Name: place and response learning in the open-field tower maze
Uploaded: 2015-10-28T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Christopher Newport University for funding the preparation of this manuscript and The University of Vermont for funding the experiments described in the representative results section.

このプロトコルは、クリストファーニューポート大学の施設内動物管理使用委員会によって承認されています。 OFTM装置の1建設<ol><li>ホワイトラミネートの3枚から（高さ40cm 183センチ直径）境界壁を構築します。黒ラミネートから円形迷路の床（183センチメートル直径）を構築し、プラスチック製のテーブルトップにそれを接着。ネジと接着剤でテーブルの端に境界壁を固定します。 ...

<ol>
	<li>Luine, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeated+stress+causes+reversible+impairments+of+spatial+memory+performance.">Repeated stress causes reversible impairments of spatial memory performance.</a> Brain Res. 639 (1), 167-170 (1994).</li><li>Lipatova, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+continuous+vs.+cycling+estrogen+replacement+on+the+acquisition,+retention+and+expression+of+place-+and+response-learning+in+the+open-field+tower+maze.">Effects of continuous vs. cycling estrogen replacement on the acquisition, retention and expression of place- and response-learning in the open-field tower maze.</a> Neurobiol Learn Mem. 114, 81-89 (2014).</li><li>Packard, M. G., McGaugh, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Double+dissociation+of+fornix+and+caudate+nucleus+lesions+on+acquisition+of+two+water+maze+tasks:+further+evidence+for+multiple+memory+systems.">Double dissociation of fornix and caudate nucleus lesions on acquisition of two water maze tasks: further evidence for multiple memory systems.</a> Behav Neurosci. 106 (3), 439-446 (1992).</li><li>Packard, M. G., McGaugh, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inactivation+of+hippocampus+or+caudate+nucleus+with+lidocaine+differentially+affects+expression+of+place+and+response+learning.">Inactivation of hippocampus or caudate nucleus with lidocaine differentially affects expression of place and response learning.</a> Neurobiol Learn Mem. 65 (1), 65-72 (1996).</li><li>Poldrack, R. A., Packard, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Competition+among+multiple+memory+systems:+converging+evidence+from+animal+and+human+brain+studies.">Competition among multiple memory systems: converging evidence from animal and human brain studies.</a> Neuropsychologia. 41 (3), 245-251 (2003).</li><li>Quinlan, M. G., Hussain, D., Brake, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+cognitive+strategies+in+rats:+the+role+of+estradiol+and+its+interaction+with+dopamine.">Use of cognitive strategies in rats: the role of estradiol and its interaction with dopamine.</a> Horm Behav. 53 (1), 185-191 (2008).</li><li>Korol, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+estrogen+in+balancing+contributions+from+multiple+memory+systems.">Role of estrogen in balancing contributions from multiple memory systems.</a> Neurobiol Learn Mem. 82, 309-323 (2004).</li><li>Cole, M. R., Clipperton, A., Walt, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Place+versus+response+learning+in+rats.">Place versus response learning in rats.</a> Learn Behav. 35 (4), 214-224 (2007).</li><li>Prut, L., Belzung, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+open+field+as+a+paradigm+to+measure+the+effects+of+drugs+on+anxiety-like+behaviors:+a+review.">The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors: a review.</a> Eur J Pharmaco. 463 (1-3), 3-33 (2003).</li><li>Harrison, F. E., Hosseini, A. H., McDonald, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endogenous+anxiety+and+stress+responses+in+water+maze+and+Barnes+maze+spatial+memory+tasks.">Endogenous anxiety and stress responses in water maze and Barnes maze spatial memory tasks.</a> Behav Brain Res. 198 (1), 247-251 (2009).</li><li>Bowman, R. E., Beck, K. D., Luine, V. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+stress+effects+on+memory:+sex+differences+in+performance+and+monoaminergic+activity.">Chronic stress effects on memory: sex differences in performance and monoaminergic activity.</a> Horm Behav. 43 (1), 48-59 (2003).</li><li>Lunga, P., Herbert, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=17Beta-oestradiol+modulates+glucocorticoid,+neural+and+behavioural+adaptations+to+repeated+restraint+stress+in+female+rats.">17Beta-oestradiol modulates glucocorticoid, neural and behavioural adaptations to repeated restraint stress in female rats.</a> J Neuroendocrinol. 16 (9), 776-7785 (2004).</li><li>Newhouse, P. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estrogen+treatment+impairs+cognitive+performance+after+psychosocial+stress+and+monoamine+depletion+in+postmenopausal+women.">Estrogen treatment impairs cognitive performance after psychosocial stress and monoamine depletion in postmenopausal women.</a> Menopause. 17 (4), 860-873 (2010).</li><li>Lipatova, O., Toufexis, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estrogen+enhances+the+retention+of+spatial+reference+memory+in+the+open+field+tower+task,+but+disrupts+the+expression+of+spatial+memory+following+a+novel+start+position.">Estrogen enhances the retention of spatial reference memory in the open field tower task, but disrupts the expression of spatial memory following a novel start position.</a> Neurobiol Learn Mem. 99, 50-58 (2012).</li><li>Lipatova, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recency-to-primacy+shift+in+cue+competition.">Recency-to-primacy shift in cue competition.</a> J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 32 (4), 396-406 (2006).</li><li>De La Casa, L. G., Timberlake, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+preexposure+and+retention+interval+placement+on+latent+inhibition+and+perceptual+learning+in+a+choice-maze+discrimination+task.">Effects of preexposure and retention interval placement on latent inhibition and perceptual learning in a choice-maze discrimination task.</a> Learn Behav. 34 (2), 193-201 (2006).</li><li>Liang, K. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Buspirone+impaired+acquisition+and+retention+in+avoidance+tasks:+involvement+of+the+hippocampus.">Buspirone impaired acquisition and retention in avoidance tasks: involvement of the hippocampus.</a> Chin J Physiol. 41 (1), 33-44 (1998).</li><li>Gisquet-Verrier, P., Alexinsky, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+contextual+change+determine+long-term+forgetting.">Does contextual change determine long-term forgetting.</a> Animal Learning and Behavior. 14 (4), 349-358 (1986).</li><li>Gisquet-Verrier, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exposure+to+retrieval+cues+improves+retention+performance+and+induces+changes+in+ACTH+and+corticosterone+release.">Exposure to retrieval cues improves retention performance and induces changes in ACTH and corticosterone release.</a> Psychoneuroendocrinology. 29 (4), 529-556 (2004).</li><li>Packard, M. G., Hirsh, R., White, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+effects+of+fornix+and+caudate+nucleus+lesions+on+two+radial+maze+tasks:+evidence+for+multiple+memory+systems.">Differential effects of fornix and caudate nucleus lesions on two radial maze tasks: evidence for multiple memory systems.</a> J Neurosci. 9 (5), 1465-1472 (1989).</li><li>Devan, B. D., McDonald, R. J., White, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+medial+and+lateral+caudate-putamen+lesions+on+place-+and+cue-guided+behaviors+in+the+water+maze:+relation+to+thigmotaxis.">Effects of medial and lateral caudate-putamen lesions on place- and cue-guided behaviors in the water maze: relation to thigmotaxis.</a> Behav Brain Res. 100 (1-2), 5-14 (1999).</li></ol>

