Name: lung tumor cell recruitment assay
Uploaded: 2019-02-26T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lung Tumor Cell Recruitment Assay at JoVE.com

Alla procedurer utförs med möss godkändes av djur forskning kommittén av Tokyo Women's Medical University.
1. svans ven injektion av Lewis Lung carcinom (LLC) celler
<ol><li>Upprätthålla LLC celler DMEM kompletteras med 10% FCS, i en fuktad 5% CO2 inkubator vid 37 ° C. Cellerna bör innehålla en fluorescerande protein uttryck systemet (t.ex. god Jordbrukarsed).</li>
	<li>Ta bort celler från kultur maträtt med en icke-enzymatiska cell dissociation reagens. Följ ...

<ol>
	<li>Valastyan, S., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+metastasis:+molecular+insights+and+evolving+paradigms.">Tumor metastasis: molecular insights and evolving paradigms.</a> Cell. 147 (2), 275-292 (2011).</li><li>Kaplan, R. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VEGFR1-positive+haematopoietic+bone+marrow+progenitors+initiate+the+pre-metastatic+niche.">VEGFR1-positive haematopoietic bone marrow progenitors initiate the pre-metastatic niche.</a> Nature. 438 (7069), 820-827 (2005).</li><li>Hiratsuka, S., Watanabe, A., Aburatani, H., Maru, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumour-mediated+upregulation+of+chemoattractants+and+recruitment+of+myeloid+cells+predetermines+lung+metastasis.">Tumour-mediated upregulation of chemoattractants and recruitment of myeloid cells predetermines lung metastasis.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 8 (12), 1369-1375 (2006).</li><li>Hiratsuka, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+S100A8-serum+amyloid+A3-TLR4+paracrine+cascade+establishes+a+pre-metastatic+phase.">The S100A8-serum amyloid A3-TLR4 paracrine cascade establishes a pre-metastatic phase.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 10 (11), 1349-1355 (2008).</li><li>Tomita, T., Sakurai, Y., Ishibashi, S., Maru, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imbalance+of+Clara+cell-mediated+homeostatic+inflammation+is+involved+in+lung+metastasis.">Imbalance of Clara cell-mediated homeostatic inflammation is involved in lung metastasis.</a> Oncogene. 30 (31), 3429-3439 (2011).</li><li>Deguchi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serum+amyloid+A3+binds+MD-2+to+activate+p38+and+NF-&#954;B+pathways+in+a+MyD88-dependent+manner.">Serum amyloid A3 binds MD-2 to activate p38 and NF-&#954;B pathways in a MyD88-dependent manner.</a> Journal of Immunology. 191 (4), 1856-1864 (2013).</li><li>Erler, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-induced+lysyl+oxidase+is+a+critical+mediator+of+bone+marrow+cell+recruitment+to+form+the+premetastatic+niche.">Hypoxia-induced lysyl oxidase is a critical mediator of bone marrow cell recruitment to form the premetastatic niche.</a> Cancer Cell. 15, 35-44 (2009).</li><li>Huang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulmonary+vascular+destabilization+in+the+premetastatic+phase+facilitates+lung+metastasis.">Pulmonary vascular destabilization in the premetastatic phase facilitates lung metastasis.</a> Cancer Research. 69 (19), 7292-7237 (2009).</li><li>Sceneay, J., Smyth, M. J., M&#246;ller, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pre-metastatic+niche:+finding+common+ground.">The pre-metastatic niche: finding common ground.</a> Cancer Metastasis Reviews. 32 (3-4), 449-464 (2013).</li><li>Castle, J., Shaker, H., Morris, K., Tugwood, J. D., Kirwan, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+significance+of+circulating+tumor+cells+in+breast+cancer:+A+review.">The significance of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer: A review.</a> The Breast. 23, 552-560 (2014).</li><li>Wolf, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+CCR2+signaling+induced+by+colon+carcinoma+cells+enables+extravasation+via+the+JAK2-Stat5+and+p38MAPK+pathway.">Endothelial CCR2 signaling induced by colon carcinoma cells enables extravasation via the JAK2-Stat5 and p38MAPK pathway.</a> Cancer Cell. 22 (1), 91-105 (2012).</li><li>Hiratsuka, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+tumours+modulate+innate+immune+signalling+to+create+pre-metastatic+vascular+hyperpermeability+foci.">Primary tumours modulate innate immune signalling to create pre-metastatic vascular hyperpermeability foci.</a> Nature Communications. 4, 1853 (2013).</li><li>Deguchi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eritoran+inhibits+S100A8-mediated+TLR4/MD-2+activation+and+tumor+growth+by+changing+the+immune+microenvironment.">Eritoran inhibits S100A8-mediated TLR4/MD-2 activation and tumor growth by changing the immune microenvironment.</a> Oncogene. 35 (19), 1445-1456 (2016).</li><li>Ieguchi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ADAM12-cleaved+ephrin-A1+contributes+to+lung+metastasis.">ADAM12-cleaved ephrin-A1 contributes to lung metastasis.</a> Oncogene. 33 (17), 2179-2190 (2014).</li></ol>

