Name: indirect immunofluorescence on frozen sections of mouse mammary gland
Uploaded: 2015-12-01T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Indirect Immunofluorescence on Frozen Sections of Mouse Mammary Gland at JoVE.com

Yazarlar, hayvan bakımı ve tesisler için (INRA, UMR1198, Jouy-en-Josas) ve IERP biriminin personel (UE 0907, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas) INRA MIMA2 görüntüleme çekirdek tesisine minnettarız. Biz de çok kullanışlı Antikorların bize sağlamak için IH Mather, MC Neville ve S. Tooze teşekkür etmek istiyorum.

CD1 fareleri INRA (UE0907 IERP, Jouy-en-Josas, Fransa) yetiştirilmiş. Hayvan bakımı tüm etik yönleri Fransa Tarım Bakanlığı tarafından belirlenen ilgili kurallar ve lisans gereklerine uyulması. Kullanılan prosedürler (Comethea Jouy-en-Josas / AgroParisTech gelen anlaşma 12/097) yerel etik kurul tarafından onaylanmıştır. 1. Meme Bezi Numune Hazırlama <ol><li> Fare meme bezi diseksiyon <ol><li> Servikal dislokasyon ile laktasyonun 10. günde fareler Euthanize ve ...

IHC esas olarak belirli bir epitop antikor etkileşimlerine bağlıdır doku bölgeleri, antijeni lokalize için nispeten basit ve kolay bir deney yöntemidir. Protokolleri sayıda IIF bir proteinin lokalize etmek için kullanılsa da, bu işlemler çekirdek hemen hemen her zaman aynıdır. Ancak, güçlü bir sonucu etkileyebilir ve bu nedenle her İHK çalışma için optimize edilmesi gereken bazı kritik yönleri vardır. Bu yaklaşımın en zor yanı, yani en iyi deneysel koşullarını belirlemektir., Ilg...

