Name: place and response learning in the open-field tower maze
Uploaded: 2015-10-28T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Christopher Newport University for funding the preparation of this manuscript and The University of Vermont for funding the experiments described in the representative results section.

Denne protokol er godkendt af Institutional Animal Care og brug Udvalg Christopher Newport University. 1. Konstruktion af OFTM Apparatur <ol><li> Konstruere afgrænsningsvæggen (40 cm høj og 183 cm i diameter) fra tre stykker hvidt laminat. Konstruere den cirkulære labyrint gulv (183 cm i diameter) fra sort laminat og lim det til en plastik bordplade. Fastgør grænsen væggen til kanten af ​​bordet med skruer og lim. </li><li> Dekorere den indvendige overflade af grænsen væg: Lad en fjerdedel konstan...

<ol>
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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Double+dissociation+of+fornix+and+caudate+nucleus+lesions+on+acquisition+of+two+water+maze+tasks:+further+evidence+for+multiple+memory+systems.">Double dissociation of fornix and caudate nucleus lesions on acquisition of two water maze tasks: further evidence for multiple memory systems.</a> Behav Neurosci. 106 (3), 439-446 (1992).</li><li>Packard, M. G., McGaugh, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inactivation+of+hippocampus+or+caudate+nucleus+with+lidocaine+differentially+affects+expression+of+place+and+response+learning.">Inactivation of hippocampus or caudate nucleus with lidocaine differentially affects expression of place and response learning.</a> Neurobiol Learn Mem. 65 (1), 65-72 (1996).</li><li>Poldrack, R. A., Packard, M. 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R., Clipperton, A., Walt, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Place+versus+response+learning+in+rats.">Place versus response learning in rats.</a> Learn Behav. 35 (4), 214-224 (2007).</li><li>Prut, L., Belzung, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+open+field+as+a+paradigm+to+measure+the+effects+of+drugs+on+anxiety-like+behaviors:+a+review.">The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors: a review.</a> Eur J Pharmaco. 463 (1-3), 3-33 (2003).</li><li>Harrison, F. E., Hosseini, A. H., McDonald, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endogenous+anxiety+and+stress+responses+in+water+maze+and+Barnes+maze+spatial+memory+tasks.">Endogenous anxiety and stress responses in water maze and Barnes maze spatial memory tasks.</a> Behav Brain Res. 198 (1), 247-251 (2009).</li><li>Bowman, R. E., Beck, K. D., Luine, V. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+stress+effects+on+memory:+sex+differences+in+performance+and+monoaminergic+activity.">Chronic stress effects on memory: sex differences in performance and monoaminergic activity.</a> Horm Behav. 43 (1), 48-59 (2003).</li><li>Lunga, P., Herbert, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=17Beta-oestradiol+modulates+glucocorticoid,+neural+and+behavioural+adaptations+to+repeated+restraint+stress+in+female+rats.">17Beta-oestradiol modulates glucocorticoid, neural and behavioural adaptations to repeated restraint stress in female rats.</a> J Neuroendocrinol. 16 (9), 776-7785 (2004).</li><li>Newhouse, P. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estrogen+treatment+impairs+cognitive+performance+after+psychosocial+stress+and+monoamine+depletion+in+postmenopausal+women.">Estrogen treatment impairs cognitive performance after psychosocial stress and monoamine depletion in postmenopausal women.</a> Menopause. 17 (4), 860-873 (2010).</li><li>Lipatova, O., Toufexis, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estrogen+enhances+the+retention+of+spatial+reference+memory+in+the+open+field+tower+task,+but+disrupts+the+expression+of+spatial+memory+following+a+novel+start+position.">Estrogen enhances the retention of spatial reference memory in the open field tower task, but disrupts the expression of spatial memory following a novel start position.</a> Neurobiol Learn Mem. 99, 50-58 (2012).</li><li>Lipatova, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recency-to-primacy+shift+in+cue+competition.">Recency-to-primacy shift in cue competition.</a> J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 32 (4), 396-406 (2006).</li><li>De La Casa, L. G., Timberlake, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+preexposure+and+retention+interval+placement+on+latent+inhibition+and+perceptual+learning+in+a+choice-maze+discrimination+task.">Effects of preexposure and retention interval placement on latent inhibition and perceptual learning in a choice-maze discrimination task.</a> Learn Behav. 34 (2), 193-201 (2006).</li><li>Liang, K. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Buspirone+impaired+acquisition+and+retention+in+avoidance+tasks:+involvement+of+the+hippocampus.">Buspirone impaired acquisition and retention in avoidance tasks: involvement of the hippocampus.</a> Chin J Physiol. 41 (1), 33-44 (1998).</li><li>Gisquet-Verrier, P., Alexinsky, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+contextual+change+determine+long-term+forgetting.">Does contextual change determine long-term forgetting.</a> Animal Learning and Behavior. 14 (4), 349-358 (1986).</li><li>Gisquet-Verrier, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exposure+to+retrieval+cues+improves+retention+performance+and+induces+changes+in+ACTH+and+corticosterone+release.">Exposure to retrieval cues improves retention performance and induces changes in ACTH and corticosterone release.</a> Psychoneuroendocrinology. 29 (4), 529-556 (2004).</li><li>Packard, M. G., Hirsh, R., White, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+effects+of+fornix+and+caudate+nucleus+lesions+on+two+radial+maze+tasks:+evidence+for+multiple+memory+systems.">Differential effects of fornix and caudate nucleus lesions on two radial maze tasks: evidence for multiple memory systems.</a> J Neurosci. 9 (5), 1465-1472 (1989).</li><li>Devan, B. D., McDonald, R. J., White, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+medial+and+lateral+caudate-putamen+lesions+on+place-+and+cue-guided+behaviors+in+the+water+maze:+relation+to+thigmotaxis.">Effects of medial and lateral caudate-putamen lesions on place- and cue-guided behaviors in the water maze: relation to thigmotaxis.</a> Behav Brain Res. 100 (1-2), 5-14 (1999).</li></ol>