Förbehandling av möss med antikroppar, droger, en fettrik kost eller tumör-villkorade medium före tumör cell injektion är möjligt. Det svåraste steget i denna analys är svansen ven injektionen. Ofullständig injektion resulterar i ofullständiga data. Svans venen i C57BL/6 är särskilt svårt att identifiera, vilket resulterar i misslyckade injektioner. Utsläppande mössen på en värmedyna (37 ° C) vidgas hjälper svans venen så att injektionen blir lättare.
Denna analys använd...

Tumör metastasering står för hög dödlighet i cancer-relaterade sjukdomar. Från utsiktspunkten utredningar på molekylär nivå, metastaser kan delas in i flera steg: tumör inledande vid primärtumör webbplats, primär tumörtillväxt och invasion in i omgivande vävnader, intravasation, cirkulation genom blodkärlen , extravasering på avlägsna organ, och re-tumörtillväxt. Varje steg innebär olika uppsättningar av molekyler/signaler1.
Studier hittills har sysslar med händelser som inträffar i avlägsna organ innan tumörcellerna börjar cirkulerar i blodet, vilket kallas också pre metastaserande fas2,3,4,5, 6. Våra mus modell studier visade att fasen före metastaserande underlättar lungmetastaser genom att skapa varaktig och lågaktivt inflammatoriskt svar i lungorna. Den pre metastaserande fasen kännetecknas av hyperpermeability av themicrovasculature, rekrytering av härrör benmärgsceller (BMDC) och uppreglering av cytokin/chemokine-liknande molekyler inklusive S100A8 och SAA33,4 . Det har rapporterats att Iysyl oxidas ändrar den extracellular matrisen i lungorna för att rekrytera BMDCs7. En annan rapport har visat vikten av Angpt2, MMP3 och MMP10 i förväg metastaserande fas8. Med andra ord, de intrikata samspelet mellan primära tumörer, benmärg och avlägsna organ behöver förstås och korrekt modulerade (t.ex. genom att använda droger som är avsedda för proteiner involverade i dessa interaktioner) att förhindra framtida metastas9 . För att reglera fasen före metastaserande, ska det först visualiseras och utvärderas för diagnostiska eller terapeutiska interventioner. Här rapporterar vi en lung tumör cell rekrytering analysmetod som möjliggör studier av fasen före metastaserande i lungorna.
Tumörceller direkt sprutas in i blodkärl i musen liknar cirkulerande tumörceller hos cancerpatienter, även om det kan finnas skillnader mellan odlade celler och cirkulerande tumörceller. Cirkulerande tumörceller genomgå själva vissa karakteristiska förändringar när de anger omlopp från den primära tumören. Ändå, odlade celler kan bilda tumörer i nedsatt immunförsvar möss när de injiceras i svansen anda. Dessutom i mus modell systemet, kan fluorescens märkt tumörceller användas som tillåter spårning av dessa celler i kroppen. Beteendet av cirkulerande tumörceller är kritisk, eftersom de avgör de yttersta konsekvenserna i cancer patienter10. Blod är inte en bra plats för överlevnad av tumör celler2. De behöver fly från angrepp av värd immunsystemet och behöver anti-apoptotiska signaler att förhindra apoptos på grund av brist på fysiskt stöd. Tumörceller med högre förmågor av tumör initiering vid metastaserande platser generera mer tumör knölar. Om tumörcellerna visar specifikt organ tropism, bör metastaser observeras i de speciella organ. De första stegen i metastaserande kaskad (primär tumörtillväxt och invasion) ingår inte i denna analys, och så ligger fokus på samspelet mellan cirkulerande tumörceller och stromaceller (endotelceller, epitelceller och blodkroppar). I konventionella tumör cell injektionen analyser har forskare att vänta tills tumören knölar växa till en påtaglig storlek för att upptäcka metastaser. I detta fall kan inte det exakta antalet tumörceller i blodkärlen kvantifieras. Denna process inkluderar dessutom en tumör återväxt fas, vilket indikerar att andra faktorer i tumörcellerna kan påverka resultatet.
Räkna är märkt tumörceller under ett fluorescens-stereomikroskop en enkel process. Stereomikroskopet ger ett brett synfält så att hela lungan kan skannas. Flödescytometri är också ett användbart verktyg som omedelbart ger ett korrekt antal tumörceller i vävnaden. Räkna fluorescerande celler i vävnaden under confocal Mikroskop är också möjligt och visar de mest exakta bilderna av metastaserande tumörceller, men det är tidskrävande och kan ge partisk resultat om bara ett markerat område räknas. Det yttersta målet för denna analys är att iaktta hur lätt tumörceller ansamlas i lungorna. Som rapporterats tidigare3,4, om lungorna är i pre metastaserande fas på grund av inflammatoriska signalering från den primära tumören, är injiceras tumörceller benägna att ansamlas i lungorna, vilket innebär större chanser att lungmetastaser. Andra förhållanden (reumatoid artrit, astma, etc.), och deras behandling med antiinflammatoriska medel (såsom anti-TNFα) kan dämpa lungmetastaser. Således sluta vi att denna analys är ett kraftfullt verktyg för att bedöma möjligheten av lungmetastaser.