Meme bezi asıl işlevi yenidoğanların beslemek için süt üretmek için bir atipik memeli exocrine organıdır. Meme dokusu gelişimi esas olarak doğum sonrası meydana gelir ve epitel çevreleyen dokudan işgal ettiği benzersiz bir süreç ile karakterize edilir. Bu doku eş zamanlı üreme durumu varyasyonların (Şekil 1), özellikle erişkin yaşamı boyunca, pek çok değişiklik (büyüme, farklılaşma ve regresyon) uğrar. Doku genel morfolojisine ek olarak, farklı hücre tiplerinin yanı sıra meme bezi içindeki düzenlemesinin oranlar önemli ölçüde gelişme 1-5 boyunca değişmez. Embriyonik yaşamı boyunca meme epitel embriyonik gün 10,5 (E10.5) (Şekil 1A yaklaşık orta hattın her iki tarafında ön ve arka bacak arasında ektoderm hafif bir kalınlaşma ve tabakalaşma tarafından tanımlanan meme süt çizgileri türeyen ).E11.5 üzerinde süt hattı simetrik tekrarlanabilir yerlerde meme süt hattı boyunca konumlandırılmış bireysel placodes, içine kırılır ve çevredeki mezenşimin yoğunlaşmaya başlar. Placodes dermis içine derin batmaya başlar ve meme mezenşimin meme tomurcuğu (E12.5-E14.5) etrafında konsantrik tabakalar halinde düzenler. E15.5 itibarıyla meme epitel, çoğalmaya ve yağ yastığı doğru meme mezenşimin aracılığıyla iter birincil filiz oluşturmak üzere uzatılması başlar. Birincil filiz nipel kılıf oluşumu ile işaretlenmiş cilde bir açıklığı olan bir içi boş lümen geliştirir. E18.5 üzerinde uzama kanal yağ yastığı haline geldi ve yağ yastığı kapsayan küçük bir arborized duktal sistemi içine dallı gelmiştir. Kalkınma esas tutuklandı ve ilkel meme bezi ergenliğe kadar morfogenetik sessiz kalır. Erkek embriyo, androjen reseptörlerinin aktivasyonu yok tomurcukları, dejenerasyonuna yol açarE15.5 tarafından. E18 itibariyle meme gelişimi ergenlik 6-9 kadar durur. Doğumda, meme bezi uzatır ve dalları yavaş yavaş (izometrik büyüme) bir ilkel duktal sistemi barındırıyor. Ergenlik başlangıcında, kanalların ucunda yer alan küre biçimli yapılar terminal uç tomurcukları (TEB), kapak hücrelerin bir dış tabaka ve bir hücre tabakalı iç kısım (vücut hücreleri) oluşturulmaktadır adlandırılır. Bu yapılar yüksek proliferatif ve hormonal uyaranlara yanıt olarak çevreleyen stromal doku sızmak. Duktal uzama TEB&#39;in sonuçlar içinde Silahların Yayılmasını Önleme, morfolojilerinden dallanma ile birleştiğinde. Bu süreç meme başı (Şekil 1B, ergenlik) kaynaklanan bir temel epitel arborized ağının kurulmasına yol açar. ~ 10-12 hafta doğumdan sonra, epitel bütün yağ yastığı işgal etmiştir, genişleme durur ve at TEB kaybolur. Duktal geliştirme sonra dinamik değişiklikleri, yani Successi uğraröstrus döngüsü 10 (Şekil 1B, yetişkin) göre olan epitel hücrelerin proliferasyonunu ve regresyonu ettik. Gebeliğin başlangıcından itibaren, meme dokusu emzirme hazırlanmak için önemli büyüme ve morfolojik değişikliklere uğrar. Meme epitel yoğun bir çok dallı tübülo-alveol ağa lider, çoğalmaya ve ayırt. Buna paralel, meme epitel hücreleri (MECler) polarize ve sentez ve süt ürünleri salgılar mümkün hale gelir. MECler kasılma myoepitelyal hücreleri ile çevrilidir ve bağ ve yağ dokuları, kan damarları ve sinir terminalleri (Şekil 1B, gebelik) oluşan bir stroma dahil edilmiştir sayıda alveol yapılar (acininin) içine düzenliyoruz. Ayrıca, MECS bazal yan bazal membran (hücre dışı matris) ile yakın temas içinde olduğunu ve bu iki varlık arasındaki etkileşimler sıkıca memenin hem morfogenezine ve salgı fonksiyonunu düzenlerry epitel 11-13. Tüm bu işlemler, en önemli hormones14 olan çeşitli çevre hareketlerine, parakrin faktörleri ve hücre dışı matrisin etkisine dayanır. Örneğin, progesteron, geniş yan dallanma prolaktin (PRL) ile kombinasyon halinde, 15 ve 16,17 alveologenesis indükler teşvik eder ve alveol farklılaşmasını korur. Steroidler ve PRL18, sitokinler ve gelişimi ile ilişkili sinyal yolları yanı sıra (Wnt sinyal yolları ve Notch) ayrıca meme soy bağlılığı ve geliştirme 19-21 katılmaktadırlar. Gebeliğin sonunda lümen MECler alveol lümeninde kolostrum olarak bilinen bir protein bakımından zengin süt üretmeye başlarlar. Ayrıca, progesteron epitel geçirgenliğine etki eder ve sıkı bağlantıları hala açık olduğundan, kolostrum maternal kan akışı bulunur. Doğumdan sonraki, mammary epiteli (Şekil 2, meme epitel) hemen hemen tüm meme bezi hacminin kadar sürer ve son derece organize edilmektedir. Süt üreten üniteler, yani alveollerin (Şekil 2, alveol), apikal plazma zarı lümen sınırlayan ile polarize meme epitelyum salgılama hücrelerinde (MESCs) bir tek tabaka ile oluşturulmuştur. Alveoller dış ortamın (Şekil 2, lob) süt drenaj kanallarına bağlı loblar şeklinde gruplandırılmış lobülleri kendilerini düzenlemek. Emzirme oluşur yani., MESCs öncelikle plasental hormonlar damla (özellikle progesteron) (Şekil 