多数のパラダイムは、齧歯類における学習および記憶を研究するために使用することができ、それぞれは実験者が従うべき重要なステップを有します。 OFTMでは、迷路の条件 （例えば、迷路の位置、内および外の迷路の手がかり、薄暗い照明、背景雑音レベル、トレーニングの毎日の時間）は、実験の期間を通して一定に保たれることが重要です。これは、OFTMで連続性能を確保するた...

オープンフィールドタワー迷路（OFTM）げっ歯類における空間学習の行動および神経生物学的メカニズムを調べるために使用することができます。重要なことは、OFTM、研究者は「場所ベース」と「応答ベースの「学習型の両方を研究することができます。 場所学習動物の間（例えば、食品の報酬は次の背の高いビーコンに位置しています）取り巻く環境の空間キューを使用して迷路をナビゲート。 応答学習動物が空間キューに対する相対的な位置に関係なく、特定のターン応答を行う時には（例えば、食品の報酬を見つけるために、左または右に曲がります）。これは、以前に応答学習と学習場所は、2つの異なるメモリシステム3,4およびそれらの神経機構をマッピングに依存している進行中の科学的追求2、5-7であったことが報告されています。 OFTMの設計は、以前に8を説明したものから適応されました。 オープンフィールドパラダイム（OFTMの成分）は、一般に、齧歯類9における不安を調べるために使用されます。オープンフィールドの中心に多くの時間を過ごす典型的なオープンフィールド不安テストラットの間に、境界付近に多くの時間を費やしたラットよりも低いストレスや不安レベルを持っています。 OFTMでは、ラットは、食品の報酬を見つけるため迷路の中心を入力する必要があります。したがって、OFTMで正しいナビゲーションはこれらのラットは、非ストレスであることを示しています。 OFTMを訓練不安の標準オープンフィールド試験とは異なり、ラットを長期間にわたって迷路に予め露出している間、事前訓練段階を必要とするため、ラットを訓練中に非ストレスされている理由の一つです。また、トレーニングは、一般的に明るく点灯しているオープンフィールドの不安を誘発する側面を削減、さらに薄暗い環境で発生他のいくつかの迷路に比べOFTMのもう一つの特徴は、学習を測定する方法です。使用した実験者モリス水迷路やバーンズ迷路は、通常、ラットがそのターゲット位置に到達するために移動速度および/またはパスの長さを分析することによって、学習測定します。これらの依存対策は、ラットの一般的な運動活動の変化などの非学習要因によって影響を受けることができます。しかし、OFTM措置は、ラットは、食品の報酬を見つけることができます第一選択正しい応答のパーセントを用いた学習。この依存尺度は、モータ性能の変化に対して脆弱ではないので、より正確に速度と距離の測定値よりも学習を評価します。それにもかかわらず、実験者はまた、ラットの速度を測定することができ、距離はビデオトラッキングソフトウェアを使用してOFTMに旅しました。 例えば、T-迷路、モリス水迷路とバーンズ迷路のような他の迷路のタイプは、プレースおよび応答学習を研究するために使用することができます。しかし、OFTMは、いくつかの注目すべき点でユニークです。 OFTMはチャンスperformancを持っているので、まず、OFTMは、T-迷路よりも高感度の行動アッセイでありますT迷路一方、25％のeは、50％の可能性性能を有します。第二に、ラットは、T-迷路で、次のいずれかの方法でオンにすることができますが、OFTMに移動するときの経路の可能性を無制限ました。第三に、（OFTMのような無制限のルートの可能性を持っている）モリス水迷路とバーンズ迷路タスクとは異なり、OFTMを用いた実験では、嫌悪状況をナビゲートするために、ラットを必要としません。ラットを水で泳いで脱出するモリス水迷路内を移動するmotived、彼らはオープン、明るい環境であることを避けるためにバーンズ迷路内を移動するために動機づけられているされています。これは、モリス水迷路またはバーンズ迷路への曝露は、げっ歯類10におけるストレスホルモン（ 例えば 、コルチコステロン）の放出を誘導することが実証されています。彼らは食糧報酬を見つけるために動機づけされ、訓練は薄暗い周囲の照明を用いて実施されているのでしかし、ラットはOFTMに移動します。したがって、OFTMは非嫌悪食欲作業です。ストレスの多いメートルを使用した実験からの結果「ストレス」は、単独で、認知機能11に影響を与える可能性があるため、AZEのパラダイムは、解釈が困難であることができ、このような学習および記憶メカニズムの薬剤、ホルモン、運動、または食事などの操作の影響を調べました。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>OFTM construction supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safety Glasses, Clear, Uncoated</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>4EY97</td>
			<td>Used for general eye protection during maze construction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masking Tape, Beige, 18mm x 55m</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>15F739</td>
			<td>General supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wiss All-purpose Scissor</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>37103278647</td>
			<td>General supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lancaster&#160; 6 foot Round Folding table - Heavy Duty white granite plastic - 29&#34;&#160;</td>
			<td>www.webstaurantstore.com</td>
			<td>384YCZ72RND</td>
			<td>Used as base of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminate Countertop sheet in White Matte Finish (48 x 96 x 0.039)</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>1573603504896</td>
			<td>Used as walls for the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminate Countertop sheet in Black Matte Finish (48 x 96 x 0.039)</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>1595603504896</td>
			<td>Used as floor of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive, Spray, 24oz, 17.6oz Net. 3M</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>3MA16</td>
			<td>Used to adhere the laminate floor to the table top and pieces of laminate to each other</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16.6 oz #90 hi-strength S</td>
			<td>Lowe&#39;s</td>
			<td>193252</td>
			<td>Used to adhere the laminate floor to the table top</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superflex RTV, Silicone Adhesive Sealant, Loctile</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>300040-068</td>