Talrige paradigmer kan bruges til at undersøge indlæring og hukommelse hos gnavere, og hver har vigtige skridt, som eksperimentatorer skal følge. I OFTM, er det vigtigt, labyrint (f.eks, placering af labyrinten, intra- og ekstra-labyrint signaler, dæmpet belysning og baggrundsstøj niveau, daglig tid uddannelse) holdes konstant under hele forsøget. Det er også nødvendigt for at minimere stress i rotte fag for at sikre kontinuerlig præstation i OFTM. Stress kan holdes på et minimum i hunrotter ved pair-...

Den åbne felt tårn labyrint (OFTM) kan bruges til at undersøge de adfærdsmæssige og neurobiologiske mekanismer i rumlig indlæring hos gnavere. Vigtigere er det, OFTM tillader forskerne at studere både &quot;sted-baserede&quot; og &quot;respons-baserede&quot; learning-typer. Under plads-learning et dyr navigerer gennem en labyrint ved hjælp af de rumlige stikord i det omgivende miljø (f.eks er en fødevare belønning ligger ved siden af en høj beacon). Under respons-learning dyret gør en konkret turn respons uanset dens position i forhold til rumlige informationer (fx lave en højre eller venstre tur til at finde en fødevare belønning). Det er tidligere blevet rapporteret, at respons-læring og sted-learning stole på to forskellige hukommelsessystemer 3, 4 og kortlægge deres neurale mekanismer har været en igangværende videnskabelige stræben 2, 5-7. Udformningen af OFTM blev tilpasset fra en tidligere beskrevet 8. Åbentfield paradigmer (en komponent af OFTM) er almindeligt anvendt til at undersøge angst hos gnavere 9. I løbet af de typiske åbne felt angst test rotter, der tilbringer mere tid i midten af ​​en åben mark har lavere stress og angst niveauer end rotter, der tilbringer mere tid nær omkredsen. I OFTM, skal en rotte ind i midten af ​​labyrinten for at finde den foderbelønning. , Korrekt navigation i OFTM indikerer derfor, at disse rotter er ikke-stressede. En af grundene til rotterne ikke-stressede under træningen er, fordi i modsætning til standard open-feltforsøg af angst træne OFTM kræver pre-træning fase, hvor rotten er på forhånd udsat for labyrinten over en lang periode. Desuden opstår træning i et svagt belyst miljø yderligere at reducere angstfremkaldende aspekt af et åbent felt, som typisk er stærkt belyst En anden unik funktion af OFTM, sammenlignet med nogle andre labyrinter, er, hvordan læring måles. Eksperimentatorer ved hjælp afMorris Water Maze eller Barnes Maze typisk måle læring ved at analysere hastighed og / eller vejlængde en rotte bevæger at nå sit mål placering. Disse afhængige foranstaltninger kan påvirkes af ikke-learning faktorer, såsom ændringer i en rotte generelle motorisk aktivitet. De OFTM foranstaltninger læring ved hjælp af procent af første-valg rigtige svar en rotte gør dog at finde fødevarer belønning. Denne afhængige foranstaltning ikke sårbar over for ændringer i motorydelse, og derfor mere præcist vurderer læring end målinger af hastighed og distance. Ikke desto mindre kan forsøgslederen også måle en rotte hastighed og distance i OFTM ved hjælp af video tracking software. Andre labyrint-typer, såsom T-labyrinten, kan Morris Water Maze og Barnes Maze bruges til at studere sted- og respons-læring. Men OFTM er enestående i et par bemærkelsesværdige måder. For det første er OFTM er en mere følsom adfærdsmæssige assay end T-labyrint, fordi OFTM har en chance forestillie på 25%, mens T-labyrinten har en chance ydelse på 50%. For det andet kan en rotte kun vende på en af ​​to måder i T-labyrinten, men har ubegrænset rute muligheder, når du navigerer i OFTM. For det tredje, i modsætning til de Morris Water Maze og Barnes Maze opgaver (der drager rute muligheder ligesom OFTM), forsøg under anvendelse af OFTM kræver ikke rotter til at navigere gennem et afskrækningsmiddel situation. Rotter bliver motivet til at navigere i Morris Water Maze at undslippe svømning i vand, og de er motiverede for at navigere i Barnes Maze at undgå at blive i et åbent, lyst-lit miljø. Det er blevet påvist, at eksponering for Morris Water Maze eller Barnes Maze inducerer frigivelse af stress hormon (dvs. corticosteron) hos gnavere 10. Men rotter navigere i OFTM fordi de er motiverede for at finde en fødevare belønning og træningen gennemføres med dim omgivende belysning. Således OFTM er en ikke-generende appetitforstyrrelser opgave. Resultater fra forsøg, der bruger en stressende mAze paradigme til at undersøge virkningerne af manipulationer såsom narkotika, hormon, motion, eller kost på indlæring og hukommelse mekanismer kan være svært at tolke, fordi &quot;stress&quot; i sig selv kan påvirke den kognitive funktion 11.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>OFTM construction supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safety Glasses, Clear, Uncoated</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>4EY97</td>
			<td>Used for general eye protection during maze construction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masking Tape, Beige, 18mm x 55m</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>15F739</td>
			<td>General supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wiss All-purpose Scissor</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>37103278647</td>
			<td>General supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lancaster&#160; 6 foot Round Folding table - Heavy Duty white granite plastic - 29&#34;&#160;</td>