1B, laktasyon) tarafından tetiklenen süt bol miktarda, salgılamaya başlar. Süt protein genleri esas emzirme sırasında serbest bırakılacak hipofiz PRL yanıt olarak, gebelikten laktasyon 9,22,23 arasında değişen belirli bir zamansal zamanla aktif hale gelir. Buna paralel, MESCs hem ekstraselüler matriks arasındaki temaslar süt protein synt teşvikHücresel integrinler ve laminin 24,25 arasındaki etkileşimlerin aracılık ettiği ve MESCs 26,27 apoptoz bastırmak sinyallerin aracılığıyla nüklerde. Bu sinyal yolları belirli bir transkripsiyon aktivasyonu 29 faktörleri ile süt protein geni promoterlerinden 28 aktivasyonu ile sonuçlanır. Hücre-hücre kişileri de apikal kutupluluk kurulması ve süt ürünlerinin vektörel salgılanması da dahil olmak üzere farklılaşma bazı yönleri için önemlidir. Laktasyon ve MESCs başladıktan sonra hızla kapatmak sıkı bağlantılar ince yenidoğanlarda besin ihtiyaçlarına yanıt olarak kanda yanı sıra süt bileşenlerinin sentezi, taşınması ve salgılanması gelen moleküllerin alımını orchestrate. Emzirme sırasında, alveoller çevreleyen myoepitelyal hücrelerinin kasılması oksitosin yanıt olarak ortaya çıkar ve kanallar boyunca ve meme ucu içine süt fırlatma yol açar. Süt proteinleri içeren karmaşık bir sıvı (çoğunluklakazein), şekerler (özellikle laktoz) gibi immünoglobulinler A (IgA), büyüme faktörleri ve hormonlar gibi lipidler ve mineraller gibi biyolojik olarak aktif moleküller. Kazeinler, yani salgı yolu boyunca taşınan miseller, kazein, supramoleküler yapılarda monte sentezlenebilir ve daha sonra exocytosis tarafından yayımlanan, yani Mesc apikal plazma membranı ile kazein içeren salgı kabarcıklarına füzyonu (SVS) (Şekil 2). Hücre içi trafik membranöz bölmeleri arasındaki maddi borsalarında dayanır ve gerektirir Çözünür N-etilmaleimit Duyarlı Füzyon (NSF) Eklenti Protein (SNAP) Reseptör (SNARE) 30,31. SNARE proteinleri ailesi, hedef zarlarında lokalize veziküler vesikül membran içinde mevcut tuzak (v tuzak), ve hedef tuzak (t-tuzak) bölünmüştür. Bunların halkalaştırılmış halka etki ile sıkıştırma ile, v-ve t-tuzak oldukça dengeli bir dört sarmal demet kompleksi oluşturmak üzere birleşir, ifade inci gibie SNARE kompleksi. Bu kompleks giderek yakın 30,32 içine getirerek iki karşıt lipit bilayers füzyon teşvik etmektedir. Daha sonra, Snare kompleksleri NSF adenozin trifosfat tarafından ayrışmış ve onun adaptör protein SNAP ve Snare proteinler kökenli 33 kendi bölmesine geri geri dönüştürülür. İlginçtir ki, her SNARE protein ağırlıklı hücre içi füzyon olayları 34 özgüllük katkıda bulunabilir farklı hücre bölmeleri ve SNARE eşleştirme bulunur. Daha önceki çalışmalar, en azından Protein 23 (SNAP23) ve veziküllü Associated Membrane Protein 8 (VAMP8) ve syntaxins (STX) sinaptozomal-ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir -7 ve -12 kasein Ekzositoz 35,36 bir rol oynayabilir. Bu proteinler aynı zamanda sütün lipid fraksiyon, örneğin, süt yağı globülleri (MFG&#39;ler) 37 ile bağlantılı olarak tespit edilmiştir. Mevcut olan model, sitoplazmik lipid damlacıkları (clds) nötr l birikimi ile oluşturulmaktadır öne sürülenipids (özellikle triaçilgliseroller ve sterol esterleri) ve endoplazmik retikulum (ER) zarında 38-41 iki broşürler arasında anne diyet türetilen kolesterol. Büyük clds MESC apikal plazma membran ile sarılmış olan, tomurcuklanarak bunlar MFG&#39;lerin olarak yayınlanırlar MESCs apikal tarafında (çapı 1-10 um) nakledilirken küçük CLD füzyonuyla, en azından kısmen oluşturulmaktadır 40-42. Yavrular sütten ve MESCs giderek geri puberte durumuna (Şekil 1B, involution) için meme dokusunun gerileme neden apoptoz ile ölmek sonra Emzirme sona erer. İmmünofloresan (IF) araştırma ve klinik teşhis hem de biyoloji neredeyse tüm yönleriyle kullanılan yaygın bir analitik laboratuvar yöntemidir. Teknikler doku kesitlerinde yapılabilir IF (immünohistokimya, İHK) veya hücre (immünsitokimya, ICC) örnekleri. Bu güçlü bir yaklaşım fluorescent- kullanımına dayanmaktadırÖzellikle bu şekilde floresan mikroskobu aracılığıyla doku dağılım gözönünde canlandırılmasına olanak tanıyan ilgilenilen antijene (doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak) bağlanan etiketli antikorlar. Floresan sinyalleri çoğunlukla numunenin kalitesi ve konsantrasyonu antikorların ve doğru olarak kullanma bağlıdır. Basit bir indirekt immunfloresan (IIF) protokolü süt ürünleri (kazein ve MFG&#39;ler) ve süt ürünleri salgılanması yer alan proteinler tespit etmek için sunulan fare meme dokusu (Şekil 3) donmuş bölümlerinde (butirofilin (BTN1), proteinler trampet). Bu protokol, doku toplama görüntü tedavi sonrası, eleştirel ve isteğe bağlı adımların yanı sıra bazı teknik önerilere kadar, tam bir İHK bakış sağlarken aynı zamanda sunulmuş ve tartışılmıştır.