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			<td>Collagenase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C6885</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dispase</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17105-041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td>no calcium, no magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deoxyribonuclease I</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>DN-25</td>
			<td>trace amount</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RBC lysis buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R7757</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td>40 micrometer mesh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence labeling kit</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>MIN26-KIT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#956;m syringe filter</td>
			<td>sartorius</td>
			<td>17597K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O.C.T. compound</td>
			<td>Sakura Finetek</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde Phosphate Buffer Solution</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>163-20145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

lung tumor cell recruitment assay

För att undersöka de molekylära mekanismer som styr tumör metastasering, har olika analyser med hjälp av musen som en modell djur föreslagits. Här visar vi ett enkelt test för att utvärdera tumör cellen extravasering eller micrometastasis. I denna analys, tumörceller injicerades genom svans, och efter en kort period, lungorna var dissekeras och rötas för att räkna de ackumulerade märkt tumörcellerna. Denna analys hoppar över det första steget av primärtumör invasion in i blodkärlen och underlättar studiet av händelser i det avlägsna organ där tumören metastaser uppstår. Antalet celler injiceras i ett blodkärl kan optimeras för att observera ett begränsat antal metastaser. Det har rapporterats att stromaceller i det avlägsna orgeln bidra till metastaser. Denna analys kan således vara ett användbart verktyg för att utforska potentiella terapeutiska läkemedel eller anordningar för förhindrande av tumör metastaser.

Lungorna presenterar många GFP-LLC celler 2 h efter injektion (figur 1A). Det bör noteras att de fluorescerande fläckarna som också upptäckt i den röda filtret bör undantas från det antal celltalet. Den stora majoriteten av LLC celler försvinner från lungorna 24 h efter injektion (figur 1 c).
För att bekräfta antalet GFP-LLC i lungorna, kan en av loberna anv...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lung Tumor Cell Recruitment Assay at JoVE.com

Lung Tumor Cell Recruitment Assay

Lung tumör Cell rekrytering Assay

Detta manuskript beskriver en metod för att kvantifiera tumör cell ackumulering i lungorna i en djurmodell av tumör metastaser.

