Name: development of an experimental setup for the measurement of the coefficient of restitution under vacuum conditions
Uploaded: 2016-03-29T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions at JoVE.com

The authors have no acknowledgements.

1.实验用较粗的颗粒或等于700微米<ol><li>实验装置的制备<ol><li>卸下套筒和解除真空室的顶盖。放置由在真空室中的期望的壁材料的底板。打开真空室侧身的下部在板小心地用手滑动。 </li><li>地方恰好与在底板的中心镊子被检查的颗粒中的一种。事后调整照相机与三角架的高度以这样的方式，该底板是在视场的最低季度和集中在颗粒上。 </li><li>使用镊子除去粒子。 </li></ol></li><li>实验步骤<ol><li>?...

<ol>
	<li>Ennis, B. J., Green, J., Davies, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+legacy+of+neglect.">The legacy of neglect.</a> U.S. Chem. Eng. Prog. 90 (4), 32-43 (1994).</li><li>Nedderman, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Statics and Kinematics of Granular Materials. , (1992).</li><li>Seifried, R., Schiehlen, W., Eberhard, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Numerical+and+experimental+evaluation+of+the+coefficient+of+restitution+for+repeated+impacts.">Numerical and experimental evaluation of the coefficient of restitution for repeated impacts.</a> Int. J. Impact Eng. 32, 508-524 (2005).</li><li>Thornton, C., Ning, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+theoretical+model+for+the+stick/bounce+behaviour+of+adhesive,+elastic-plastic+spheres.">A theoretical model for the stick/bounce behaviour of adhesive, elastic-plastic spheres.</a> Powder Technol. 99, 154-162 (1998).</li><li>Antonyuk, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+absorption+during+compression+and+impact+of+dry+elastic-plastic+spherical+granules.">Energy absorption during compression and impact of dry elastic-plastic spherical granules.</a> Granul. Matter. 12, 15-47 (2010).</li><li>G&#252;ttler, C., Hei&#223;elmann, D., Blum, J., Krijt, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normal+Collisions+of+Spheres:+A+Literature+Survey+on+Available+Experiments.">Normal Collisions of Spheres: A Literature Survey on Available Experiments.</a> arXIV. , (2012).</li><li>Bharadwaj, R., Smith, C., Hancock, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+coefficient+of+restitution+of+some+pharmaceutical+tablets/compacts.">The coefficient of restitution of some pharmaceutical tablets/compacts.</a> Int. J. Pharm. 402, 50-56 (2010).</li><li>Fu, J., Adams, M. J., Reynolds, G. K., Salman, A. D., Hounslowa, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+deformation+and+rebound+of+wet+granules.">Impact deformation and rebound of wet granules.</a> Powder Technol. 140, 248-257 (2004).</li><li>Sommerfeld, M., Huber, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+analysis+and+modelling+of+particle-wall+collisions.">Experimental analysis and modelling of particle-wall collisions.</a> Int. J. Multiphas. Flow. 25, 1457-1489 (1999).</li><li>Foerster, S. F., Louge, M. Y., Chang, H., Allia, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurements+of+the+collision+properties+of+small+spheres.">Measurements of the collision properties of small spheres.</a> Phys. Fluids. 6 (3), 1108-1115 (1994).</li><li>Lorenz, A., Tuozzolo, C., Louge, M. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurements+of+Impact+Properties+of+Small,+Nearly+Spherical+Particles.">Measurements of Impact Properties of Small, Nearly Spherical Particles.</a> Exp. Mech. 37 (3), 292-298 (1997).</li><li>Fu, J., Adams, M. J., Reynolds, G. K., Salman, A. D., Hounslowa, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+deformation+and+rebound+of+wet+granules.">Impact deformation and rebound of wet granules.</a> Powder Technol. 140, 248-257 (2004).</li><li>Wong, C. X., Daniel, M. C., Rongong, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+dissipation+prediction+of+particle+dampers.">Energy dissipation prediction of particle dampers.</a> J. Sound Vib. 319, 91-118 (2009).</li><li>Louge, M. Y., Tuozzolo, C., Lorenz, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+binary+impacts+of+small+liquid-filled+shells.">On binary impacts of small liquid-filled shells.</a> Phys. Fluids. 9, 3670-3677 (1997).</li></ol>

To validate the functionality of the experimental setup in general, tests with similar material combinations as in other established setups (Antonyuk et al.5 and Wong et al.13) were performed. Since very similar results were obtained, the general procedure seems to work. Nevertheless, caution has to be taken towards the procedure and the analysis and further improvements are necessary.
The main limitation of the experimental setup is the quality of the v...