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			<td>personnal protection equipment required WARNING: this product will expose you to Formaldehyde Gas, a chemical known to cause cancer</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:239px;">Glass slides Superfrost/Superfrost Ultra Plus</td>
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			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:239px;">Rabbit anti-mouse caseins (#7781; 1:50 dilution)</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Rabbit anti-VAMP4 (1:50 dilution)</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Secondary antibodies</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:239px;">Rhodamine-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (H + L) (1:300 dilution)</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories</td>
			<td>111-025-003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Counterstains</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:239px;">Bodipy 493/503</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Life Technologies (Molecular Probes)</td>
			<td>D-3922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:239px;">DAPI (4-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Life Technologies (Molecular Probes)</td>
			<td>D-1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Observation/Image capture</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="147">
			<td height="147" style="height:147px;width:239px;">conventional fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Leica Leitz DMRB 
			microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Standard filters for FITC, Rhodamine 
			and DAPI emissions,&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#215;63 oil-immersion objective (NA 1.3), DP50 imaging camera (Olympus), Cell&#710;F software (Olympus)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="147">
			<td height="147" style="height:147px;width:239px;">Laser Scanning Microscope (confocal microscopy)</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Zeiss LSM 
			510 microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Plan-Apochromat &#215;63 oil-immersion objective (NA 1.4),&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; CLSM 510 software,&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Confocal facilities, MIMA2 Platform, INRA Jouy-en-Josas, France, http://mima2.jouy.inra.fr/mima2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Image treatment</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ImageJ 1.49k software</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Free software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