To investigate the molecular mechanisms governing tumor metastasis, various assays using the mouse as a model animal have been proposed. Here, we ...

Denna metod kan hjälpa till att besvara viktiga frågor inom tumörbiologi området om de molekylära mekanismerna för metastasering. Den största fördelen med denna teknik är att rekryteringen av tumörceller inom ett avlägset organ kan kvantifiera. Börja med att använda en icke-enzymatisk cell dissociation reagens för att avlägsna fluorescerande protein-uttrycker Lewis lung carcinom, eller LLC, celler från deras kultur behållare enligt standardprotokoll.Överför den resulterande celllösningen till ett koniskt rör på 15 milliliter före centrifugering, och centrifug tvätta pelletsen två gånger i fem milliliter PBS per tvätt. Efter den andra tvätten, filtrera cellerna genom en 40-mikrometer pore cell sil, och späd suspensionen till en gånger 10 till de sex cellerna per milliliter koncentration. Sedan ladda cellerna i en en-milliliter spruta utrustad med en 29-gauge nål, och injicera 100 mikroliter celler i svansvenen av varje åtta-till-10-veckors gamla, C57-Black-6, manliga mus.Vid lämplig experimentell endpoint, använd sax för att avlägsna huden från den ventrala ytan på varje mus, och skär revbenen och membranet för att exponera brösthålan. Använd en 25-gauge bevingad infusionsnål och slangar för att spola 15 milliliter PBS genom höger kammare, och ta bort hjärtat och brässet. Gripande luftstrupen med tärningar, dra upp, dissekera bindväven runt luftstrupen, att skörda lungorna.Sedan tvätta lungorna i PBS, och lossa en lob för visualisering av fluorescerande celler in situ under ett fluorescensmikroskop. För att smälta lungvävnaden, först tärna caudalloben med sax, och placera lungbitarna i en 10-milliliter spruta. Stäng sprutan med kolven, och aspirera fem milliliter av rötningslösning i sprutan, för kolven in och ut ur sprutskaftet tills lungvävnaden sprids i hela lösningen.Fördela lungslusen i ett 50-milliliter rör och smälta vävnaden på en ömsesidig shaker i 15 minuter vid 37 grader Celsius och 150 rpm. Vid slutet av inkubationen triturate den återstående vävnaden tills lungcellerna är helt spridda, och returnera röret till skakmaskinen i ytterligare 30 minuter. Filtrera sedan cellerna genom en 40-mikrometer porsil, och samla in cellerna genom centrifugeringen.För att analysera de isolerade lungcellerna genom flödescytometri, resuspend pelleten i två milliliter av röda blodkroppar lys buffert för en minut vid rumstemperatur, och samla cellerna genom centrifugeringen. Sedan centrifug pelleten två gånger i fem milliliter färska PBS kompletteras med 1%bovint serumalbumin per tvätt. Efter den andra centrifugeringen, resuspend pelleten i en milliliter av färska PBS plus BSA, och filtrera cellerna genom en ny 40-mikrometer por sil för kvantifiering av tumörcellerna genom flödescytometri.Lungorna presenterar många GFP-LLC celler två timmar efter injektion, med de allra flesta celler försvinner från lungorna inom 24 timmar. Observera att alla lysrörsfläckar som detekteras inom det röda filtret ska uteslutas från cellantalet. För att bekräfta antalet GFP-LLC i lungorna, kan en av lober användas för flödescytometrisk analys som visats.Medan du försöker detta förfarande, Det är viktigt att komma ihåg att en fryst avsnitt förfarande är en mer exakt metod för att observera den exakta platsen för tumörceller.

