Name: place and response learning in the open-field tower maze
Uploaded: 2015-10-28T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Christopher Newport University for funding the preparation of this manuscript and The University of Vermont for funding the experiments described in the representative results section.

이 프로토콜은 크리스토퍼 뉴 포트 대학의 기관 동물 케어 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인됩니다. OFTM 장치의 1. 건설 <ol><li> 흰색 라미네이트의 세 가지에서 (40cm 높이 183cm 직경)의 경계 벽을 구축합니다. 검은 라미네이트의 원형 미로 층 (183cm 직경) 구축 및 플라스틱 테이블 상단에 접착제. 나사와 접착제와 테이블의 가장자리에 경계 벽을 고정합니다. </li><li> 경계 벽의 내부 표면을 장식 : 흰?...

<ol>
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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+stress+effects+on+memory:+sex+differences+in+performance+and+monoaminergic+activity.">Chronic stress effects on memory: sex differences in performance and monoaminergic activity.</a> Horm Behav. 43 (1), 48-59 (2003).</li><li>Lunga, P., Herbert, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=17Beta-oestradiol+modulates+glucocorticoid,+neural+and+behavioural+adaptations+to+repeated+restraint+stress+in+female+rats.">17Beta-oestradiol modulates glucocorticoid, neural and behavioural adaptations to repeated restraint stress in female rats.</a> J Neuroendocrinol. 16 (9), 776-7785 (2004).</li><li>Newhouse, P. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estrogen+treatment+impairs+cognitive+performance+after+psychosocial+stress+and+monoamine+depletion+in+postmenopausal+women.">Estrogen treatment impairs cognitive performance after psychosocial stress and monoamine depletion in postmenopausal women.</a> Menopause. 17 (4), 860-873 (2010).</li><li>Lipatova, O., Toufexis, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estrogen+enhances+the+retention+of+spatial+reference+memory+in+the+open+field+tower+task,+but+disrupts+the+expression+of+spatial+memory+following+a+novel+start+position.">Estrogen enhances the retention of spatial reference memory in the open field tower task, but disrupts the expression of spatial memory following a novel start position.</a> Neurobiol Learn Mem. 99, 50-58 (2012).</li><li>Lipatova, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recency-to-primacy+shift+in+cue+competition.">Recency-to-primacy shift in cue competition.</a> J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 32 (4), 396-406 (2006).</li><li>De La Casa, L. G., Timberlake, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+preexposure+and+retention+interval+placement+on+latent+inhibition+and+perceptual+learning+in+a+choice-maze+discrimination+task.">Effects of preexposure and retention interval placement on latent inhibition and perceptual learning in a choice-maze discrimination task.</a> Learn Behav. 34 (2), 193-201 (2006).</li><li>Liang, K. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Buspirone+impaired+acquisition+and+retention+in+avoidance+tasks:+involvement+of+the+hippocampus.">Buspirone impaired acquisition and retention in avoidance tasks: involvement of the hippocampus.</a> Chin J Physiol. 41 (1), 33-44 (1998).</li><li>Gisquet-Verrier, P., Alexinsky, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+contextual+change+determine+long-term+forgetting.">Does contextual change determine long-term forgetting.</a> Animal Learning and Behavior. 14 (4), 349-358 (1986).</li><li>Gisquet-Verrier, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exposure+to+retrieval+cues+improves+retention+performance+and+induces+changes+in+ACTH+and+corticosterone+release.">Exposure to retrieval cues improves retention performance and induces changes in ACTH and corticosterone release.</a> Psychoneuroendocrinology. 29 (4), 529-556 (2004).</li><li>Packard, M. G., Hirsh, R., White, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+effects+of+fornix+and+caudate+nucleus+lesions+on+two+radial+maze+tasks:+evidence+for+multiple+memory+systems.">Differential effects of fornix and caudate nucleus lesions on two radial maze tasks: evidence for multiple memory systems.</a> J Neurosci. 9 (5), 1465-1472 (1989).</li><li>Devan, B. D., McDonald, R. J., White, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+medial+and+lateral+caudate-putamen+lesions+on+place-+and+cue-guided+behaviors+in+the+water+maze:+relation+to+thigmotaxis.">Effects of medial and lateral caudate-putamen lesions on place- and cue-guided behaviors in the water maze: relation to thigmotaxis.</a> Behav Brain Res. 100 (1-2), 5-14 (1999).</li></ol>