indirect immunofluorescence on frozen sections of mouse mammary gland

Dolaylı immünoflüoresans algılar ve bir dokuda ilgili proteinleri bulmak için kullanılır. Burada sunulan protokol proteinlerinin bağışıklık saptanması için bir tam ve basit bir yöntem olup, meme bezi laktasyondaki fare örnek olarak alınmıştır açıklanmaktadır. Özellikle fare meme bezi, doku fiksasyon ve dondurulmuş doku kesit diseksiyon ilgili doku örneklerinin hazırlanması için bir protokol, ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmıştır. Bir standart bir protokol isteğe bağlı antijen alma aşaması da dahil olmak üzere, dolaylı immünofloresan gerçekleştirmek için de sunulmaktadır. Etiketli doku kesitlerinin gözlem yanı sıra görüntü toplama ve post-tedavileri de belirtilmiştir. Bu prosedür, bir proteinin hücresel lokalizasyonu hayvan dokusunun koleksiyonundan tam bir bakış verir. Bu genel yöntem, diğer doku örnekleri uygulanabilir olsa da, çalışılan her doku / birincil antikor çift göre adapte edilmelidir.

Meme bezi toraks ve kemirgenler karın hem ventral yapısı boyunca yer alan deri altı bezdir. Gebelik sırasında fare bezleri beş çift konumu Şekil 4&#39;te gösterilmiştir. Meme bezi morfolojisi önemli ölçüde tam bir emzirme (Şekil 1B) hazırlamak için gerekli olan fonksiyonel değişiklikler yansıtan gelişimi sırasında değişir. Saf ya da doğum yapmamış hayvanlarda, meme bezi görülmesi zor olabilir ince bir yağ stroma içinde göm?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Indirect Immunofluorescence on Frozen Sections of Mouse Mammary Gland at JoVE.com

Indirect Immunofluorescence on Frozen Sections of Mouse Mammary Gland

Bu makalede açıklanan dolaylı immünfloresan protokol algılama ve fare meme bezinde proteinlerin yerelleştirme verir. Tam bir yöntem olup, meme bezi örnekleri hazırlamak için floresan mikroskobu ile görüntü, doku kesitlerinde immunhistokimya gerçekleştirmek için ve görüntüleri yeniden verilir.

Fare Meme Bezinin Dondurulmuş Bölümler Dolaylı İmmünofloresan

Indirect immunofluorescence is used to detect and locate proteins of interest in a tissue. The protocol presented here describes a complete and simple ...

indirect-immunofluorescence-on-frozen-sections-of-mouse-mammary-gland

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Immunohistochemistry on Paraffin Sections of Mouse Epidermis Using Fluorescent Antibodies

In the epidermis, immunohistochemistry is an efficient means of localizing specific proteins to their relative expression compartment; namely the basal, suprabasal, and stratum corneum layers. The precise localization within the epidermis of a particular protein lends clues toward its functional role within the epidermis. In this chapter, we describe a reliable method for immunolocalization within the epidermis modified for both frozen and paraffin sections that we use very routinely in our laboratory. Paraffin sections generally provide much better morphology, hence, superior results and photographs; however, not all antibodies will work with the harsh fixation and treatment involved in their processing. Therefore, the protocol for frozen sectioning is also included. Within paraffin sectioning, two fixation protocols are described (Bouin's and paraformaldehyde); the choice of fixative will be directly related to the antibody specifications and may require another fixing method.

We describe a reliable method for immunolocalization within the epidermis modified for both frozen and paraffin sections that we use very routinely in our laboratory.

Floresan Antikorlar Fare Epidermis Parafin Bölüm İmmünohistokimya

In the epidermis, immunohistochemistry is an efficient means of localizing specific proteins to their relative expression compartment; namely the basal, ...

Biyoloji

Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells form Mammospheres During Lactogenic Differentiation

A phenotypic measure commonly used to determine the degree of lactogenic differentiation in mouse mammary epithelial cell cultures is the formation of dome shaped cell structures referred to as mammospheres 1. The HC11 cell line has been employed as a model system for the study of regulation of mammary lactogenic differentiation both in vitro and in vivo 2. The HC11 cells differentiate and synthesize milk proteins in response to treatment with lactogenic hormones. Following the growth of HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells to confluence, lactogenic differentiation was induced by the addition of a combination of lactogenic hormones including dexamethasone, insulin, and prolactin, referred to as DIP. The HC11 cells induced to differentiate were photographed at times up to 120 hours post induction of differentiation and the number of mammospheres that appeared in each culture was enumerated. The size of the individual mammospheres correlates with the degree of differentiation and this is depicted in the images of the differentiating cells.

HC11 lactogenic differentiation can be characterized by the formation of domed structures referred to as mammospheres. The structures can be enumerated by phase contrast microscopy to aid in quantifying lactogenic differentiation.

Fare Meme Epitel Hücreleri lactogenic Farklılaşma sırasında Mammospheres formu

A phenotypic measure commonly used to determine the degree of lactogenic differentiation in mouse mammary epithelial cell cultures is the formation of ...

Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats

Studies in rodent models of breast cancer show that exposures to dietary/hormonal factors during the in utero and pubertal periods, when the mammary gland undergoes extensive modeling and re-modeling, alter susceptibility to carcinogen-induced mammary tumors. Similar findings have been described in humans: for example, high birthweight increases later risk of developing breast cancer, and dietary intake of soy during childhood decreases breast cancer risk. It is thought that these prenatal and postnatal dietary modifications induce persistent morphological changes in the mammary gland that in turn modify breast cancer risk later in life. These morphological changes likely reflect epigenetic modifications, such as changes in DNA methylation, histones and miRNA expression that then affect gene transcription . In this article we describe how changes in mammary gland morphology can predict mammary cancer risk in rats. Our protocol specifically describes how to dissect and remove the rat abdominal mammary gland and how to prepare mammary gland whole mounts. It also describes how to analyze mammary gland morphology according to three end-points (number of terminal end buds, epithelial elongation and differentiation) and to use the data to predict risk of developing mammary cancer.