			<td>Used to seal around the baze (between the floor and walls of the maze)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Industrial Sealant; 10.1oz</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>4UH06</td>
			<td>Used to seal around the baze (between the floor and walls of the maze)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Painter&#39;s Masking Tape; Shurtape; 2in x 60yd</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>6FET7</td>
			<td>Used to mark out visual patterns on maze walls</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini/Trim paint tray</td>
			<td>ACE Hardware</td>
			<td>1365105</td>
			<td>Used to hold paint&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foam mini roller 4&#34; 6pk</td>
			<td>ACE Hardware</td>
			<td>1494871</td>
			<td>Used for painting patterns&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Val Sample Set Nbase paint</td>
			<td>ACE Hardware</td>
			<td>1505031</td>
			<td>Used as paint for pattern on the walls of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HP Paint Black</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>72450405005</td>
			<td>Used to paint pattern on the walls of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brush</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>81773801110</td>
			<td>Used to paint pattern on the walls of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duct Tape, 2in X 60yd, 10.5mil. Black</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>15F767</td>
			<td>Used to wrap the exterior of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4X4 8ft PT pine Vinyl-CTD Post W/Cap</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>40933070541</td>
			<td>Used to build towers for the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 gram Pro Super Glue</td>
			<td>Lowe&#39;s</td>
			<td>125870</td>
			<td>Used to glue tower tops, towers to the floor of the maze and food cups to the tower tops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bead Containers 9 - 1/2</td>
			<td>Michaels</td>
			<td>652695766978</td>
			<td>Used as food cups on top of towers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spray Paint, Black, 12oz</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>6KP22</td>
			<td>Used to paint food cups &#38; covers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Room prepration</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conair SU1W Sound Machine; 10 Sounds</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>204493600</td>
			<td>Used for background noise</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lamp</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>5027698392</td>
			<td>Used for dim lighting of maze room</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ES 14W DayLight Spiral Bulb 4pk</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>762148208433</td>
			<td>Used for dim lighting of maze room</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shower Curtain</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>3429910901</td>
			<td>Used for separation between the maze and the experimenter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curtain Rod</td>
			<td>Bed Bath &#38; Beyond</td>
			<td>76598645104</td>
			<td>Used for separation between the maze and the experimenter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Froot Loops Cereal</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>3800039122</td>
			<td>Used as reward</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recording equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Media Recorder 3: 4 video</td>
			<td>Noldus</td>
			<td>NMR4-0200</td>
			<td>Used to record training trials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monochrome GigE Camera</td>
			<td>Noldus</td>
			<td>XCFW-BG62</td>
			<td>Used to record training trials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision M4800 Laptop</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Used to run video software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