			<td>www.webstaurantstore.com</td>
			<td>384YCZ72RND</td>
			<td>Used as base of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminate Countertop sheet in White Matte Finish (48 x 96 x 0.039)</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>1573603504896</td>
			<td>Used as walls for the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminate Countertop sheet in Black Matte Finish (48 x 96 x 0.039)</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>1595603504896</td>
			<td>Used as floor of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive, Spray, 24oz, 17.6oz Net. 3M</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>3MA16</td>
			<td>Used to adhere the laminate floor to the table top and pieces of laminate to each other</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16.6 oz #90 hi-strength S</td>
			<td>Lowe&#39;s</td>
			<td>193252</td>
			<td>Used to adhere the laminate floor to the table top</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superflex RTV, Silicone Adhesive Sealant, Loctile</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>300040-068</td>
			<td>Used to seal around the baze (between the floor and walls of the maze)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Industrial Sealant; 10.1oz</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>4UH06</td>
			<td>Used to seal around the baze (between the floor and walls of the maze)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Painter&#39;s Masking Tape; Shurtape; 2in x 60yd</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>6FET7</td>
			<td>Used to mark out visual patterns on maze walls</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini/Trim paint tray</td>
			<td>ACE Hardware</td>
			<td>1365105</td>
			<td>Used to hold paint&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foam mini roller 4&#34; 6pk</td>
			<td>ACE Hardware</td>
			<td>1494871</td>
			<td>Used for painting patterns&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Val Sample Set Nbase paint</td>
			<td>ACE Hardware</td>
			<td>1505031</td>
			<td>Used as paint for pattern on the walls of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HP Paint Black</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>72450405005</td>
			<td>Used to paint pattern on the walls of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brush</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>81773801110</td>
			<td>Used to paint pattern on the walls of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duct Tape, 2in X 60yd, 10.5mil. Black</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>15F767</td>
			<td>Used to wrap the exterior of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4X4 8ft PT pine Vinyl-CTD Post W/Cap</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>40933070541</td>
			<td>Used to build towers for the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 gram Pro Super Glue</td>
			<td>Lowe&#39;s</td>
			<td>125870</td>
			<td>Used to glue tower tops, towers to the floor of the maze and food cups to the tower tops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bead Containers 9 - 1/2</td>
			<td>Michaels</td>
			<td>652695766978</td>
			<td>Used as food cups on top of towers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spray Paint, Black, 12oz</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>6KP22</td>
			<td>Used to paint food cups &#38; covers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Room prepration</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conair SU1W Sound Machine; 10 Sounds</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>204493600</td>
			<td>Used for background noise</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lamp</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>5027698392</td>
			<td>Used for dim lighting of maze room</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ES 14W DayLight Spiral Bulb 4pk</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>762148208433</td>
			<td>Used for dim lighting of maze room</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shower Curtain</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>3429910901</td>
			<td>Used for separation between the maze and the experimenter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curtain Rod</td>
			<td>Bed Bath &#38; Beyond</td>
			<td>76598645104</td>
			<td>Used for separation between the maze and the experimenter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Froot Loops Cereal</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>3800039122</td>
			<td>Used as reward</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recording equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Media Recorder 3: 4 video</td>
			<td>Noldus</td>
			<td>NMR4-0200</td>
			<td>Used to record training trials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monochrome GigE Camera</td>
			<td>Noldus</td>
			<td>XCFW-BG62</td>
			<td>Used to record training trials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision M4800 Laptop</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Used to run video software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