Our protocol describes how to dissect the rat abdominal mammary gland and how to prepare mammary gland whole mounts. It also describes how to analyze mammary gland morphology using three end-points (number of terminal end buds, epithelial elongation and differentiation) and to use these results to predict mammary cancer risk in rats which were exposed to dietary modifications in utero or during prepuberty.

Sıçanlarda Meme Bezi Morfolojisi ve Meme Kanseri Riski değişiklikler

Studies in rodent models of breast cancer show that exposures to dietary/hormonal factors during the in utero and pubertal periods, when the mammary gland ...

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of muscle specification, formation and function in model systems has provided valuable insight into muscle physiology. Therefore, identifying and characterizing molecular mechanisms that underlie muscle damage is critical. The structure of adult Drosophila multi-fiber muscles resemble vertebrate striated muscles 1 and the genetic tractability of Drosophila has made it a great system to analyze dystrophic muscle morphology and characterize the processes affecting muscular function in ageing adult flies 2. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. These preparations allow for the tissue to be stained with classical histological stains and labeled with protein detecting dyes, and specifically cryosections are ideal for immunohistochemical detection of proteins in intact muscles. This allows for analysis of muscle tissue structure, identification of morphological defects, and detection of the expression pattern for muscle/neuron-specific proteins in Drosophila adult muscles. These techniques can also be slightly modified for sectioning of other body parts.

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

Identification of mechanisms underlying muscle damage is crucial. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. This allows analysis of muscle morphology and localization of protein and other muscle cell components.

Parafin ve Dondurulmuş Bölüm Drosophila Yetişkin Kaslar

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of ...

Isolation of Mouse Salivary Gland Stem Cells

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of saliva into the oral cavity. Serous and mucous acinar cells are the protein and mucous producing factories of the gland respectively, and represent the origin of saliva production. Once synthesised, the various enzymatic and other proteinaceous components of saliva are secreted through a series of ductal cells bearing epithelial-type morphology, until the eventual expulsion of the saliva through one major duct into the cavity of the mouth. The composition of saliva is also modified by the ductal cells during this process.
In the manifestation of diseases such as Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome, and in some clinical situations such as radiotherapy treatment for head and neck cancers, saliva production by the glands is dramatically reduced 1,2. The resulting xerostomia, a subjective feeling of dry mouth, affects not only the ability of the patient to swallow and speak, but also encourages the development of dental caries and can be socially debilitating for the sufferer.
The restoration of saliva production in the above-mentioned clinical conditions therefore represents an unmet clinical need, and as such several studies have demonstrated the regenerative capacity of the salivary glands 3-5. Further to the isolation of stem cell-like populations of cells from various tissues within the mouse and human bodies 6-8, we have shown using the described method that stem cells isolated from mouse salivary glands can be used to rescue saliva production in irradiated salivary glands 9,10. This discovery paves the way for the development of stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of xerostomic conditions in humans, and also for the exploration of the salivary gland as a microenvironment containing cells with multipotent self-renewing capabilities.

An optimized protocol for the isolation of stem cells from the mouse salivary gland is described. The method employs enzymatic and mechanical digestion, and permits isolation of salispheres containing cells with characteristics of stem cells.

Fare Tükürük Bezi Kök Hücre İzolasyonu

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of ...

