Name: real-time imaging of plant cell surface dynamics with variable-angle epifluorescence microscopy
Uploaded: 2015-12-12T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Imaging of Plant Cell Surface Dynamics with Variable-angle Epifluorescence Microscopy at JoVE.com

I am grateful to Dr. Masaru Fujimoto for his technical suggestions for VAEM. I am also grateful to Prof. Koh Iba and Dr. Mimi Hashimoto-Sugimoto for providing GFP-PATROL1 transgenic plants, and discussions about PATROL1. I thank Prof. Seiichiro Hasezawa for his continuing support of my work. This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI grant number 25711017.

Fidan 1. Hazırlık <ol><li> Tohum sterilize edin. <ol><li> Ve 1 ul% 10 Triton X-100 500 ul steril su: 500 ul NaClO (% 5.0 mevcut klorin) eklenerek sterilizasyon solüsyonu hazırlayın. </li><li> Yeri yaklaşık 10 transgenik A. Bir 1.5 ml tüp içine GFP PATROL1 8 taşıyan thaliana tohumları. </li><li> 1 ml% 70 etanol solüsyonu ekleyin ve beş kez ters yüz edilerek iyice karıştırın. 1 dakika boyunca bekletin. </li><li> Tohumlar tüpün dibine çöker gözlemleyin. Temiz ...

<ol>
	<li>Konopka, C. A., Bednarek, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+the+dynamics+and+functional+redundancy+of+the+Arabidopsis+dynamin-related+isoforms+DRP1A+and+DRP1C+during+plant+development.">Comparison of the dynamics and functional redundancy of the Arabidopsis dynamin-related isoforms DRP1A and DRP1C during plant development.</a> Plant Physiol. 147 (4), 1590-1602 (2008).</li><li>Fujimoto, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arabidopsis+dynamin-related+proteins+DRP2B+and+DRP1A+participate+together+in+clathrin-coated+vesicle+formation+during+endocytosis.">Arabidopsis dynamin-related proteins DRP2B and DRP1A participate together in clathrin-coated vesicle formation during endocytosis.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 107 (13), 6094-6099 (2010).</li><li>Higaki, T., Sano, T., Hasezawa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actin+microfilament+dynamics+and+actin+side-binding+proteins+in+plants.">Actin microfilament dynamics and actin side-binding proteins in plants.</a> Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 10 (6), 549-556 (2007).</li><li>Rosero, A., &#381;&#225;rsky, V., Cvr&#269;kov&#225;, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AtFH1+formin+mutation+affects+actin+filament+and+microtubule+dynamics+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana.">AtFH1 formin mutation affects actin filament and microtubule dynamics in Arabidopsis thaliana.</a> J. Exp. Bot. 64 (2), 585-597 (2013).</li><li>Axelrod, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Total+internal+reflection+fluorescence+microscopy+in+cell+biology.">Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy in cell biology.</a> Traffic. 2 (11), 764-774 (2001).</li><li>Konopka, C. A., Bednarek, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variable-angle+epifluorescence+microscopy:+a+new+way+to+look+at+protein+dynamics+in+the+plant+cell+cortex.">Variable-angle epifluorescence microscopy: a new way to look at protein dynamics in the plant cell cortex.</a> Plant J. 53 (1), 186-196 (2008).</li><li>Wan, Y., Ash, W. M., Fan, L., Hao, H., Kim, M. K., Lin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variable-angle+total+internal+reflection+fluorescence+microscopy+of+intact+cells+of+Arabidopsis+thaliana.">Variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of intact cells of Arabidopsis thaliana.