다수의 패러다임은 설치류에서 학습 및 기억을 조사하기 위해 사용될 수 있으며, 각각은 실험자 따라야 중요한 단계가있다. OFTM에서는 미로 조건 (예를 들어, 인트라 - 미로, 및 추가 미로 큐, 희미한 조명 및 배경 잡음 레벨의 위치는, 훈련 매일 시간)은 실험 기간에 걸쳐 일정하게 유지하는 것이 중요하다. 그것은 OFTM 지속적인 성능을 보장하기 위해 쥐 주제에 스트레스를 최소화 할 필요가?...

오픈 필드 타워 미로 (OFTM)는 설치류의 공간 학습의 행동 및 신경 생물학적 메커니즘을 검사하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 중요한 것은, OFTM 연구원은 &quot;위치 기반&quot;과 &quot;응답 기반의&quot;학습 유형을 모두 공부 할 수 있습니다. 시 장소 학습 동물은 주변 환경 (예를 들면, 음식 보상이 옆에 키가 큰 비콘에 위치)에서 공간 큐를 사용하여 미로를 통해 이동합니다. 응답 학습 동물이 공간 큐에 상대적인 위치에 관계없이 특정 차례 응답을 만드는 동안 (예를 들어, 음식 보상을 찾을 왼쪽 또는 오른쪽으로 회전을). 이것은 이전에 응답하여 학습 및 학습 장소 두 개의 다른 메모리 시스템 (3), (4) 및 그들의 신경 매핑 메커니즘에 의존 지속적인 추구 과학 2, 5-7되었음을보고되었다. OFTM의 디자인은 하나에서 적응되었다 이전에 8을 설명했다. 열린필드 패러다임 (OFTM의 구성 요소)는 일반적으로 설치류 9 불안을 조사하는 데 사용됩니다. 오픈 필드의 중앙에 더 많은 시간을 보내고 전형적인 오픈 필드 불안 테스트 쥐 경계 근처에 더 많은 시간을 보내고 쥐보다 스트레스와 불안 수준이 중. OFTM에서 쥐가 음식 보상을 찾기 위해 미로의 중심을 입력해야합니다. 따라서, OFTM의 정확한 탐색이 쥐가 아닌 스트레스 있음을 나타냅니다. OFTM 훈련 불안 표준 오픈 필드 테스트 달리 래트가 장시간 미로에 미리 노출되는 동안의 사전 - 트레이닝 단계가 필요하기 때문에 쥐를 훈련 동안 비 스트레스 하나의 이유이다. 또한, 교육은 더 일반적으로 밝은 조명이 오픈 필드의 불안 유도 측면을 감소 조명이 어두운 환경에서 발생 다른 미로 비교 OFTM의 또 다른 고유 한 특징은, 학습을 측정하는 방법이다. 를 사용하여 실험자모리스 물 미로 반스 미로는 전형적 쥐가 목표 위치에 도달하는 주행 속도 및 / 또는 경로 길이를 분석함으로써 학습을 측정한다. 이러한 종속 조치 이러한 쥐의 일반적인 운동 활성에서의 변화와 같은 비 학습 요인에 의해 영향을받을 수있다. 그러나, 첫 번째 선택이 올바른 응답의 쥐를 백분율을 사용하여 학습 OFTM 조치 음식 보상을 찾을 수 있습니다. 이 종속 측정은 모터 성능 때문에, 더 정확하게 속도와 거리 측정보다 학습 평가합니다 변화에 취약하지 않습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 실험자는 또한 쥐의 속도 및 거리가 비디오 추적 소프트웨어를 이용하여 여행 OFTM에 측정 할 수있다. 이러한 T - 미로와 같은 다른 미로 유형, 모리스 물 미로와 반스 미로는 장소 - 응답 학습을 연구하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 그러나, OFTM 몇 가지 주목할만한 방법으로 고유합니다. OFTM 기회 performanc을 가지고 있기 때문에 먼저, OFTM는 T - 미로보다 더 민감한 행동 분석입니다T - 미로 반면, 25 %의 전자는 50 %의 확률 성능을 가지고있다. 둘째, 래트만을 T-미로의 두 가지 방법 중 하나를 설정할 수 있지만 OFTM에서 탐색 될 때 경로를 제한없는 가능성이있다. 셋째, (OFTM 같은 제한 경로 가능성이) 모리스 물 미로와 반스 미로 작업과는 달리, OFTM를 사용하여 실험을 혐오 상황을 탐색하기 위해 쥐를 필요로하지 않습니다. 쥐가 물에서 수영을 탈출 모리스 물 미로를 탐색 할 motived 그리고 그들은 오픈, 밝은 조명 환경에있는 피하기 위해 반스 미로에서 탐색 동기. 그것은 모리스 물 미로에 그 노출을 입증되었거나 반스 미로는 설치류 10에서 스트레스 호르몬 (즉, 코르티 코스 테론)의 방출을 유도한다. 그들은 음식 보상을 찾기 위해 동기 부여 및 교육이 어두운 주변 조명으로 수행되기 때문에, 쥐 OFTM로 이동합니다. 따라서 OFTM 비 혐오 appetitive 작업이다. 스트레스 M을 사용하는 실험의 결과&quot;스트레스&quot;는, 그 자체로,인지 기능 (11)에 영향을 미칠 수 있기 때문에 AZE 패러다임은 해석하기가 어려울 수있다 그러한 학습 및 기억기구에 약물, 호르몬, 운동이나식이 요법 등의 조작의 효과를 조사한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>OFTM construction supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safety Glasses, Clear, Uncoated</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>4EY97</td>
			<td>Used for general eye protection during maze construction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masking Tape, Beige, 18mm x 55m</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>15F739</td>
			<td>General supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wiss All-purpose Scissor</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>37103278647</td>
			<td>General supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lancaster&#160; 6 foot Round Folding table - Heavy Duty white granite plastic - 29&#34;&#160;</td>
			<td>www.webstaurantstore.com</td>
			<td>384YCZ72RND</td>
			<td>Used as base of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminate Countertop sheet in White Matte Finish (48 x 96 x 0.039)</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>1573603504896</td>
			<td>Used as walls for the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminate Countertop sheet in Black Matte Finish (48 x 96 x 0.039)</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>1595603504896</td>
			<td>Used as floor of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive, Spray, 24oz, 17.6oz Net. 3M</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>3MA16</td>
			<td>Used to adhere the laminate floor to the table top and pieces of laminate to each other</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16.6 oz #90 hi-strength S</td>
			<td>Lowe&#39;s</td>
			<td>193252</td>
			<td>Used to adhere the laminate floor to the table top</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superflex RTV, Silicone Adhesive Sealant, Loctile</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>300040-068</td>