Evaluation of Mammary Gland Development and Function in Mouse Models

The human mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes that secrete milk into a branching duct system opening at the nipple. Those lobes are themselves composed of a number of terminal duct lobular units made of secretory alveoli and converging ducts1. In mice, a similar architecture is observed at pregnancy in which ducts and alveoli are interspersed within the connective tissue stroma. The mouse mammary gland epithelium is a tree like system of ducts composed of two layers of cells, an inner layer of luminal cells surrounded by an outer layer of myoepithelial cells denoted by the confines of a basement membrane2. At birth, only a rudimental ductal tree is present, composed of a primary duct and 15-20 branches. Branch elongation and amplification start at the beginning of puberty, around 4 weeks old, under the influence of hormones3,4,5. At 10 weeks, most of the stroma is invaded by a complex system of ducts that will undergo cycles of branching and regression in each estrous cycle until pregnancy2. At the onset of pregnancy, a second phase of development begins, with the proliferation and differentiation of the epithelium to form grape-shaped milk secretory structures called alveoli6,7. Following parturition and throughout lactation, milk is produced by luminal secretory cells and stored within the lumen of alveoli. Oxytocin release, stimulated by a neural reflex induced by suckling of pups, induces synchronized contractions of the myoepithelial cells around the alveoli and along the ducts, allowing milk to be transported through the ducts to the nipple where it becomes available to the pups 8. Mammary gland development, differentiation and function are tightly orchestrated and require, not only interactions between the stroma and the epithelium, but also between myoepithelial and luminal cells within the epithelium9,10,11. Thereby, mutations in many genes implicated in these interactions may impair either ductal elongation during puberty or alveoli formation during early pregnancy, differentiation during late pregnancy and secretory activation leading to lactation12,13. In this article, we describe how to dissect mouse mammary glands and assess their development using whole mounts. We also demonstrate how to evaluate myoepithelial contractions and milk ejection using an ex-vivo oxytocin-based functional assay. The effect of a gene mutation on mammary gland development and function can thus be determined in situ by performing these two techniques in mutant and wild-type control mice.

This method describes how to dissect and assess mammary gland development and function from mice. Excised mammary glands are assessed for the degree of development using whole mount while milk ejection is evaluated using an oxytocin-based myoepithelial cell contraction assay.

Fare Modeller Meme Bezi Geliştirme ve Fonksiyon Değerlendirme

The human mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes that secrete milk into a branching duct system opening at the nipple. Those lobes are themselves ...

Single Cell Transcriptional Profiling of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes

While numerous studies have examined gene expression changes from homogenates of heart tissue, this prevents studying the inherent stochastic variation between cells within a tissue. Isolation of pure cardiomyocyte populations through a collagenase perfusion of mouse hearts facilitates the generation of single cell microarrays for whole transcriptome gene expression, or qPCR of specific targets using nanofluidic arrays. We describe here a procedure to examine single cell gene expression profiles of cardiomyocytes isolated from the heart. This paradigm allows for the evaluation of metrics of interest which are not reliant on the mean (for example variance between cells within a tissue) which is not possible when using conventional whole tissue workflows for the evaluation of gene expression (Figure 1). We have achieved robust amplification of the single cell transcriptome yielding micrograms of double stranded cDNA that facilitates the use of microarrays on individual cells. In the procedure we describe the use of NimbleGen arrays which were selected for their ease of use and ability to customize their design. Alternatively, a reverse transcriptase - specific target amplification (RT-STA) reaction, allows for qPCR of hundreds of targets by nanofluidic PCR. Using either of these approaches, it is possible to examine the variability of expression between cells, as well as examining expression profiles of rare cell types from within a tissue. Overall, the single cell gene expression approach allows for the generation of data that can potentially identify idiosyncratic expression profiles that are typically averaged out when examining expression of millions of cells from typical homogenates generated from whole tissues.

Single cell expression profiling allows the detailed gene expression analysis of individual cells. We describe methods for the isolation of cardiomyocytes, and preparing the resulting lysates for either whole transcriptome microarray or qPCR of specific targets.

Yetişkin Fare kardiyomiyositlerde Tek Hücre transkripsiyonel Profilleme

While numerous studies have examined gene expression changes from homogenates of heart tissue, this prevents studying the inherent stochastic variation ...

