasering ved å skape varige og lavt nivå inflammatorisk respons i lungene. Pre metastatisk fasen er preget av hyperpermeability av themicrovasculature, rekruttering av benmarg avledet celler (BMDC) og oppregulering av cytokin/chemokine-lignende molekyler inkludert S100A8 og SAA33,4 . Det har blitt rapportert at lysyl oksidase endrer den ekstracellulære matrisen i lungene å rekruttere BMDCs7. En annen rapport har avdekket betydningen av Angpt2, MMP3 og MMP10 i den pre metastatisk fase8. Med andre ord, intrikate samspillet mellom primære svulster, benmargen og eksterne organer må bli forstått og riktig modulert (for eksempel ved å bruke narkotika som mål proteiner involvert i disse interaksjoner) å hindre fremtidige metastasering9 . For å regulere pre metastatisk fasen, bør først bli visualisert og vurdert for diagnostiske eller terapeutiske tiltak. Her rapporterer vi en lunge svulst celle rekruttering analysen som muliggjør studiet av pre metastatisk fase i lungene.
Kreftceller direkte injiseres i blodkaret museklikk er lik sirkulerende kreftceller i kreftpasienter, selv om det kan være forskjeller mellom kulturperler celler og sirkulerende kreftceller. Sirkulerende kreftceller gjennomgå selv noen karakteristiske endringer når de angir sirkulasjon fra den primære svulsten. Likevel kan kultivert cellene danner svulster i immunodeficient mus når de blir injisert i halen blodåre. I tillegg i mus modell systemet, kan fluorescens merket kreftceller brukes som tillater sporing av disse cellene i kroppen. Virkemåten av sirkulerende kreftceller er avgjørende som de bestemmer de endelige konsekvensene i kreft pasienter10. Blod er ikke et godt sted for overlevelse av tumor celler2. De trenger å flykte fra angrep av immunsystemet vert og trenger anti-apoptotisk signaler å hindre apoptose på grunn av fysisk støtter. Kreftceller med høyere evner av svulst på metastatisk områder generere mer svulst nodules. Hvis kreftceller viser bestemte orgel tropism, praktiseres metastasering i de bestemt organene. De første trinnene i metastatisk kaskade (primære tumor vekst og invasjonen) er ikke inkludert i denne analysen, og så fokuset er på samspillet mellom sirkulerende kreftceller og stromal cellene (endotelceller, epitelceller og blodlegemer). Konvensjonelle svulst celle injeksjon analyser må forskere vente inntil svulsten knuter vokse til en håndgripelig størrelse å oppdage metastasering. I dette tilfellet kan kreftceller i blodkaret antallet ikke tallfestes. Denne prosessen inneholder i tillegg en svulst gjenvekst fase, som angir at andre faktorer i kreftceller kan påvirke utfallet.
Telle er merket kreftceller under en fluorescens stereomicroscope en enkel prosess. Stereomicroscope gir et bredt synsfelt, slik at hele lungene kan skannes. Flowcytometri er også et nyttig verktøy som umiddelbart gir et nøyaktig antall tumorceller i vevet. Telle fluorescerende celler i vevet under AC confocal mikroskop også og viser de mest nøyaktige bildene av metastatisk kreftceller, men det er tidkrevende og kan gi forutinntatte resultater hvis bare et merket område regnes. Det endelige målet med denne analysen er å observere hvor lett kreftceller akkumuleres i lungene. Som rapportert tidligere3,4, hvis lungene er i pre metastatisk fase på grunn av inflammatoriske signalene fra den primære svulsten, er injisert kreftceller utsatt for akkumuleres i lungene, dermed noe høyere sjansene av lunge metastasering. Andre forhold (Revmatoid leddgikt, astma, etc.), og deres behandling med anti-inflammatoriske midler (for eksempel anti-TNFα) kan attenuere lunge metastasering. Derfor konkluderer vi at denne analysen er et kraftig verktøy for å vurdere muligheten for lunge metastasering.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C6885</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dispase</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17105-041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td>no calcium, no magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deoxyribonuclease I</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>DN-25</td>
			<td>trace amount</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RBC lysis buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R7757</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td>40 micrometer mesh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence labeling kit</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>MIN26-KIT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#956;m syringe filter</td>
			<td>sartorius</td>
			<td>17597K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O.C.T. compound</td>
			<td>Sakura Finetek</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde Phosphate Buffer Solution</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>163-20145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