place and response learning in the open-field tower maze

このプロトコルは、オープンフィールドタワー迷路（OFTM）パラダイムは、げっ歯類における空間学習を研究するために使用される方法について説明します。この迷路は、ラットが正常にオープンフィールドアリーナに移動するにはプレースまたは応答ラーニングを使用することを学ぶ方法を調べるために特に有用です。さらに、このプロトコルは、OFTMは、一般的にげっ歯類における空間学習を研究するために使用される他の行動迷路パラダイムとは異なる方法を説明します。この資料に記載さOFTMは、以前コール、クリッパートン、ウォルト（2007）により記載のものから適応されました。具体的には、OFTMは実験者が「ストレス」は交絡変数としての役割を果たしている可能性がある方法を検討することなく、げっ歯類で空間学習をテストするために作成されました。実験は、ストレスだけでかなり認知機能1に影響を与えることができることを示しました。代表的な結果のセクションでは、プレースとレスポンスのエストラジオール治療の効果を調べるためにOFTMを用いた実験からのデータが含まれています成人女性のSDラット2に-learning。今後の研究では、OFTMでプレースと応答学習における海馬と線条体の役割を調べるために設計されます。

ここで説明する代表的な結果は、以前に学習＆メモリ、エルゼビア2の神経生物学で公開されています。 （ - ; N = 48 300グラム250）この実験ではOFTMはプレースと応答ラーニング雌性Sprague-Dawleyラットでの慢性およびサイクリングエストラジオール治療の効果を試験しました。 OFTMはこの実験を行うために使用された理由を二つの重要な理由がありました。最初に、エストラジオールは、?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze at JoVE.com