Intraductal Injection for Localized Drug Delivery to the Mouse Mammary Gland

Herein we describe a protocol to deliver various reagents to the mouse mammary gland via intraductal injections. Localized drug delivery and knock-down of genes within the mammary epithelium has been difficult to achieve due to the lack of appropriate targeting molecules that are independent of developmental stages such as pregnancy and lactation. Herein, we describe a technique for localized delivery of reagents to the mammary gland at any stage in adulthood via intraductal injection into the nipples of mice. The injections can be performed on live mice, under anesthesia, and allow for a non-invasive and localized drug delivery to the mammary gland. Furthermore, the injections can be repeated over several months without damaging the nipple. Vital dyes such as Evans Blue are very helpful to learn the technique. Upon intraductal injection of the blue dye, the entire ductal tree becomes visible to the eye. Furthermore, fluorescently labeled reagents also allow for visualization and distribution within the mammary gland. This technique is adaptable for a variety of compounds including siRNA, chemotherapeutic agents, and small molecules.

A protocol for the non-invasive intraductal delivery of aqueous reagents to the mouse mammary gland is described. The method takes advantage of localized injection into the nipples of mammary glands targeting mammary ducts specifically. This technique is adaptable for a variety of compounds including siRNA, chemotherapeutic agents and small molecules.

Fare meme bezi Lokalize İlaç Teslim Intradüktal Enjeksiyon

Herein we describe a protocol to deliver various reagents to the mouse mammary gland via intraductal injections. Localized drug delivery and knock-down of ...

Effect of Male Accessory Gland Products on Egg Laying in Gastropod Molluscs

In internally fertilizing animals, seminal fluid is usually added to the spermatozoa, together forming the semen or ejaculate. Besides nourishing and activating sperm, the components in the seminal fluid can also influence female physiology to augment fertilization success of the sperm donor. While many studies have reported such effects in species with separate sexes, few studies have addressed this in simultaneously hermaphroditic animals. This video protocol presents a method to study effects of seminal fluid in gastropods, using a simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail, the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, as model organism. While the procedure is shown using complete prostate gland extracts, individual components (i.e., proteins, peptides, and other compounds) of the seminal fluid can be tested in the same way. Effects of the receipt of ejaculate components on egg laying can be quantified in terms of frequency of egg laying and more subtle estimates of female reproductive performance such as egg numbers within each egg masses. Results show that seminal fluid proteins affect female reproductive output in this simultaneous hermaphrodite, highlighting their importance for sexual selection.

This video protocol demonstrates a method to study effects of seminal fluid in gastropods, using the hermaphroditic freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis.

Gastropod Molluskların Yumurta döflenmesi erkek Aksesuar Bezi Ürünlerinin Etkisi

In internally fertilizing animals, seminal fluid is usually added to the spermatozoa, together forming the semen or ejaculate. Besides nourishing and ...

Isolation of Intact, Whole Mouse Mammary Glands for Analysis of Extracellular Matrix Expression and Gland Morphology

The goal of this procedure was to harvest the #4 abdominal mammary glands from female nulliparous mice in order to assess ECM expression and ductal architecture. Here, a small pocket below the skin was created using Mayo scissors, allowing separation of the glands within the subcutaneous tissue from the underlying peritoneum. Visualization of the glands was aided by the use of 3.5x-R surgical micro loupes. The pelt was inverted and pinned back allowing identification of the intact mammary fat pads. Each of the #4 abdominal glands was bluntly dissected by sliding the scalpel blade laterally between the subcutaneous layer and the glands. Immediately post-harvest, glands were placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for subsequent tissue processing. Excision of the entire gland is advantageous because it primarily eliminates the risk of excluding important tissue-wide interactions between ductal epithelial cells and other microenvironmental cellular populations that could be missed in a partial biopsy. One drawback of the methodology is the use of serial sections from fixed tissues which limits analyses of ductal morphogenesis and protein expression to discrete locations within the gland. As such, changes in ductal architecture and protein expression in 3 dimensions (3D) is not readily obtainable. Overall, the technique is applicable to studies requiring whole intact murine mammary glands for downstream investigations such as developmental ductal morphogenesis or breast cancer.

Here, we present a protocol for the isolation of whole, intact mouse mammary glands to investigate extracellular matrix (ECM) expression and ductal morphology. Mouse #4 abdominal glands were extracted from 8-10 week old female nulliparous mice, fixed in neutral buffered formalin, sectioned and stained using immunohistochemistry for ECM proteins.

Sağlam, Bütün fare meme dokuları yalıtım hücre dışı matriks ifade ve bezi Morfoloji analizi için

The goal of this procedure was to harvest the #4 abdominal mammary glands from female nulliparous mice in order to assess ECM expression and ductal ...