lung tumor cell recruitment assay

For å undersøke de molekylære mekanismene som styrer svulst metastasering, foreslått ulike analyser ved hjelp av musen som en modell dyr. Her viser vi en enkel analysen for å evaluere svulst cellen bloduttredelse eller micrometastasis. I denne analysen, kreftceller ble injisert gjennom halen åre, og etter en kort periode, lungene ble dissekert og fordøyd vil telle akkumulert merket kreftceller. Denne analysen hopper det første trinnet av primære svulst invasjonen i blodkaret og muliggjør studiet av hendelsene i det fjerne orgelet der svulst metastasering skjer. Antall celler injiseres blodkaret kan optimaliseres for å observere et begrenset antall metastaser. Det har blitt rapportert at stromal celler i fjerne organ bidra til metastasering. Derfor kan denne analysen være et nyttig verktøy for å utforske potensielle terapeutiske narkotika eller enheter for forebygging av svulst metastasering.

Lungene presenterer mange GFP-LLC celler 2t etter injeksjon (figur 1A). Det bør bemerkes at de fluorescerende stedene også oppdaget i den røde filteret skal ekskluderes fra cellen antall. De aller fleste LLC celler forsvinner fra lungene 24 timer etter injeksjon (figur 1 c).
For å bekrefte antall GFP-LLC i lungene, kan en av flikene brukes for flyt cytometric analys...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lung Tumor Cell Recruitment Assay at JoVE.com

Lung Tumor Cell Recruitment Assay

Lunge svulst celle rekruttering analysen

Dette manuskriptet beskriver en metode for å kvantifisere svulst celle akkumulering i lungene i en dyremodell av svulst metastasering.

To investigate the molecular mechanisms governing tumor metastasis, various assays using the mouse as a model animal have been proposed. Here, we ...

Denne metoden kan bidra til å svare på viktige spørsmål i tumorbiologifeltet om de molekylære mekanismene for metastase. Den største fordelen med denne teknikken er at rekruttering av tumorceller i et eksternt organ kan kvantiseres. Begynn med å bruke en ikke-enzymatisk celledissosiasjonsreagens for å fjerne fluorescerende protein-uttrykkende Lewis lungekarsinom, eller LLC, celler fra deres kulturbeholder i henhold til standardprotokoller.Overfør den resulterende celleløsningen til et konisk rør på 15 milliliter før sentrifugering, og sentrifuge vask pellets to ganger i fem milliliter PBS per vask. Etter den andre vasken filtrerer du cellene gjennom en 40-mikrometer porecellesil, og fortynner suspensjonen til en gang 10 til de seks cellene per milliliter konsentrasjon. Deretter laster cellene inn i en en-milliliter sprøyte utstyrt med en 29-gauge nål, og injisere 100 mikroliter celler i halen venen av hver åtte til 10-ukers gamle, C57-Black-6, mannlig mus.Ved riktig eksperimentelt endepunkt, bruk saks for å fjerne huden fra ventral overflate av hver mus, og kutt ribbeina og membranen for å avsløre thoraxhulen. Bruk en 25-gauge bevinget infusjonsnål og slange til å skylle 15 milliliter PBS gjennom høyre ventrikkel, og fjern hjertet og thymus. Gripe luftrøret med tang, trekke opp, dissekere bindevev rundt luftrøret, for å høste lungene.Vask deretter lungene i PBS, og koble fra en flik for visualisering av fluorescerende celler in situ under et fluorescensmikroskop. For å fordøye lungevevet, først terninger caudal lobe med saks, og legg lungebitene i en 10-milliliter sprøyte. Lukk sprøyten med stempelet, og aspirer fem milliliter fordøyelsesoppløsning i sprøyten, og flytt stempelet inn og ut av sprøyteakselen til lungevevet er spredt gjennom hele oppløsningen.Dispenser lungeslamen i et 50-milliliter rør, og fordøye vevet på en gjensidig shaker i 15 minutter ved 37 grader Celsius og 150 rpm. På slutten av inkubasjonen triturate gjenværende vev til lungecellene er fullstendig dispergert, og returner røret til shakeren i ytterligere 30 minutter. Deretter filtrerer cellene gjennom en 40-mikrometer pore sil, og samle cellene ved sentrifugering.For å analysere de isolerte lungecellene ved strømningscytometri, gjenbruker pelleten i to milliliter rødblodcellelysbuffer i ett minutt ved romtemperatur, og samle cellene ved sentrifugering. Deretter sentrifuge pellet to ganger i fem milliliter av fersk PBS supplert med 1% storfe serum albumin per vask. Etter den andre sentrifugeringen, resuspend pellet i en milliliter fersk PBS pluss BSA, og filtrere cellene gjennom en ny 40-mikrometer pore sil for kvantifisering av tumorcellene ved flyt cytometri.Lungene presenterer mange GFP-LLC celler to timer etter injeksjon, med de aller fleste celler forsvinner fra lungene innen 24 timer. Vær oppmerksom på at alle lysstoffer som oppdages i det røde filteret, bør utelates fra celleantallet. For å bekrefte antall GFP-LLC i lungene, kan en av lobene brukes til strømningscytokometrisk analyse som vist.Mens du prøver denne prosedyren, er det viktig å huske at en frossen seksjonsprosedyre er en mer nøyaktig metode for å observere den nøyaktige plasseringen av tumorceller.