			<td>Used to seal around the baze (between the floor and walls of the maze)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Industrial Sealant; 10.1oz</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>4UH06</td>
			<td>Used to seal around the baze (between the floor and walls of the maze)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Painter&#39;s Masking Tape; Shurtape; 2in x 60yd</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>6FET7</td>
			<td>Used to mark out visual patterns on maze walls</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini/Trim paint tray</td>
			<td>ACE Hardware</td>
			<td>1365105</td>
			<td>Used to hold paint&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foam mini roller 4&#34; 6pk</td>
			<td>ACE Hardware</td>
			<td>1494871</td>
			<td>Used for painting patterns&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Val Sample Set Nbase paint</td>
			<td>ACE Hardware</td>
			<td>1505031</td>
			<td>Used as paint for pattern on the walls of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HP Paint Black</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>72450405005</td>
			<td>Used to paint pattern on the walls of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brush</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>81773801110</td>
			<td>Used to paint pattern on the walls of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duct Tape, 2in X 60yd, 10.5mil. Black</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>15F767</td>
			<td>Used to wrap the exterior of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4X4 8ft PT pine Vinyl-CTD Post W/Cap</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>40933070541</td>
			<td>Used to build towers for the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 gram Pro Super Glue</td>
			<td>Lowe&#39;s</td>
			<td>125870</td>
			<td>Used to glue tower tops, towers to the floor of the maze and food cups to the tower tops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bead Containers 9 - 1/2</td>
			<td>Michaels</td>
			<td>652695766978</td>
			<td>Used as food cups on top of towers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spray Paint, Black, 12oz</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>6KP22</td>
			<td>Used to paint food cups &#38; covers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Room prepration</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conair SU1W Sound Machine; 10 Sounds</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>204493600</td>
			<td>Used for background noise</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lamp</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>5027698392</td>
			<td>Used for dim lighting of maze room</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ES 14W DayLight Spiral Bulb 4pk</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>762148208433</td>
			<td>Used for dim lighting of maze room</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shower Curtain</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>3429910901</td>
			<td>Used for separation between the maze and the experimenter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curtain Rod</td>
			<td>Bed Bath &#38; Beyond</td>
			<td>76598645104</td>
			<td>Used for separation between the maze and the experimenter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Froot Loops Cereal</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>3800039122</td>
			<td>Used as reward</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recording equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Media Recorder 3: 4 video</td>
			<td>Noldus</td>
			<td>NMR4-0200</td>
			<td>Used to record training trials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monochrome GigE Camera</td>
			<td>Noldus</td>
			<td>XCFW-BG62</td>
			<td>Used to record training trials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision M4800 Laptop</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Used to run video software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