place and response learning in the open-field tower maze

Denne protokol beskriver, hvordan Open-feltet Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigme bruges til at studere rumlig indlæring hos gnavere. Denne labyrint er især nyttig til at undersøge, hvordan rotter lære at bruge en sted- eller respons-learning til at navigere i et åbent-felt arena. Desuden er denne protokol beskriver, hvordan OFTM adskiller sig fra andre adfærdsmæssige labyrint paradigmer, der almindeligvis anvendes til at studere rumlig indlæring hos gnavere. Beskrevet i denne artikel OFTM blev tilpasset fra tidligere beskrevet af Cole, Clipperton og Walt (2007) en. Konkret blev OFTM skabt til at teste rumlig indlæring hos gnavere uden forsøgslederen at skulle overveje, hvordan &quot;stress&quot; kan spille en rolle som confounding variabel. Forsøg har vist, at stress-alone kan have stor indflydelse den kognitive funktion 1. Det repræsentative resultater afsnit indeholder data fra et eksperiment, der brugte OFTM at undersøge effekten af ​​østradiol behandling på sted- og svar-learning i voksne Sprague Dawley rotter 2. Fremtidige undersøgelser vil blive designet til at undersøge, hvilken rolle hippocampus og striatum i sted- og respons-læring på OFTM.

De repræsentative resultater beskrevet her tidligere har været offentliggjort i neurobiologi for Læring &amp; Hukommelse, Elsevier 2. I dette eksperiment blev OFTM anvendt til at teste virkningerne af kroniske og cykling estradiol behandlinger på sted-og respons-learning i Sprague-Dawley-rotter (250 - 300 g; N = 48). Der var to vigtige grunde til, at OFTM blev anvendt til at gennemføre dette eksperiment. For det første har estradiol blevet vist at inducere differentielle effekter på sted-og reaktion-le...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze at JoVE.com

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

Open-feltet Tower Maze (OFTM) er en labyrint skabt til at studere de adfærdsmæssige og neurale mekanismer i rumlig indlæring (f.eks sted- eller respons-læring) i rotter. Denne labyrint er især nyttigt for eksperimentatorer der ønsker at bruge en ikke-stressende labyrint paradigme til at undersøge rumlige læring i deres forskning.

Placer og reaktion Læring i Open-feltet Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Stereotaxic Microinjection of Viral Vectors Expressing Cre Recombinase to Study the Role of Target Genes in Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference

Stereotaktisk Mikroinjektion af virale vektorer, der udtrykker Cre recombinase at undersøge den rolle, målgener i Kokain Konditioneret Place Preference

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes ...

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

Adfærdsmæssige og Locomotor målinger ved hjælp af en åben mark Aktivitet Monitoring System for skeletmuskel Sygdomme

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Anvendelse af Open Field Maze til Mål Lokomotorisk og Angst-lignende opførsel i mus

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Double-H labyrint: En Robust Behavioral Test for Læring og Hukommelse i Gnavere

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

Kvantificering Læring i Unge Spædbørn: Tracking Leg Handlinger Under en Discovery-learning Opgave

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning ...

Assessment of Cocaine-induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference in Mice

Vurdering af kokain-induceret Behavioral Sensibilisering og konditioneret Place Preference i mus

It is thought that rewarding experiences with drugs create strong contextual associations and encourage repeated intake. In turn, repeated exposures to ...

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

Genindsættelse af stof-søgende i mus ved hjælp af konditioneret sted præference paradigme

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to ...

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

Analysere rumlige læring og Lis opførsel i mus ved hjælp af Barnes labyrint og jomfru i nød paradigmer

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

En konditioneret sted præference protokol til måling af inkubation af trang hos rotter

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed ...

Analysis of Learning and Memory Ability in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model using the Morris Water Maze

Analyse af indlæring og hukommelse evne i en Alzheimers sygdom muse model ved hjælp af Morris vand labyrint

A Morris water maze (MWM) experiment forces experimental animals to swim and learn to find a platform hidden in the water. It is widely used in scientific ...