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Conditional Knockdown of Gene Expression in Cancer Cell Lines to Study the Recruitment of Monocytes/Macrophages to the Tumor Microenvironment

siRNA and shRNA-mediated knock down (KD) methods of regulating gene expression are invaluable tools for understanding gene and protein function. However, in the case that the KD of the protein of interest has a lethal effect on cells or the anticipated effect of the KD is time-dependent, unconditional KD methods are not appropriate. Conditional systems are more suitable in these cases and have been the subject of much interest. These include Ecdysone-inducible overexpression systems, Cytochrome P-450 induction system1, and the tetracycline regulated gene expression systems. 
The tetracycline regulated gene expression system enables reversible control over protein expression by induction of shRNA expression in the presence of tetracycline. In this protocol, we present an experimental design using functional Tet-ON system in human cancer cell lines for conditional regulation of gene expression. We then demonstrate the use of this system in the study of tumor cell-monocyte interaction.

This protocol serves as a scheme for setting up a functional Tet-ON system in cancer cell lines and its subsequent use, in particular for studying the role of tumor cell-derived proteins in recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to the tumor microenvironment.

Betinget Knockdown av genuttrykk i kreftcelle linjer å studere rekruttering av monocytter/makrofager til Tumor Microenvironment

siRNA and shRNA-mediated knock down (KD) methods of regulating gene expression are invaluable tools for understanding gene and protein function. However, ...

The Establishment of a Lung Colonization Assay for Circulating Tumor Cell Visualization in Lung Tissues

Metastasis is the major cause of cancer death. The role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in promoting cancer metastasis, in which lung colonization by CTCs critically contributes to early lung metastatic processes, has been vigorously investigated. As such, animal models are the only approach that captures the full systemic process of metastasis. Given that problems occur in previous experimental designs for examining the contributions of CTCs to blood vessel extravasation, we established an in vivo lung colonization assay in which a long-term-fluorescence cell-tracer, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), was used to label suspended tumor cells and lung perfusion was performed to clear non-specifically trapped CTCs prior to lung removal, confocal imaging, and quantification. Polymeric fibronectin (polyFN) assembled on CTC surfaces has been found to mediate lung colonization in the final establishment of metastatic tumor tissues. Here, to specifically test the requirement of polyFN assembly on CTCs for lung colonization and extravasation, we performed short term lung colonization assays in which suspended Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLCs) stably expressing FN-shRNA (shFN) or scramble-shRNA (shScr) and pre-labeled with 20 &#956;M of CFSE were intravenously inoculated into C57BL/6 mice. We successfully demonstrated that the abilities of shFN LLC cells to colonize the mouse lungs were significantly diminished in comparison to shScr LLC cells. Therefore, this short-term methodology may be widely applied to specifically demonstrate the ability of CTCs within the circulation to colonize the lungs.

An animal model is needed to decipher the role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in promoting lung colonization during cancer metastasis. Here, we established and successfully performed an in vivo assay to specifically test the requirement of polymeric fibronectin (polyFN) assembly on CTCs for lung colonization.

Etablering av en lunge kolonisering analysen for sirkulerende svulst celle effekt i lunge vev

Metastasis is the major cause of cancer death. The role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in promoting cancer metastasis, in which lung colonization by ...

