Name: non-aqueous electrode processing and construction of lithium-ion coin cells
Uploaded: 2016-02-01T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-aqueous Electrode Processing and Construction of Lithium-ion Coin Cells at JoVE.com

Ce travail est soutenu financièrement par la Texas A &amp; M University initiation à la recherche du corps professoral subvention (Mukherjee) et le Texas State University de financement de démarrage (Rhodes).

Il faut être prudent lors de l&#39;utilisation quelconque des solvants, des réactifs, ou de poudres sèches utilisées dans ce protocole. Lire toutes les fiches signalétiques et prendre des mesures de sécurité appropriées. Équipement de sécurité standard comprend des gants, des lunettes de sécurité, et une blouse de laboratoire. 1. Préparation Cathode Remarque: La vue d&#39;ensemble schématique du procédé de fabrication de cathode est</strong...

<ol>
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L&#39;optimisation des étapes de mélange humides sont essentiels à la viscosité de la suspension et le revêtement capacité, ce qui affecte l&#39;uniformité et d&#39;adhérence de l&#39;électrode. Ici, un procédé de mélange à cisaillement élevé est utilisé, où le solvant, un additif, un liant, et un matériau actif sont mélangés ensemble en utilisant les mouvements cinétiques des billes de verre présentes dans les flacons. Cette technique de mélange offre l&#39;avantage d&#39;une grande partie des te...

Batteries lithium-ion représentent une source prometteuse pour répondre aux exigences toujours croissantes de dispositifs de stockage d&#39;énergie 1-4. L&#39;amélioration de la capacité des BIL ne seraient pas seulement d&#39;améliorer la portée effective des véhicules électriques 5,6, mais aussi d&#39;améliorer leur cycle de vie en réduisant la profondeur de décharge, ce qui à son tour augmente la viabilité de BIL pour une utilisation dans l&#39;énergie de la grille des applications de stockage 7. Utilisé à l&#39;origine pour les appareils auditifs dans les années 1970 8, cellules de pièce de monnaie d&#39;aujourd&#39;hui sont couramment utilisés dans le développement et l&#39;évaluation de nouveaux et existants matériaux d&#39;électrode. Comme l&#39;un des plus petits facteurs de forme pour les batteries, ces cellules représentent un moyen simple et efficace pour créer des piles dans un cadre de recherche universitaire. Une batterie au lithium-ion typique se compose d&#39;une cathode, l&#39;anode, collecteurs de courant, et un séparateur poreux qui empêche un court-circuit de l&#39;anode et la cathode. Lors de l&#39;opération d&#39;une batterie Lithium-Ion, ions et des électrons sont mobiles. Pendant la décharge, les ions se déplacent à partir de l&#39;électrode négative (anode) à travers le séparateur poreux et dans l&#39;électrode positive ou cathode. Pendant ce temps, les électrons se déplacent à travers le collecteur de courant, à travers le circuit externe, enfin se recombiner avec les ions du côté de la cathode. Afin de réduire les résistances associées aux ions et le transfert d&#39;électrons, les composants doivent être orientés correctement - la distance Voyage d&#39;ions doit être minimisée. Typiquement, ces composants sont combinés d&#39;une configuration &quot;sandwich&quot;. Les batteries utilisées dans les véhicules électriques, les téléphones cellulaires et l&#39;électronique grand public sont de grandes sandwichs qui sont enroulées en spirale ou pliées, selon le facteur de forme de la batterie. Ces types de cellules peuvent être très difficiles à fabriquer en petite échelle, sans encourir des coûts élevés. Cependant, dans une cellule de la pièce, il n&#39;y a qu&#39;un seul sandwich à l&#39;intérieur de la cellule. Bien que l&#39;équipement spécialisé est toujours nécessaire de créer les électrodes i<html> n cellules de pièces de monnaie, les cellules elles-mêmes peuvent être rapidement assemblés à la main et scellé dans un environnement contrôlé. La performance des piles, indépendamment du type, dépend des matériaux qui forment l&#39;électrode positive et négative, le choix de l&#39;électrolyte, et l&#39;architecture cellulaire 4,9-13. Une électrode LIB typique se compose d&#39;une combinaison de Li contenant un matériau actif, un additif conducteur, un liant polymère, et de l&#39;espace vide qui est rempli avec un électrolyte. Le traitement de l&#39;électrode peut être organisé en cinq grandes étapes: le mélange de poudre sèche, mélange humide, préparation du support, l&#39;application du film, et de séchage - une étape qui est souvent donné peu d&#39;attention. Lors de la production d&#39;une électrode à l&#39;aide de ces étapes de traitement, l&#39;objectif final est d&#39;obtenir un film uniforme d&#39;électrode constitué de la matière active, un additif conducteur, un liant. Cette distribution uniforme est critique pour la performance optimale de 14-18 BIL. nt &quot;&gt; Ce guide représente les étapes mises à la Texas A &amp; M dans le laboratoire de l&#39;énergie et des sciences de Transport (ETSL) et à l&#39;Université d&#39;État du Texas pour la fabrication de cellules de pièce de monnaie pour l&#39;évaluation de nouveaux et existants matériaux d&#39;électrode. Au-delà des étapes de base trouvés documentée dans de nombreuses sources , nous avons inclus notre propre expertise aux étapes critiques, notant des détails importants qui sont souvent exclues des méthodes semblables documents et de nombreuses publications. En outre, les méthodes physiques et électrochimiques primaires utilisées dans notre laboratoire (cyclage et spectroscopie par impédance électrochimique (SIE)) sont élucidés à l&#39;intérieur.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="992">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">LiNiMNCoO2 (NMC, 1:1:1)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Targray</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">PLB-H1</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">CNERGY Super C-65</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Timcal</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Polyvinylidene Difluoride (PVDF)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Kynar</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Flex 2801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:405px;">1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone anhydrous, 99.5% NMP</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">328634</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">1.0 M LiPF6 in EC/DEC (1:1 by vol)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BASF</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">50316366</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Celgard 2500 Separator</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">MTI</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">EQ-bsf-0025-60C</td>
			<td>25um thick; Polypropylene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Aluminum Foil</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">MTI</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">EQ-bcaf-15u-280</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Lithium Ribbon</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">320080</td>
			<td>0.75 mm thickness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">2-Propanol, ACS reagent, &#8805;99.5%</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">190764</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Acetone, ACS reagent, &#8805;99.5%</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">179124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Stainless Steel CR2032 Coin Cell Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Pred Materials</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td>case, cap, and PP gasket</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Stainless Steel Spacer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Pred Materials</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td>15.5 mm diameter x 0.5 mm thickness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Stainless Steel Wave Spring&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Pred Materials</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td>15 mm diameter x 1.4 mm height</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Analytical Scale</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Ohaus</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Adventurer AX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Agate Mortar and Pestle</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">89037-492</td>
			<td>5 inch diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Tube Drive</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">IKA</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">3645000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">20 ml Stirring Tube</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">IKA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">3703000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Glass balls</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">8996K25</td>
			<td>6 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Automatic Film Applicator</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Elcometer</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">K4340M10-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Doctor Blade</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Elcometer</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">K0003580M005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Die Set</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Mayhew</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">66000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Vacuum Oven</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">MTI</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Vacuum Pump</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">MTI</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Laboratory Press</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">MTI</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">YLJ-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Hydraulic Crimper</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">MTI</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">MSK-110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Glovebox</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">MBraun</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">LABstar</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Battery Cycler</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Arbin Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">BT2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Potentiostat/Galvanostat/EIS</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Biologic</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">VMP3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