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Conditional Knockdown of Gene Expression in Cancer Cell Lines to Study the Recruitment of Monocytes/Macrophages to the Tumor Microenvironment

siRNA and shRNA-mediated knock down (KD) methods of regulating gene expression are invaluable tools for understanding gene and protein function. However, in the case that the KD of the protein of interest has a lethal effect on cells or the anticipated effect of the KD is time-dependent, unconditional KD methods are not appropriate. Conditional systems are more suitable in these cases and have been the subject of much interest. These include Ecdysone-inducible overexpression systems, Cytochrome P-450 induction system1, and the tetracycline regulated gene expression systems. 
The tetracycline regulated gene expression system enables reversible control over protein expression by induction of shRNA expression in the presence of tetracycline. In this protocol, we present an experimental design using functional Tet-ON system in human cancer cell lines for conditional regulation of gene expression. We then demonstrate the use of this system in the study of tumor cell-monocyte interaction.

This protocol serves as a scheme for setting up a functional Tet-ON system in cancer cell lines and its subsequent use, in particular for studying the role of tumor cell-derived proteins in recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to the tumor microenvironment.

Villkorliga Nedslagning av genuttryck i Cancer cellinjer att studera rekrytering av monocyter/makrofager att den tumör mikromiljö

siRNA and shRNA-mediated knock down (KD) methods of regulating gene expression are invaluable tools for understanding gene and protein function. However, ...

The Establishment of a Lung Colonization Assay for Circulating Tumor Cell Visualization in Lung Tissues

Metastasis is the major cause of cancer death. The role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in promoting cancer metastasis, in which lung colonization by CTCs critically contributes to early lung metastatic processes, has been vigorously investigated. As such, animal models are the only approach that captures the full systemic process of metastasis. Given that problems occur in previous experimental designs for examining the contributions of CTCs to blood vessel extravasation, we established an in vivo lung colonization assay in which a long-term-fluorescence cell-tracer, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), was used to label suspended tumor cells and lung perfusion was performed to clear non-specifically trapped CTCs prior to lung removal, confocal imaging, and quantification. Polymeric fibronectin (polyFN) assembled on CTC surfaces has been found to mediate lung colonization in the final establishment of metastatic tumor tissues. Here, to specifically test the requirement of polyFN assembly on CTCs for lung colonization and extravasation, we performed short term lung colonization assays in which suspended Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLCs) stably expressing FN-shRNA (shFN) or scramble-shRNA (shScr) and pre-labeled with 20 &#956;M of CFSE were intravenously inoculated into C57BL/6 mice. We successfully demonstrated that the abilities of shFN LLC cells to colonize the mouse lungs were significantly diminished in comparison to shScr LLC cells. Therefore, this short-term methodology may be widely applied to specifically demonstrate the ability of CTCs within the circulation to colonize the lungs.

An animal model is needed to decipher the role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in promoting lung colonization during cancer metastasis. Here, we established and successfully performed an in vivo assay to specifically test the requirement of polymeric fibronectin (polyFN) assembly on CTCs for lung colonization.

Inrättandet av en Lung Colonization analys för cirkulerande tumör Cell visualisering i lungvävnad

Metastasis is the major cause of cancer death. The role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in promoting cancer metastasis, in which lung colonization by ...

Acellular and Cellular Lung Model to Study Tumor Metastasis

It is difficult to isolate tumor cells at different points of tumor progression. We created an ex vivo lung model that can show the interaction of tumor cells with a natural matrix and continual flow of nutrients, as well as a model that shows the interaction of tumor cells with normal cellular components and a natural matrix. The acellular ex vivo lung model is created by isolating a rat heart-lung block and removing all the cells using the decellularization process. The right main bronchus is tied off and tumor cells are placed in the trachea by a syringe. The cells move and populate the left lung. The lung is then placed in a bioreactor where the pulmonary artery receives a continual flow of media in a closed circuit. The tumor grown on the left lung is the primary tumor. The tumor cells that are isolated in the circulating media are circulating tumor cells and the tumor cells in the right lung are metastatic lesions. The cellular ex vivo lung model is created by skipping the decellularization process. Each model can be used to answer different research questions.

Here, we present a protocol for an ex vivo lung cancer model that mimics the steps of tumor progression and helps to isolate a primary tumor, circulating tumor cells, and metastatic lesions.