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

オープンフィールドタワー迷路（OFTM）は、ラットにおける空間学習（ 例えば 、プレースまたは応答ラーニング）の行動と神経機構を研究するために作成した迷路です。この迷路は、彼らの研​​究では空間学習を調査するために、非ストレスの迷路パラダイムを使用する実験者のために特に有用です。

オープンフィールドタワー迷路に置き、レスポンス学習

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

place-and-response-learning-in-the-open-field-tower-maze

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Stereotaxic Microinjection of Viral Vectors Expressing Cre Recombinase to Study the Role of Target Genes in Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes of interest allows for enhanced temporally- and regionally-specific control of gene deletion, compared to existing methods. While conditional deletion can also be achieved by mating mice that express Cre recombinase under the control of specific gene promoters with mice carrying a floxed gene, stereotaxic microinjection allows for targeting of discrete brain areas at experimenter-determined time points of interest. In the context of cocaine conditioned place preference, and other cocaine behavioral paradigms such as self-administration or psychomotor sensitization that can involve withdrawal, extinction and/or reinstatement phases, this technique is particularly useful in exploring the unique contribution of target genes to these distinct phases of behavioral models of cocaine-induced plasticity. Specifically, this technique allows for selective ablation of target genes during discrete phases of a behavior to test their contribution to the behavior across time. Ultimately, this understanding allows for more targeted therapeutics that are best able to address the most potent risk factors that present themselves during each phase of addictive behavior.

This article describes how to microinject viral vectors into mouse brain and then test in a conditioned place preference paradigm that includes an acquisition, extinction and reinstatement phase.

コカイン条件付け場所嗜好における標的遺伝子の役割を研究するためにCreリコンビナーゼを発現するウイルスベクターの定位マイクロインジェクション

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes ...

行動学

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.

Open field activity levels are used to assess locomotive and behavioral activity levels. This protocol provides a well-designed, standardized protocol to use in preclinical trials for neuromuscular disorders.

骨格筋の病気のためにオープンフィールドアクティビティ·モニタリングシステムを用いた行動と自発運動の測定

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

マウスにおける自発運動と不安様行動を測定するために、オープンフィールド迷路の利用

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

ダブルH迷路：げっ歯類での学習と記憶のための堅牢な行動試験

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning process. Here a method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process. This discovery-learning task uses an infant activated mobile that rotates and plays music based on specified leg action of infants. Supine infants activate the mobile by moving their feet vertically across a virtual threshold. This paradigm is unique in that as infants independently discover that their leg actions activate the mobile, the infants&#8217; leg movements are tracked using a motion capture system allowing for the quantification of the learning process. Specifically, learning is quantified in terms of the duration of mobile activation, the position variance of the end effectors (feet) that activate the mobile, changes in hip-knee coordination patterns, and changes in hip and knee muscle torque. This information describes infant exploration and exploitation at the interplay of person and environmental constraints that support task-specific action. Subsequent research using this method can investigate how specific impairments of different populations of infants at risk for movement disorders influence the discovery-learning process for task-specific action.

A method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process.

乳児で学習を定量化：追跡脚アクションを発見学習タスクの実行中に

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning ...

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to acquire a conditioned place preference in a drug-paired compartment, and after the post-conditioning test, they perform several sessions to extinguish the established preference. The CPP permits the evaluation of the conditioned rewarding effects of drugs related to environmental cues. Then, the extinguished CPP can be robustly reinstated by the non-contingent administration of a priming dose of the drug, and by exposure to stressful stimuli. Both methods will be explained here. When the animal reinitiates the behavioral response, a reinstatement of the conditioned reward is considered to have taken place.
The main advantages of this protocol are that it is non-invasive, inexpensive, and simple with good validity criteria. In addition, it allows the study of different environmental manipulations, such as stress or diet, which can modulate relapse into drug seeking behaviors. However, one limitation is that if the researcher aims to explore the motivation and primary reinforcing effects of the drug, it should be complemented with self-administration procedures, as they involve operant responses of animals.

This protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse. This procedure permits the measurement of relapse in laboratory animals, considering the impact of drug-associated environmental cues as craving and relapse in abstaining addicts is currently the focus of drug-abuse treatment programs.

エアコンの場所の好みのパラダイムを使用してマウスの薬物探索の復権

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to ...