place and response learning in the open-field tower maze

이 프로토콜은 오픈 필드 타워 미로 (OFTM) 패러다임은 설치류에서 공간 학습을 연구하는 데 사용되는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 이 미로 쥐가 성공적으로 오픈 필드 경기장에서 탐색 할 장소 - 또는 응답 학습을 사용하는 방법을 배우게하는 방법을 조사에 특히 유용합니다. OFTM 일반적으로 설치류에서 공간 학습을 연구하는 데 사용되는 다른 행동 미로 패러다임 어떻게 다른지 또한이 프로토콜에 대해 설명합니다. 이 문서에서 설명하는 OFTM는 이전에 콜, 클리퍼, 월트 (2007)에 의해 기술 된 하나에서 적응했다. 특히, OFTM는 혼란 변수로 역할을 할 수있는 방법을 &quot;스트레스&quot;고려하지 않고 실험 쥐에서 공간 학습을 테스트하기 위해 만들어졌습니다. 실험 응력 형 상당히인지 기능에 영향을 미칠 수있는 한 것으로 나타났다. 대표적인 결과 부는 장소 - 에스트라 디올 및 응답에 대한 처리의 효과를 조사하기 OFTM을 실험에서 사용 된 데이터를 포함성인 여성 스프 라그 돌리 쥐 2 -Learning. 앞으로의 연구는 OFTM의 장소 - 응답 - 학습 해마 및 선조체의 역할을 조사하기 위해 설계 될 것이다.

여기에 설명 된 대표적인 결과는 이전에 학습 및 메모리, 엘스 비어 (2)의 신경 생물학에 발표되었다. 이 실험에서 OFTM은 장소 - 응답 학습 암컷 흰쥐에 만성 및 자전거 에스트라 디올 치료의 효과를 테스트하는 데 사용되었다 (2백50-3백g을, N = 48). OFTM이 실험을 수행하는 데 사용 된 이유는 두 가지 중요한 이유가 있었다. 우선, 에스트라 디올 및이 장소 - 7 응답 학습 차등 효과를 유?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze at JoVE.com

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

오픈 필드 타워 미로 (OFTM)은 쥐 공간 학습 (예를 들어, 장소 - 또는 응답 학습)의 행동 및 신경 메커니즘을 연구하기 위해 만든 미로이다. 이 미로는 자신의 연구에서 공간 학습을 조사하기 위해 비 스트레스 미로 패러다임을 사용하려는 실험자에 특히 유용합니다.