Acellulärt och cellulära Lung modell att studera tumör metastasering

It is difficult to isolate tumor cells at different points of tumor progression. We created an ex vivo lung model that can show the interaction of tumor ...

Live-Cell Imaging Assays to Study Glioblastoma Brain Tumor Stem Cell Migration and Invasion

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that is poorly controlled with the currently available treatment options. Key features of GBMs include rapid proliferation and pervasive invasion into the normal brain. Recurrence is thought to result from the presence of radio- and chemo-resistant brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) that invade away from the initial cancerous mass and, thus, evade surgical resection. Hence, therapies that target BTSCs and their invasive abilities may improve the otherwise poor prognosis of this disease. Our group and others have successfully established and characterized BTSC cultures from GBM patient samples. These BTSC cultures demonstrate fundamental cancer stem cell properties such as clonogenic self-renewal, multi-lineage differentiation, and tumor initiation in immune-deficient mice. In order to improve on the current therapeutic approaches for GBM, a better understanding of the mechanisms of BTSC migration and invasion is necessary. In GBM, the study of migration and invasion is restricted, in part, due to the limitations of existing techniques which do not fully account for the in vitro growth characteristics of BTSCs grown as neurospheres. Here, we describe rapid and quantitative live-cell imaging assays to study both the migration and invasion properties of BTSCs. The first method described is the BTSC migration assay which measures the migration toward a chemoattractant gradient. The second method described is the BTSC invasion assay which images and quantifies a cellular invasion from neurospheres into a matrix. The assays described here are used for the quantification of BTSC migration and invasion over time and under different treatment conditions.

Here, we describe live-cell imaging techniques to quantitatively measure the migration and invasion of glioblastoma brain tumor stem cells over time and under multiple treatment conditions.

Live-Cell Imaging analyser för studien Glioblastoma hjärnan tumören Stem cellmigration och Invasion

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that is poorly controlled with the currently available treatment options. Key features of GBMs include ...

Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Genetic Variation in a Sporadic Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Patient Using the Chip-in-a-tube Format

The quantitative analysis of human genetic variation is crucial for understanding the molecular characteristics of serious medical conditions, such as tumors. Because digital polymerase chain reactions (PCR) enable the precise quantification of DNA copy number variants, they are becoming an essential tool for detecting rare genetic variations, such as drug-resistant mutations. It is expected that molecular diagnoses using digital PCR (dPCR) will be available in clinical practice in the near future; thus, how to efficiently conduct dPCR with human genetic material is a hot topic. Here, we introduce a method to detect Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) somatic mosaicism using dPCR with the chip-in-a-tube format, which allows eight dPCR reactions to be simultaneously conducted. Care should be taken when filling and sealing the reaction mixture on the chips. This article demonstrates how to avoid the over- and underestimation of positive partitions. Furthermore, we present a simple procedure for collecting the dPCR product from the partitions on the chips, which can then be used to confirm the specific amplification. We hope that this methods report will help promote the dPCR with the chip-in-a-tube method in genetic research.

Digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a useful tool for the high-sensitivity detection of single nucleotide variants and DNA copy number variants. Here, we demonstrate key considerations for measuring rare variants in the human genome using digital PCR with the chip-in-a-tube format.

Digitala polymeras Chain Reaction Assay för den genetiska variationen i en sporadisk familjär adenomatös polypos Patient med formatet Chip-i-ett-rör

The quantitative analysis of human genetic variation is crucial for understanding the molecular characteristics of serious medical conditions, such as ...

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Isolation from Pulp Tissue and Co-Culture with Cancer Cells to Study Their Interactions

Cancer as a multistep process and complicated disease is not only regulated by individual cell proliferation and growth but also controlled by tumor environment and cell-cell interactions. Identification of cancer and stem cell interactions, including changes in extracellular environment, physical interactions, and secreted factors, might enable the discovery of new therapy options. We combine known co-culture techniques to create a model system for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cancer cell interactions. In the current study, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and PC-3 prostate cancer cell interactions were examined by direct and indirect co-culture techniques. Condition medium (CM) obtained from DPSCs and 0.4 &#181;m pore sized trans-well membranes were used to study paracrine activity. Co-culture of different cell types together was performed to study direct cell-cell interaction. The results revealed that CM increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis in prostate cancer cell cultures. Both CM and trans-well system increased cell migration capacity of PC-3 cells. Cells stained with different membrane dyes were seeded into the same culture vessels, and DPSCs participated in a self-organized structure with PC-3 cells under this direct co-culture condition. Overall, the results indicated that co-culture techniques could be useful for cancer and MSC interactions as a model system.