Acellular and Cellular Lung Model to Study Tumor Metastasis

It is difficult to isolate tumor cells at different points of tumor progression. We created an ex vivo lung model that can show the interaction of tumor cells with a natural matrix and continual flow of nutrients, as well as a model that shows the interaction of tumor cells with normal cellular components and a natural matrix. The acellular ex vivo lung model is created by isolating a rat heart-lung block and removing all the cells using the decellularization process. The right main bronchus is tied off and tumor cells are placed in the trachea by a syringe. The cells move and populate the left lung. The lung is then placed in a bioreactor where the pulmonary artery receives a continual flow of media in a closed circuit. The tumor grown on the left lung is the primary tumor. The tumor cells that are isolated in the circulating media are circulating tumor cells and the tumor cells in the right lung are metastatic lesions. The cellular ex vivo lung model is created by skipping the decellularization process. Each model can be used to answer different research questions.

Here, we present a protocol for an ex vivo lung cancer model that mimics the steps of tumor progression and helps to isolate a primary tumor, circulating tumor cells, and metastatic lesions.

Acellular og cellulær lunge modell å studere svulst metastasering

It is difficult to isolate tumor cells at different points of tumor progression. We created an ex vivo lung model that can show the interaction of tumor ...

Live-Cell Imaging Assays to Study Glioblastoma Brain Tumor Stem Cell Migration and Invasion

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that is poorly controlled with the currently available treatment options. Key features of GBMs include rapid proliferation and pervasive invasion into the normal brain. Recurrence is thought to result from the presence of radio- and chemo-resistant brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) that invade away from the initial cancerous mass and, thus, evade surgical resection. Hence, therapies that target BTSCs and their invasive abilities may improve the otherwise poor prognosis of this disease. Our group and others have successfully established and characterized BTSC cultures from GBM patient samples. These BTSC cultures demonstrate fundamental cancer stem cell properties such as clonogenic self-renewal, multi-lineage differentiation, and tumor initiation in immune-deficient mice. In order to improve on the current therapeutic approaches for GBM, a better understanding of the mechanisms of BTSC migration and invasion is necessary. In GBM, the study of migration and invasion is restricted, in part, due to the limitations of existing techniques which do not fully account for the in vitro growth characteristics of BTSCs grown as neurospheres. Here, we describe rapid and quantitative live-cell imaging assays to study both the migration and invasion properties of BTSCs. The first method described is the BTSC migration assay which measures the migration toward a chemoattractant gradient. The second method described is the BTSC invasion assay which images and quantifies a cellular invasion from neurospheres into a matrix. The assays described here are used for the quantification of BTSC migration and invasion over time and under different treatment conditions.

Here, we describe live-cell imaging techniques to quantitatively measure the migration and invasion of glioblastoma brain tumor stem cells over time and under multiple treatment conditions.

Live-celle Imaging analyser studie Glioblastoma hjerne svulst stamcelleforskningen migrasjon og invasjon

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that is poorly controlled with the currently available treatment options. Key features of GBMs include ...

Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Genetic Variation in a Sporadic Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Patient Using the Chip-in-a-tube Format

The quantitative analysis of human genetic variation is crucial for understanding the molecular characteristics of serious medical conditions, such as tumors. Because digital polymerase chain reactions (PCR) enable the precise quantification of DNA copy number variants, they are becoming an essential tool for detecting rare genetic variations, such as drug-resistant mutations. It is expected that molecular diagnoses using digital PCR (dPCR) will be available in clinical practice in the near future; thus, how to efficiently conduct dPCR with human genetic material is a hot topic. Here, we introduce a method to detect Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) somatic mosaicism using dPCR with the chip-in-a-tube format, which allows eight dPCR reactions to be simultaneously conducted. Care should be taken when filling and sealing the reaction mixture on the chips. This article demonstrates how to avoid the over- and underestimation of positive partitions. Furthermore, we present a simple procedure for collecting the dPCR product from the partitions on the chips, which can then be used to confirm the specific amplification. We hope that this methods report will help promote the dPCR with the chip-in-a-tube method in genetic research.

Digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a useful tool for the high-sensitivity detection of single nucleotide variants and DNA copy number variants. Here, we demonstrate key considerations for measuring rare variants in the human genome using digital PCR with the chip-in-a-tube format.

Digital Polymerase kjedereaksjon analysen for den genetisk variasjonen i en sporadisk familiær adenomatøse polypose pasient i Chip-i-en-t-format

The quantitative analysis of human genetic variation is crucial for understanding the molecular characteristics of serious medical conditions, such as ...