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

空間的な学習とバーンズ迷路と乙女の苦痛のパラダイムを用いたマウスの向社会的行動の分析

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

Analysis of Learning and Memory Ability in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model using the Morris Water Maze

A Morris water maze (MWM) experiment forces experimental animals to swim and learn to find a platform hidden in the water. It is widely used in scientific research to assess the learning and memory of animals. Due to the extensive use of the MWM test, visual experimental protocols are essential for researchers. This manuscript uses the latest studies to introduce the protocol of the MWM test. Alzheimer&#8217; Disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive loss of memory and cognitive function. An alternative and complementary treatment used for AD is Manual Acupuncture (MA). To assess the learning and memory ability of AD model mice, the MWM test was conducted. The visible platform trial, hidden platform trial, probe trial, and reversal trial of MWM were used to evaluate spatial learning and memory ability. In the visible platform trial, the swimming speed and escape latency of mice in different groups was not significantly different. In the hidden platform and reversal trials, the AD group showed a long escape latency. The escape latency decreased significantly after the MA treatment. Low platform crossover number and the proportion of time in the SW quadrant in the probe trial increased after the MA treatment (p &#60; 0.05 or p &#60; 0.01). The results of the MWM tests suggest that MA can effectively improve the spatial learning and memory abilities of AD model mice. Rigorous experimental operations provided assurance of the reliability of the results.

Analysis of Learning and Memory Ability in an Alzheimer&#039;s Disease Mouse Model using the Morris Water Maze

Herein, a protocol to conduct the Morris water maze tests to evaluate the ability of learning and memory of Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease model mice and to assess the effect of manual acupuncture for treating them is described.

モリス水迷路を用いたアルツハイマー病マウスモデルにおける学習能力と記憶力の解析

A Morris water maze (MWM) experiment forces experimental animals to swim and learn to find a platform hidden in the water. It is widely used in scientific ...

Chronic Stress Shifts Effort-Related Choice Behavior in a Y-Maze Barrier Task in Mice

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that measures motivation to expend effort and obtain reward. In mice, chronic stress exposure significantly impacts motivation to work for a higher value reward when a lesser value reward is freely available compared to unstressed mice. Here we describe the chronic corticosterone administration paradigm, which produces a shift in effortful responding in the Y-maze barrier task. In the Y-maze task, one arm contains 4 food pellets, while the other arm contains only 2 pellets. After mice learn to select the high reward arm, barriers with progressively increasing height are then introduced into the high reward arm over multiple test sessions. Unfortunately, most chronic stress paradigms (including corticosterone and social defeat) were developed in male mice and are less effective in female mice. Therefore, we also discuss chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), a stress paradigm we developed that is effective in both male and female mice. Repeating results with multiple distinct chronic stressors in male and female mice combined with increased usage of translationally relevant behavior tasks will help to advance the understanding of how chronic stress can precipitate mood disorders.

The Y-maze barrier task is a behavior test that examines motivation to expend effort for reward. Here, we discuss testing multiple well-validated chronic stressors including chronic corticosterone and social defeat stress with this behavior, as well as the novel chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), which is effective in females.

慢性ストレスは、マウスのY迷路バリアタスクにおける努力関連選択行動をシフトさせる

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that ...

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

The optomotor response and the Y-maze are behavioral tests useful for assessing visual and cognitive function, respectively. The optomotor response is a valuable tool to track changes in spatial frequency (SF) and contrast sensitivity (CS) thresholds over time in a number of retinal disease models, including diabetic retinopathy. Similarly, the Y-maze can be used to monitor spatial cognition (as measured by spontaneous alternation) and exploratory behavior (as measured by a number of entries) in a number of disease models that affect the central nervous system. Advantages of the optomotor response and the Y-maze include sensitivity, speed of testing, the use of innate responses (training is not needed), and the ability to be performed on awake (non-anesthetized) animals. Here, protocols are described for both the optomotor response and the Y-maze and examples of their use shown in models of Type I and Type II diabetes. Methods include preparation of rodents and equipment, performance of the optomotor response and the Y-maze, and post-test data analysis.

Neural degeneration in both eyes and brain as a result of diabetes can be observed through behavioral tests carried out on rodents. The Y-maze, a measure of spatial cognition, and the optomotor response, a measure of visual function, both provide insight into potential diagnoses and treatments.

糖尿病ラットにおけるY-迷路を介した視運動応答と認知機能の行動評価

The optomotor response and the Y-maze are behavioral tests useful for assessing visual and cognitive function, respectively. The optomotor response is a ...