</a> Plant Methods. 7 (27), (2011).</li><li>Hashimoto-Sugimoto, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Munc13-like+protein+in+Arabidopsis+mediates+H+-ATPase+translocation+that+is+essential+for+stomatal+responses.">A Munc13-like protein in Arabidopsis mediates H+-ATPase translocation that is essential for stomatal responses.</a> Nat. Commun. 4, 2215 (2013).</li><li>Higaki, T., Hashimoto-Sugimoto, M., Akita, K., Iba, K., Hasezawa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+and+environmental+responses+of+PATROL1+in+Arabidopsis+subsidiary+cells.">Dynamics and environmental responses of PATROL1 in Arabidopsis subsidiary cells.</a> Plant Cell Physiol. 55 (4), (2014).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nat. Methods. 9 (7), 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Chebli, Y., Kaneda, M., Zerzour, R., Geitmann, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cell+wall+of+the+Arabidopsis+pollen+tube-spatial+distribution,+recycling,+and+network+formation+of+polysaccharides.">The cell wall of the Arabidopsis pollen tube-spatial distribution, recycling, and network formation of polysaccharides.</a> Plant Physiol. 160 (4), 1940-1955 (2012).</li><li>Fujimoto, M., Suda, Y., Vernhettes, S., Nakano, A., Ueda, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphatidylinositol+3-kinase+and+4-kinase+have+distinct+roles+in+intracellular+trafficking+of+cellulose+synthase+complexes+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana.">Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and 4-kinase have distinct roles in intracellular trafficking of cellulose synthase complexes in Arabidopsis thaliana.</a> Plant Cell Physiol. 56 (2), 287-298 (2015).</li><li>Li, X., Wang, X., Yang, Y., Li, R., He, Q., Fang, X., Luu, D. T., Maurel, C., Lin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-molecule+analysis+of+PIP2;+1+dynamics+and+partitioning+reveals+multiple+modes+of+Arabidopsis+plasma+membrane+aquaporin+regulation.">Single-molecule analysis of PIP2; 1 dynamics and partitioning reveals multiple modes of Arabidopsis plasma membrane aquaporin regulation.</a> Plant Cell. 23 (10), 3780-3797 (2011).</li><li>Li, R., Liu, P., Wan, Y., Chen, T., Wang, Q., Mettbach, U., Baluska, F., Samaj, J., Fang, X., Lucas, W. J., Lin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+membrane+microdomain-associated+protein,+Arabidopsis+Flot1,+is+involved+in+a+clathrin-independent+endocytic+pathway+and+is+required+for+seedling+development.">A membrane microdomain-associated protein, Arabidopsis Flot1, is involved in a clathrin-independent endocytic pathway and is required for seedling development.</a> Plant Cell. 24 (5), 2105-2122 (2012).</li><li>Staiger, C. J., Sheahan, M. B., Khurana, P., Wang, X., McCurdy, D. W., Blanchoin, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actin+filament+dynamics+are+dominated+by+rapid+growth+and+severing+activity+in+the+Arabidopsis+cortical+array.">Actin filament dynamics are dominated by rapid growth and severing activity in the Arabidopsis cortical array.</a> J. Cell Biol. 184 (2), 269-280 (2009).</li><li>Ueda, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myosin-dependent+endoplasmic+reticulum+motility+and+F-actin+organization+in+plant+cells.">Myosin-dependent endoplasmic reticulum motility and F-actin organization in plant cells.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 107 (15), 6894-6899 (2010).</li></ol>