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Isolation from Pulp Tissue and Co-Culture with Cancer Cells to Study Their Interactions

Cancer as a multistep process and complicated disease is not only regulated by individual cell proliferation and growth but also controlled by tumor environment and cell-cell interactions. Identification of cancer and stem cell interactions, including changes in extracellular environment, physical interactions, and secreted factors, might enable the discovery of new therapy options. We combine known co-culture techniques to create a model system for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cancer cell interactions. In the current study, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and PC-3 prostate cancer cell interactions were examined by direct and indirect co-culture techniques. Condition medium (CM) obtained from DPSCs and 0.4 &#181;m pore sized trans-well membranes were used to study paracrine activity. Co-culture of different cell types together was performed to study direct cell-cell interaction. The results revealed that CM increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis in prostate cancer cell cultures. Both CM and trans-well system increased cell migration capacity of PC-3 cells. Cells stained with different membrane dyes were seeded into the same culture vessels, and DPSCs participated in a self-organized structure with PC-3 cells under this direct co-culture condition. Overall, the results indicated that co-culture techniques could be useful for cancer and MSC interactions as a model system.

We provide protocols for evaluation of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from dental pulp and prostate cancer cell interactions based on direct and indirect co-culture methods. Condition medium and trans-well membranes are suitable to analyze indirect paracrine activity. Seeding differentially stained cells together is an appropriate model for direct cell-cell interaction.

Mesenchymal stamceller isolert fra cellulose vev og co kultur kreftceller å studere deres samhandling

Cancer as a multistep process and complicated disease is not only regulated by individual cell proliferation and growth but also controlled by tumor ...

Real Time Detection of In Vitro Tumor Cell Apoptosis Induced by CD8+ T Cells to Study Immune Suppressive Functions of Tumor-infiltrating Myeloid Cells

Potentiation of the tumor-killing ability of CD8+ T cells in tumors, along with their efficient tumor infiltration, is a key element of successful immunotherapies. Several studies have indicated that tumor infiltrating myeloid cells (e.g., myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)) suppress cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment, and that targeting these regulatory myeloid cells can improve immunotherapies. Here, we present an in vitro assay system to evaluate immune suppressive effects of monocytic-MDSCs and TAMs on the tumor-killing ability of CD8+ T cells. To this end, we first cultured na&#239;ve splenic CD8+ T cells with anti-CD3/CD28 activating antibodies in the presence or absence of suppressor cells, and then co-cultured the pre-activated T cells with target cancer cells in the presence of a fluorogenic caspase-3 substrate. Fluorescence from the substrate in cancer cells was detected by real-time fluorescence microscopy as an indicator of T-cell induced tumor cell apoptosis. In this assay, we can successfully detect the increase of tumor cell apoptosis by CD8+ T cells and its suppression by pre-culture with TAMs or MDSCs. This functional assay is useful for investigating CD8+ T cell suppression mechanisms by regulatory myeloid cells and identifying druggable targets to overcome it via high throughput screening.

Real Time Detection of In Vitro Tumor Cell Apoptosis Induced by CD8+ T Cells to Study Immune Suppressive Functions of Tumor-infiltrating Myeloid Cells

We describe here a protocol to investigate cytotoxicity of pre-activated CD8+ T cells against cancer cells by detecting apoptotic cancer cells via real-time microscopy. This protocol can investigate mechanisms behind myeloid cell-induced T cell suppression and evaluate compounds aimed at replenishing T cells via blockade of immune suppressive myeloid cells.

Sanntid påvisning av i Vitro svulst celle apoptose indusert av CD8+ T celler å studere immun undertrykkende funksjoner av svulst-infiltrere myeloide celler

Potentiation of the tumor-killing ability of CD8+ T cells in tumors, along with their efficient tumor infiltration, is a key element of successful ...