We provide protocols for evaluation of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from dental pulp and prostate cancer cell interactions based on direct and indirect co-culture methods. Condition medium and trans-well membranes are suitable to analyze indirect paracrine activity. Seeding differentially stained cells together is an appropriate model for direct cell-cell interaction.

Mesenkymala stamceller isolering från massa vävnad och samtidig kultur med cancerceller för att studera deras interaktioner

Cancer as a multistep process and complicated disease is not only regulated by individual cell proliferation and growth but also controlled by tumor ...

Real Time Detection of In Vitro Tumor Cell Apoptosis Induced by CD8+ T Cells to Study Immune Suppressive Functions of Tumor-infiltrating Myeloid Cells

Potentiation of the tumor-killing ability of CD8+ T cells in tumors, along with their efficient tumor infiltration, is a key element of successful immunotherapies. Several studies have indicated that tumor infiltrating myeloid cells (e.g., myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)) suppress cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment, and that targeting these regulatory myeloid cells can improve immunotherapies. Here, we present an in vitro assay system to evaluate immune suppressive effects of monocytic-MDSCs and TAMs on the tumor-killing ability of CD8+ T cells. To this end, we first cultured na&#239;ve splenic CD8+ T cells with anti-CD3/CD28 activating antibodies in the presence or absence of suppressor cells, and then co-cultured the pre-activated T cells with target cancer cells in the presence of a fluorogenic caspase-3 substrate. Fluorescence from the substrate in cancer cells was detected by real-time fluorescence microscopy as an indicator of T-cell induced tumor cell apoptosis. In this assay, we can successfully detect the increase of tumor cell apoptosis by CD8+ T cells and its suppression by pre-culture with TAMs or MDSCs. This functional assay is useful for investigating CD8+ T cell suppression mechanisms by regulatory myeloid cells and identifying druggable targets to overcome it via high throughput screening.

Real Time Detection of In Vitro Tumor Cell Apoptosis Induced by CD8+ T Cells to Study Immune Suppressive Functions of Tumor-infiltrating Myeloid Cells

We describe here a protocol to investigate cytotoxicity of pre-activated CD8+ T cells against cancer cells by detecting apoptotic cancer cells via real-time microscopy. This protocol can investigate mechanisms behind myeloid cell-induced T cell suppression and evaluate compounds aimed at replenishing T cells via blockade of immune suppressive myeloid cells.

Realtid upptäcka i Vitro tumör Cell apoptos induceras av CD8+ T celler att studera suppressiv immunförsvaret av tumör-infiltrera myeloida celler

Potentiation of the tumor-killing ability of CD8+ T cells in tumors, along with their efficient tumor infiltration, is a key element of successful ...

Semi-automatic PD-L1 Characterization and Enumeration of Circulating Tumor Cells from Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients by Immunofluorescence

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) derived from the primary tumor are shed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. These rare cells (1&#8722;10 cells per mL of blood) warrant a poor prognosis and are correlated with shorter overall survival in several cancers (e.g., breast, prostate and colorectal). Currently, the anti-EpCAM-coated magnetic bead-based CTC capturing system is the gold standard test approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for enumerating CTCs in the bloodstream. This test is based on the use of magnetic beads coated with anti-EpCAM markers, which specifically target epithelial cancer cells. Many studies have illustrated that EpCAM is not the optimal marker for CTC detection. Indeed, CTCs are a heterogeneous subpopulation of cancer cells and are able to undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) associated with metastatic proliferation and invasion. These CTCs are able to reduce the expression of cell surface epithelial marker EpCAM, while increasing mesenchymal markers such as vimentin. To address this technical hurdle, other isolation methods based on physical properties of CTCs have been developed. Microfluidic technologies enable a label-free approach to CTC enrichment from whole blood samples. The spiral microfluidic technology uses the inertial and Dean drag forces with continuous flow in curved channels generated within a spiral microfluidic chip. The cells are separated based on the differences in size and plasticity between normal blood cells and tumoral cells. This protocol details the different steps to characterize the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression of CTCs, combining a spiral microfluidic device with customizable immunofluorescence (IF) marker set.

The characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is a popular topic in translational research. This protocol describes a semi-automatic immunofluorescence (IF) assay for PD-L1 characterization and enumeration of CTCs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient samples.

Semi-automatisk PD-L1 karakterisering och uppräkning av cirkulerande tumörceller från icke-småcellig Lung cancer patienter genom Immunofluorescensering

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) derived from the primary tumor are shed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. These rare cells (1&#8722;10 cells per mL ...

In Vitro Assay to Study Tumor-macrophage Interaction

Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) account for a large percentage of cells in the tumor mass for different types of cancers. Glioblastoma (GBM), a malignant brain tumor with no cure, has up to a half the tumor mass TAMs. TAMs can be pro-tumoral or anti-tumoral, depending on the activation of specific genes in the cells. Genetic mutations in the tumors, through regulating cytokine expression, can affect recruitment of TAMs to the tumor microenvironment. Here, we describe a quantitative cell-based assay to assess macrophage recruitment by the conditioned medium from the tumor cells. This assay uses the human macrophage cell line MV-4-11 to study macrophage attraction by the conditioned medium from glioblastoma, allowing for high reproducibility and low variability. Data generated with this assay can contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between the tumor and the tumor microenvironment. Similar assay can be used to assess interaction between the tumor cells and other immune cells, including T cells and natural killer (NK) cells.

This article represents a useful in vitro assay to evaluate the capability of conditioned medium from tumor cells to attract macrophages.

In vitro-analys för att studera interaktion med tumör-makrofage

Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) account for a large percentage of cells in the tumor mass for different types of cancers. Glioblastoma (GBM), a ...

Detection of Lung Tumor Progression in Mice by Ultrasound Imaging

With ~1.6 million victims per year, lung cancer contributes tremendously to the worldwide burden of cancer. Lung cancer is partly driven by genetic alterations in oncogenes such as the KRAS oncogene, which constitutes ~25% of lung cancer cases. The difficulty in therapeutically targeting KRAS-driven lung cancer partly stems from having poor models that can mimic the progression of the disease in the lab. We describe a method that permits the relative quantification of primary KRAS lung tumors in a Cre-inducible LSL-KRAS G12D mouse model via ultrasound imaging. This method relies on brightness (B)-mode acquisition of the lung parenchyma. Tumors that are initially formed in this model are visualized as B-lines and can be quantified by counting the number of B-lines present in the acquired images. These would represent the relative tumor number formed on the surface of the mouse lung. As the formed tumors develop with time, they are perceived as deep clefts within the lung parenchyma. Since the circumference of the formed tumor is well-defined, calculating the relative tumor volume is achieved by measuring the length and width of the tumor and applying them in the formula used for tumor caliper measurements. Ultrasound imaging is a non-invasive, fast and user-friendly technique that is often used for tumor quantifications in mice. Although artifacts may appear when obtaining ultrasound images, it has been shown that this imaging technique is more advantageous for tumor quantifications in mice compared to other imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) imaging and bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Researchers can investigate novel therapeutic targets using this technique by comparing lung tumor initiation and progression between different groups of mice.

This protocol describes the steps taken to induce KRAS lung tumors in mice as well as the quantification of formed tumors by ultrasound imaging. Small tumors are visualized in early timepoints as B-lines. At later timepoints, relative tumor volume measurements are achieved by the measurement tool in the ultrasound software.

Upptäckt av lungtumörprogression hos möss av ultraljudsavbildning

With ~1.6 million victims per year, lung cancer contributes tremendously to the worldwide burden of cancer. Lung cancer is partly driven by genetic ...