Bu video makalede, protokoller izlenmesi ve Arabidopsis thaliana&#39;nın stoma kompleksi üzerine GFP-PATROL1 noktaların dinamik davranışını ölçmek için verilmiştir. Burada gösterildiği gibi, VAEM gözlem bitki hücre yüzeylerinin canlı görüntüleme için güçlü bir araçtır. Son derece hassas EM CCD VAEM optik bir nispeten zayıf uyarım lazer kullanımına izin verir, çünkü GFP PATROL1 izlenmesi için kullanılan deney koşulları altında, bir video yakalama 1 dakika için kullanılan n...

The plant cell surface, including the plasma membrane and its immediately adjacent cytoplasm, is the main region of a plant cell&#8217;s perception and integration of biotic and abiotic cues from the extracellular environment. In response to these cues, cell surface components including plasma membrane proteins and the cortical cytoskeleton undergo dynamic changes, on a time scale of seconds to minutes1-4. Thus, real-time and high-resolution imaging of fluorescent proteins on the cell surface can illuminate a plant&#8217;s responses to environmental cues at the molecular level.
Confocal laser scanning microscopy is a powerful tool for determination of fluorescently-tagged protein localization3, however, it is often difficult to monitor the real-time protein dynamics because of its relatively long capturing times. An emerging technique for real-time monitoring of proteins in the plant cell is variable angle epifluorescence microscopy (VAEM), which is an adaptation of equipment usually used for total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. In TIRF microscopy, the fluorescence-excitation light source is an evanescent light field that is generated when the entry angle of the laser is shallow enough to totally internally reflect light at the glass&#8211;water interface. The penetration depth of the evanescent light field is around 100 nm. TIRF microscopy is an outstanding tool for single molecule imaging, such as the detection of exocytosis in animal cells5. However, evanescent light cannot reach plasma membranes or the cortical cytoplasm in plant cells, because they have thick cell walls. Recently, TIRF microscopy equipment has been adapted by plant cell biologists, observing that a laser, if angled slightly more deeply than when being used to induce total internal reflection phenomena, could excite the surface of plant cell samples, resulting in high-quality plant cell imaging6,7. The excitation illumination depth is varied by adjusting the entry angle of the laser; therefore, this technique is described as VAEM. This optical system is also called variable angle TIRF microscopy (VA-TIRFM) because there is a possibility that total reflection may take place at the cell wall-periplasm interface7, however, the term VAEM is used in this article, as per the first report in plants6.
The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate practical procedures for using VAEM to visualize fluorescently-tagged protein dynamics on plant cell surfaces. Additionally, an image analysis protocol to quantify the residence time (duration of presence) of molecules is described for VAEM movie analysis. GFP-PATROL1 dot blinking on stomatal complex cells in Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledons is used as an example. PATROL1 was identified by forward genetic approaches as a causal gene of a stomatal response defect mutant in A. thaliana8. PATROL1 is a plant homolog of MUNC-13, which is a priming factor in synapse vesicle exocytosis8. In response to environmental cues, such as light or humidity, it is thought that PATROL1 reversibly regulates the delivery of a proton pump to plasma membranes in the stomatal complex. Stomatal complexes each comprise a pair of guard cells8 and subsidiary cells9, and they require a proton pump for stomatal movement. In these cells, GFP-tagged PATROL1 localizes to dot-like structures that remain on the plasma membrane for less than 1 min9.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IX-73</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TIRF unit</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IX3-RFAEVAW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">TIRF objective lens&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">UAPON 100 &#215; OTIRF&#160;</td>
			<td>NA = 1.49</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Laser angle control box</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Chuo Seiki</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">QT-AK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Optically pumped semiconductor laser</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Coherent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SapphireTM LP USB 488-20 CDRH Laser</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">510&#8211;550 nm band-pass filter</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">U-FBNA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">EM CCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Hamamatsu Photonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ImagEM C9100-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">C-mount camera magnification change unit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">U-TVCAC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">MetaMorph software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MetaMorph version 7.7.11.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">TIRF microscopy manual</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AX7385</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Instructions: Total Internal Reflection Illumination System (Printed in Japan on August 24, 2012)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Immersion oil</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Immersion Oil Typr-F</td>
			<td>ne = 1.518 (23 degrees)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

real-time imaging of plant cell surface dynamics with variable-angle epifluorescence microscopy

A plant&#8217;s cell surface is its interface for perceiving environmental cues; it responds with cell biological changes such as membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal rearrangement. Real-time and high-resolution image analysis of such intracellular events will increase the understanding of plant cell biology at the molecular level. Variable angle epifluorescence microscopy (VAEM) is an emerging technique that provides high-quality, time-lapse images of fluorescently-labeled proteins on the plant cell surface. In this article, practical procedures are described for VAEM specimen preparation, adjustment of the VAEM optical system, movie capturing and image analysis. As an example of VAEM observation, representative results are presented on the dynamics of PATROL1. This is a protein essential for stomatal movement, thought to be involved in proton pump delivery to plasma membranes in the stomatal complex of Arabidopsis thaliana. VAEM real-time observation of guard cells and subsidiary cells in A. thaliana cotyledons showed that fluorescently-tagged PATROL1 appeared as dot-like structures on plasma membranes for several seconds and then disappeared. Kymograph analysis of VAEM movie data determined the time distribution of the presence (termed &#8216;residence time&#8217;) of the dot-like structures. The use of VAEM is discussed in the context of this example.

Bu video makalede, A. GFP-PATROL1 ve VAEM gözlem için protokollerde yer thaliana kotiledon stoma karmaşık hücrelerin sağlanmaktadır. Gökyüzü açılan montaj A. VAEM hazırlıkları hava kabarcıklarının oluşumunu azaltmaya yardımcı olabilir basit bir hazırlık yöntemi thaliana kotiledonları (Şekil 1). Giriş lazer ve / veya VAEM için numunelerin z-konumlandırma Overtilting belirsiz bir görüntü sağlayacaktır. Eğer bu gerçekleşirse, bu Epifl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Imaging of Plant Cell Surface Dynamics with Variable-angle Epifluorescence Microscopy at JoVE.com

Real-time Imaging of Plant Cell Surface Dynamics with Variable-angle Epifluorescence Microscopy

Bu protokolün amacı stoma kompleksinin hücre korteks içinde, GFP etiketli PATROL1, bir membran kaçakçılığı protein noktalar yanıp sönen gösteren değişken açılı Epifloresans mikroskobu ile bitki hücre yüzeylerinde floresan etiketli protein dinamikleri izlemek için nasıl göstermek için Arabidopsis thaliana.