오픈 필드 타워 미로를 취하게하고 응답 학습

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

place-and-response-learning-in-the-open-field-tower-maze

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Stereotaxic Microinjection of Viral Vectors Expressing Cre Recombinase to Study the Role of Target Genes in Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes of interest allows for enhanced temporally- and regionally-specific control of gene deletion, compared to existing methods. While conditional deletion can also be achieved by mating mice that express Cre recombinase under the control of specific gene promoters with mice carrying a floxed gene, stereotaxic microinjection allows for targeting of discrete brain areas at experimenter-determined time points of interest. In the context of cocaine conditioned place preference, and other cocaine behavioral paradigms such as self-administration or psychomotor sensitization that can involve withdrawal, extinction and/or reinstatement phases, this technique is particularly useful in exploring the unique contribution of target genes to these distinct phases of behavioral models of cocaine-induced plasticity. Specifically, this technique allows for selective ablation of target genes during discrete phases of a behavior to test their contribution to the behavior across time. Ultimately, this understanding allows for more targeted therapeutics that are best able to address the most potent risk factors that present themselves during each phase of addictive behavior.

This article describes how to microinject viral vectors into mouse brain and then test in a conditioned place preference paradigm that includes an acquisition, extinction and reinstatement phase.

크레 재조합이 코카인 컨디셔닝 장소 환경에있는 표적 유전자의 역할을 연구하는 표현 바이러스 성 벡터의 정위 미세 주입

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes ...

연구

행동분석학

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.

Open field activity levels are used to assess locomotive and behavioral activity levels. This protocol provides a well-designed, standardized protocol to use in preclinical trials for neuromuscular disorders.

골격근 질환에 대한 열기 필드 활동 모니터링 시스템을 사용하여 행동 및 운동력 측정

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

열기 필드 미로의 사용은 마우스의 운동력과 불안 같은 행동을 측정하기 위해

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

더블 H 미로 : 설치류의 강력한 행동 학습에 대한 테스트 및 메모리

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning process. Here a method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process. This discovery-learning task uses an infant activated mobile that rotates and plays music based on specified leg action of infants. Supine infants activate the mobile by moving their feet vertically across a virtual threshold. This paradigm is unique in that as infants independently discover that their leg actions activate the mobile, the infants&#8217; leg movements are tracked using a motion capture system allowing for the quantification of the learning process. Specifically, learning is quantified in terms of the duration of mobile activation, the position variance of the end effectors (feet) that activate the mobile, changes in hip-knee coordination patterns, and changes in hip and knee muscle torque. This information describes infant exploration and exploitation at the interplay of person and environmental constraints that support task-specific action. Subsequent research using this method can investigate how specific impairments of different populations of infants at risk for movement disorders influence the discovery-learning process for task-specific action.

A method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process.

젊은 유아의 학습을 정량화 : 추적 다리 동작을 발견 학습 작업 중

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning ...

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to acquire a conditioned place preference in a drug-paired compartment, and after the post-conditioning test, they perform several sessions to extinguish the established preference. The CPP permits the evaluation of the conditioned rewarding effects of drugs related to environmental cues. Then, the extinguished CPP can be robustly reinstated by the non-contingent administration of a priming dose of the drug, and by exposure to stressful stimuli. Both methods will be explained here. When the animal reinitiates the behavioral response, a reinstatement of the conditioned reward is considered to have taken place.
The main advantages of this protocol are that it is non-invasive, inexpensive, and simple with good validity criteria. In addition, it allows the study of different environmental manipulations, such as stress or diet, which can modulate relapse into drug seeking behaviors. However, one limitation is that if the researcher aims to explore the motivation and primary reinforcing effects of the drug, it should be complemented with self-administration procedures, as they involve operant responses of animals.

This protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse. This procedure permits the measurement of relapse in laboratory animals, considering the impact of drug-associated environmental cues as craving and relapse in abstaining addicts is currently the focus of drug-abuse treatment programs.

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to ...