Semi-automatic PD-L1 Characterization and Enumeration of Circulating Tumor Cells from Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients by Immunofluorescence

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) derived from the primary tumor are shed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. These rare cells (1&#8722;10 cells per mL of blood) warrant a poor prognosis and are correlated with shorter overall survival in several cancers (e.g., breast, prostate and colorectal). Currently, the anti-EpCAM-coated magnetic bead-based CTC capturing system is the gold standard test approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for enumerating CTCs in the bloodstream. This test is based on the use of magnetic beads coated with anti-EpCAM markers, which specifically target epithelial cancer cells. Many studies have illustrated that EpCAM is not the optimal marker for CTC detection. Indeed, CTCs are a heterogeneous subpopulation of cancer cells and are able to undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) associated with metastatic proliferation and invasion. These CTCs are able to reduce the expression of cell surface epithelial marker EpCAM, while increasing mesenchymal markers such as vimentin. To address this technical hurdle, other isolation methods based on physical properties of CTCs have been developed. Microfluidic technologies enable a label-free approach to CTC enrichment from whole blood samples. The spiral microfluidic technology uses the inertial and Dean drag forces with continuous flow in curved channels generated within a spiral microfluidic chip. The cells are separated based on the differences in size and plasticity between normal blood cells and tumoral cells. This protocol details the different steps to characterize the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression of CTCs, combining a spiral microfluidic device with customizable immunofluorescence (IF) marker set.

The characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is a popular topic in translational research. This protocol describes a semi-automatic immunofluorescence (IF) assay for PD-L1 characterization and enumeration of CTCs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient samples.

Semi-automatisk PD-L1 karakterisering og opplisting av sirkulerende tumor celler fra ikke-liten celle Lungekreftpasienter ved Immunofluorescence

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) derived from the primary tumor are shed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. These rare cells (1&#8722;10 cells per mL ...

In Vitro Assay to Study Tumor-macrophage Interaction

Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) account for a large percentage of cells in the tumor mass for different types of cancers. Glioblastoma (GBM), a malignant brain tumor with no cure, has up to a half the tumor mass TAMs. TAMs can be pro-tumoral or anti-tumoral, depending on the activation of specific genes in the cells. Genetic mutations in the tumors, through regulating cytokine expression, can affect recruitment of TAMs to the tumor microenvironment. Here, we describe a quantitative cell-based assay to assess macrophage recruitment by the conditioned medium from the tumor cells. This assay uses the human macrophage cell line MV-4-11 to study macrophage attraction by the conditioned medium from glioblastoma, allowing for high reproducibility and low variability. Data generated with this assay can contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between the tumor and the tumor microenvironment. Similar assay can be used to assess interaction between the tumor cells and other immune cells, including T cells and natural killer (NK) cells.

This article represents a useful in vitro assay to evaluate the capability of conditioned medium from tumor cells to attract macrophages.

In vitro-analysen for å studere tumor-macrophage interaksjon

Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) account for a large percentage of cells in the tumor mass for different types of cancers. Glioblastoma (GBM), a ...

Detection of Lung Tumor Progression in Mice by Ultrasound Imaging

With ~1.6 million victims per year, lung cancer contributes tremendously to the worldwide burden of cancer. Lung cancer is partly driven by genetic alterations in oncogenes such as the KRAS oncogene, which constitutes ~25% of lung cancer cases. The difficulty in therapeutically targeting KRAS-driven lung cancer partly stems from having poor models that can mimic the progression of the disease in the lab. We describe a method that permits the relative quantification of primary KRAS lung tumors in a Cre-inducible LSL-KRAS G12D mouse model via ultrasound imaging. This method relies on brightness (B)-mode acquisition of the lung parenchyma. Tumors that are initially formed in this model are visualized as B-lines and can be quantified by counting the number of B-lines present in the acquired images. These would represent the relative tumor number formed on the surface of the mouse lung. As the formed tumors develop with time, they are perceived as deep clefts within the lung parenchyma. Since the circumference of the formed tumor is well-defined, calculating the relative tumor volume is achieved by measuring the length and width of the tumor and applying them in the formula used for tumor caliper measurements. Ultrasound imaging is a non-invasive, fast and user-friendly technique that is often used for tumor quantifications in mice. Although artifacts may appear when obtaining ultrasound images, it has been shown that this imaging technique is more advantageous for tumor quantifications in mice compared to other imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) imaging and bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Researchers can investigate novel therapeutic targets using this technique by comparing lung tumor initiation and progression between different groups of mice.

This protocol describes the steps taken to induce KRAS lung tumors in mice as well as the quantification of formed tumors by ultrasound imaging. Small tumors are visualized in early timepoints as B-lines. At later timepoints, relative tumor volume measurements are achieved by the measurement tool in the ultrasound software.

Påvisning av lungetumorprogresjon hos mus ved ultralydavbildning

With ~1.6 million victims per year, lung cancer contributes tremendously to the worldwide burden of cancer. Lung cancer is partly driven by genetic ...