粉末和颗粒到处都是我们身边。没有他们的生活是在现代社会中是不可能的。它们出现在食品和饮料，谷物或甚至面粉，糖，咖啡和可可。他们需要像碳粉激光打印机日常使用的对象。还塑料工业也不是没有它们可以想象，因为塑料在粒状形式运输它被熔化并赋予新的形状之前。之后的价值恩尼斯等 1至少40％加入美利坚合众国的居民消费价格指数化工行业（农业，食品，医药，矿产，弹药）连接到颗粒技术。 Nedderman 2甚至指出，产品和最小的原料的75％的约50％（重量）是在化学工业中的粒状固体。他还宣布，有关于出现颗粒状物料的储存和运输的许多问题。其中之一是在运输和handli期间NG多次碰撞发生。为了分析，描述和预测颗粒系统的行为，离散元法（DEM）模拟可以执行。对于该微粒系统的碰撞行为的这些模拟的知识是必要的。描述的DEM模拟这种行为的参数是归还（COR）的具有在实验确定的系数。 的COR是一个数字，如由SEIFRIED 等人描述的撞击期间表征动能的损失。3。他们解释说，这是由塑性变形，波传播和粘弹性现象造成的。桑顿和宁4还提到，一些能源可能受到因界面粘结工作消散。的COR取决于冲击速度，材料特性，颗粒大小，形状，粗糙度，水分含量，粘合性能和温度如在Antonyuk 等人说明。5。对于completelŸ弹性影响的所有吸收的能量碰撞后使接触合作伙伴之间的相对速度是之前和冲击后返回相等。这导致E = 1的COR期间完全塑性影响所有的初始动能被吸收和接触伙伴粘在一起从而导致E的COR = 0。此外，Güttler 等 6说明有两个类型的碰撞。一方面，有两个球体其也被称为颗粒与颗粒接触之间的碰撞。另一方面，有一个球体和一个板，其也被称为颗粒 - 壁接触之间的碰撞。与用于COR数据和类似的系数其它材料性质的摩擦，密度，泊松比和剪切模量的DEM模拟可以被执行以确定通过巴拉德瓦等 7所解释的粒子的碰撞后的速度和方向。由于笑WN在Antonyuk 等人 5，COR可以与回弹速度的比率来计算冲击速度。 因此，对于自由下落测试，以检查颗粒的直径为0.1mm至4mm的粒子壁接触的实验装置构成。相比加速实验中Fu等 8和索末菲和胡伯9的自由下落实验的优点在于，转动可能被淘汰。因此，可避免其影响COR旋转和平移动能之间的转移。非球面颗粒需要被标记为在Foerster的等 10或洛伦茨等人 11采取旋转考虑。作为COR取决于冲击速度，在实验中的冲击速度有以匹配实际运输和装卸过程中的那些。在大气压下自由落体实验中，冲击速度是有限受阻力，具有降低的粒度的影响越来越大。为了克服这个缺点，实验设置在真空条件下工作的。第二个挑战是因为那么有可能表征了影响COR预先，例如表面粗糙度和粘附的所有属性下降只是一个单一的粒子。有了这些知识，该COR可以根据颗粒的性质来决定。为此，新版本机制的发展。另一个问题是，其直径逊色于400微米的粉末的粘附力​​。因此，干式和环境温度的环境是必要的，以克服粘附力。 实验装置由几部分组成。现有的实验设置的外部视图中示出在图1中。首先，有真空室是由玻璃制成的。它是由一个下部（气缸）的，一个顶盖，一个密封环和套筒连接部分。下部具有用于与真空泵和真空计连接的两个开口。顶盖有四个孔。其中两个是必要的如下所述的释放机构的枝以及两个可用于实验的进一步的改进。所有这些开口可以与密封环和真空条件下工作时，螺旋盖被关闭。 此外，一个新的释放机构被自使用真空喷嘴的开发为在文献中记载了许多其它的实验（例如Foerster的等 10，洛伦茨等人 11，Fu等 12或Wong等人 13）是不可能在真空环境。该机构由与由板保持的锥形钻孔的圆筒形腔室来实现。这被连接到装配在真空室的顶盖的密封环中的一个，并保证了variab的调整棒勒初始高度自由下落实验。的比例可绘制在棍子测量高度。粒子室的关闭由被再次连接到棒的吸移管的圆锥尖来实现。新的释放机构可在图2中可以看出，并工作如下所述：在初始状态，使末端的圆周接触腔室的钻孔的边缘枪头被推下。该腔室是封闭的枪头使得没有空间的粒子通过该孔离开该室。为了释放颗粒，棒向上非常缓慢一起与连接到它的前端拉动。作为尖端的直径越来越小其圆周和钻孔的边缘之间的间隙产生，通过该粒子可以离开该室。虽然人们可能期望粒子的新开发的释放机制为颗粒可以&#39;滚&#39;出湛的旋转误码率，一个不同的行为显示在实验。 图3示出了非球面微粒的从50帧之前在25帧的步骤的影响后的影响，以50帧。从粒子的形状没有旋转的影响（1-3），而事后它明显旋转（4-5）之前是可见的。因此，声称非旋转释放正在与本次发布机制。 实验装置的另一部件是在底板上。事实上，有三种不同类型的由不同的材料的底板的。一个是由不锈钢制成，铝的第二和聚氯乙烯的第三（PVC）。这些底板代表例如在反应器和管工艺工程中经常用到的材料。 要确定影响速度和回弹速度，使用高速摄像机10,000 FPS和528点¯x396像素的分辨率。选择这种构总是有附近的冲击一张图片，也分辨率仍是令人满意的。相机连接到一个屏幕，示出了在瞬间视频它们被记录时。这是必要的，因为高速摄像机只能保存的图片数量有限，并超过这一数额时，将覆盖视频的开头。此外，需要高速照相机的视场的照明强光源。照明均匀度的技术图纸纸张被粘在真空室传播的光的背面。 最后，两阶段旋转叶片泵被用于建立0.1毫巴的真空和真空计测量的真空，以保证恒定的环境条件。 对于不同粒径（0.1-0.2，0.2-0.3，0.3-0.4，0.700，1.588，2.381，2.780，3.680和4.000毫米）所提出的在这里工作的玻璃珠被使用。珠粒是由碱石灰玻璃和是球形具有相当光滑的表面。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>High-speed camera Olympus i-SPEED 3</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>High-speed camera to capture the particle impact</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screen Olympus i-SPEED CDU</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Screen to work with the high-speed camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light source Olympus ILP-2</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Light source necessary for taking videos at high frame rates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum pump Alcatel Pascale 2005 D</td>
			<td>Alcatel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Vacuum pump to generate the vacuum during the experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum gauge Alcatel CFA 212</td>
			<td>Alcatel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Vacuum gauge to measure the vacuum level</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>i-SPEED Software Suite (Control version)</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Software to evaluate the videos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass beads</td>
			<td>Sigmund Lindner GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>SiLibeads Type P (0.700, 1.588, 2.381, 2.780, 3.680, 4.000 mm) 
			SiLibeads Type S (0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3, 0.3-0.4 mm) 
			http://www.sigmund-lindner.com (see supplier&#39;s website for more information about the glass properties)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safety goggles</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development of an experimental setup for the measurement of the coefficient of restitution under vacuum conditions