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

공간 학습 및 반 즈 미로 계 집 아이-에서-조 난 패러다임을 사용 하 여 마우스 Prosocial 동작 분석

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

Analysis of Learning and Memory Ability in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model using the Morris Water Maze

A Morris water maze (MWM) experiment forces experimental animals to swim and learn to find a platform hidden in the water. It is widely used in scientific research to assess the learning and memory of animals. Due to the extensive use of the MWM test, visual experimental protocols are essential for researchers. This manuscript uses the latest studies to introduce the protocol of the MWM test. Alzheimer&#8217; Disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive loss of memory and cognitive function. An alternative and complementary treatment used for AD is Manual Acupuncture (MA). To assess the learning and memory ability of AD model mice, the MWM test was conducted. The visible platform trial, hidden platform trial, probe trial, and reversal trial of MWM were used to evaluate spatial learning and memory ability. In the visible platform trial, the swimming speed and escape latency of mice in different groups was not significantly different. In the hidden platform and reversal trials, the AD group showed a long escape latency. The escape latency decreased significantly after the MA treatment. Low platform crossover number and the proportion of time in the SW quadrant in the probe trial increased after the MA treatment (p &#60; 0.05 or p &#60; 0.01). The results of the MWM tests suggest that MA can effectively improve the spatial learning and memory abilities of AD model mice. Rigorous experimental operations provided assurance of the reliability of the results.

Analysis of Learning and Memory Ability in an Alzheimer&#039;s Disease Mouse Model using the Morris Water Maze

Herein, a protocol to conduct the Morris water maze tests to evaluate the ability of learning and memory of Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease model mice and to assess the effect of manual acupuncture for treating them is described.

모리스 워터 미로를 이용한 알츠하이머 병 마우스 모델의 학습 및 기억 능력 분석

A Morris water maze (MWM) experiment forces experimental animals to swim and learn to find a platform hidden in the water. It is widely used in scientific ...

Chronic Stress Shifts Effort-Related Choice Behavior in a Y-Maze Barrier Task in Mice

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that measures motivation to expend effort and obtain reward. In mice, chronic stress exposure significantly impacts motivation to work for a higher value reward when a lesser value reward is freely available compared to unstressed mice. Here we describe the chronic corticosterone administration paradigm, which produces a shift in effortful responding in the Y-maze barrier task. In the Y-maze task, one arm contains 4 food pellets, while the other arm contains only 2 pellets. After mice learn to select the high reward arm, barriers with progressively increasing height are then introduced into the high reward arm over multiple test sessions. Unfortunately, most chronic stress paradigms (including corticosterone and social defeat) were developed in male mice and are less effective in female mice. Therefore, we also discuss chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), a stress paradigm we developed that is effective in both male and female mice. Repeating results with multiple distinct chronic stressors in male and female mice combined with increased usage of translationally relevant behavior tasks will help to advance the understanding of how chronic stress can precipitate mood disorders.

The Y-maze barrier task is a behavior test that examines motivation to expend effort for reward. Here, we discuss testing multiple well-validated chronic stressors including chronic corticosterone and social defeat stress with this behavior, as well as the novel chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), which is effective in females.

만성 스트레스는 마우스의 Y-미로 장벽 작업에서 노력과 관련된 선택 행동을 변화시합니다.

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that ...

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

The optomotor response and the Y-maze are behavioral tests useful for assessing visual and cognitive function, respectively. The optomotor response is a valuable tool to track changes in spatial frequency (SF) and contrast sensitivity (CS) thresholds over time in a number of retinal disease models, including diabetic retinopathy. Similarly, the Y-maze can be used to monitor spatial cognition (as measured by spontaneous alternation) and exploratory behavior (as measured by a number of entries) in a number of disease models that affect the central nervous system. Advantages of the optomotor response and the Y-maze include sensitivity, speed of testing, the use of innate responses (training is not needed), and the ability to be performed on awake (non-anesthetized) animals. Here, protocols are described for both the optomotor response and the Y-maze and examples of their use shown in models of Type I and Type II diabetes. Methods include preparation of rodents and equipment, performance of the optomotor response and the Y-maze, and post-test data analysis.

Neural degeneration in both eyes and brain as a result of diabetes can be observed through behavioral tests carried out on rodents. The Y-maze, a measure of spatial cognition, and the optomotor response, a measure of visual function, both provide insight into potential diagnoses and treatments.

당뇨병 쥐의 Y-미로를 통한 광운동 반응 및 인지 기능을 통한 시각 기능의 행동 평가

The optomotor response and the Y-maze are behavioral tests useful for assessing visual and cognitive function, respectively. The optomotor response is a ...