Değişken açılı Epifloresans Mikroskopi ile Bitki Hücre Yüzey Dynamics Gerçek zamanlı Görüntüleme

A plant&#8217;s cell surface is its interface for perceiving environmental cues; it responds with cell biological changes such as membrane trafficking and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Live Cell Imaging of F-actin Dynamics via Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy (FSM)

Live Cell Imaging of F-actin Dynamics via Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy FSM

Floresan üzerinden F-aktin Dynamics Canlı Hücre Görüntüleme speckle Mikroskopi (FSM)

In this protocol we describe the use of Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy (FSM) to capture high-resolution images of actin dynamics in PtK1 cells. A unique ...

Biyoloji

Assembly, Loading, and Alignment of an Analytical Ultracentrifuge Sample Cell

Kurul, Yükleme ve Analitik ultrasantrifüjdeki Örnek Hücre Hizalama

The analytical ultracentrifuge (AUC) is a powerful biophysical tool that allows us to record macromolecular sedimentation profiles during high speed ...

Avidity-based Extracellular Interaction Screening (AVEXIS) for the Scalable Detection of Low-affinity Extracellular Receptor-Ligand Interactions

Avidity-based Extracellular Interaction Screening AVEXIS for the Scalable Detection of Low-affinity Extracellular Receptor-Ligand Interactions

Düşük afiniteli Ekstrasellüler Reseptör-ligand Etkileşimlerinin Ölçeklenebilir Algılama için Avidite tabanlı Ekstrasellüler Etkileşim Gösterimi (AVEXIS)

Extracellular protein:protein interactions between secreted or membrane-tethered proteins are critical for both initiating intercellular communication and ...

Tandem High-pressure Freezing and Quick Freeze Substitution of Plant Tissues for Transmission Electron Microscopy

Tandem Yüksek basınçlı Donma ve Transmisyon Elektron Mikroskobu için Bitki Doku Hızlı Dondurma Değişiklik

Since the 1940s transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been providing biologists with ultra-high resolution images of biological materials. Yet, ...

Real Time Measurements of Membrane Protein:Receptor Interactions Using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)

Real Time Measurements of Membrane Protein:Receptor Interactions Using Surface Plasmon Resonance SPR

Membran Protein Gerçek zamanlı ölçümler: Reseptör Etkileşimleri Yüzey Plazmon Rezonans Kullanma (SPR)

Protein-protein interactions are pivotal to most, if not all, physiological processes, and  understanding the nature of such interactions is a central ...

Real Time Analysis of Metabolic Profile in Ex Vivo Mouse Intestinal Crypt Organoid Cultures

Real Time Analysis of Metabolic Profile in Ex Vivo Mouse Intestinal Crypt Organoid Cultures

Metabolik Profil Gerçek Zamanlı Analizi<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Fare Bağırsak Crypt organoid Kültürleri

The small intestinal mucosa exhibits a repetitive architecture organized into two fundamental structures: villi, projecting into the intestinal lumen and ...

Visualizing Stromule Frequency with Fluorescence Microscopy

Floresan Mikroskopi ile Stromule Frekansı görselleştirme

Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but ...

Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy of Plant Roots Growing on the Surface of a Gel

Bir Gel Yüzeyinde Büyüyen Bitki kökleri Işık Sac Flüoresan Mikroskopi

One of the key questions in understanding plant development is how single cells behave in a larger context of the tissue. Therefore, it requires the ...

Flash-and-Freeze: A Novel Technique to Capture Membrane Dynamics with Electron Microscopy

Flaş-ve-Freeze: Elektron Mikroskobu ile Membran Dinamikler Yakalama Yeni Bir Tekniği

Cells constantly change their membrane architecture and protein distribution, but it is extremely difficult to visualize these events at a temporal and ...

Confocal Microscopy Reveals Cell Surface Receptor Aggregation Through Image Correlation Spectroscopy

Confocal mikroskobu ortaya hücre yüzey reseptör toplama görüntü korelasyon spektroskopisi ile

Confocal microscopy provides an accessible methodology to capture sub-cellular interactions critical for the characterization and further development of ...