离散元方法被用于微粒系统的仿真来描述和分析它们，以预测和事后优化其为一个过程的单一阶段或甚至整个进程的行为。用于模拟与存在颗粒 - 颗粒和颗粒壁的接触，需要恢复系数的值。它可以通过实验确定。恢复系数取决于几个参数，如冲击速度。尤其是对细颗粒的冲击速度取决于空气压力和大气压力下，不能达到高的冲击速度。对于这一点，对于在真空条件下自由下落测试一个新的实验装置显影。恢复系数与它们通过高速摄像机检测出的冲击和回弹速度决定。到不妨碍视图，真空室由玻璃制成。又一个新的释放机制回落真空下一个单一的粒子条件构造。由于是，所述颗粒的所有属性可以预先表征。

对于一个直径为100微米至4.0毫米分析玻璃颗粒从200毫米的初始高度上一个不锈钢基板的厚度为20毫米丢弃。 图6示出了用于根据粒径为大气压力和真空的COR的平均值，以及最大值和最小值。的COR的平均值被发现是大约E = 0.9的颗粒大于或等于700微米的独立的空气压力的。 <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.within...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions at JoVE.com

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

恢复系数是描述碰撞时的动能的损失的参数。这里，在真空条件下自由下落设置被显影以能够确定归还参数的系数为在微米范围内的颗粒的高的冲击速度。

实验装置的研制归还系数在真空条件下测量

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