non-aqueous electrode processing and construction of lithium-ion coin cells

Research into new and improved materials to be utilized in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) necessitates an experimental counterpart to any computational analysis. Testing of lithium-ion batteries in an academic setting has taken on several forms, but at the most basic level lies the coin cell construction. In traditional LIB electrode preparation, a multi-phase slurry composed of active material, binder, and conductive additive is cast out onto a substrate. An electrode disc can then be punched from the dried sheet and used in the construction of a coin cell for electrochemical evaluation. Utilization of the potential of the active material in a battery is critically dependent on the microstructure of the electrode, as an appropriate distribution of the primary components are crucial to ensuring optimal electrical conductivity, porosity, and tortuosity, such that electrochemical and transport interaction is optimized. Processing steps ranging from the combination of dry powder, wet mixing, and drying can all critically affect multi-phase interactions that influence the microstructure formation. Electrochemical probing necessitates the construction of electrodes and coin cells with the utmost care and precision. This paper aims at providing a step-by-step guide of non-aqueous electrode processing and coin cell construction for lithium-ion batteries within an academic setting and with emphasis on deciphering the influence of drying and calendaring.

Une feuille d&#39;électrode correctement fonte devrait apparaître uniforme aspect de surface et bien adhérer à la collecteur de courant. Typiquement, la desquamation de la feuille d&#39;électrode est causée soit par une mauvaise gravure du substrat, ou d&#39;avoir à peu NMP dans l&#39;étape de mélange initial. En variante, trop NMP peut entraîner la feuille en affichant un degré élevé de porosité, ce qui est indésirable. Enfin, un troisième motif peut être observée sur ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-aqueous Electrode Processing and Construction of Lithium-ion Coin Cells at JoVE.com

Non-aqueous Electrode Processing and Construction of Lithium-ion Coin Cells

Traitement d&#39;électrode non-aqueux et construction de cellules lithium-ion, Monnaies

Non-aqueous electrode processing is central to the construction of coin cells and the evaluation of new electrode chemistries for lithium-ion batteries. A step-by-step guide to the basic practices needed as an electrochemical engineer working with batteries in an academic experimental setting is furnished.

Research into new and improved materials to be utilized in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) necessitates an experimental counterpart to any computational ...

The overall goal of this experimental demonstration is to provide a step-by-step procedural guideline for lithium-ion battery electrode preparation and coin cell assembly, along with electrochemical analysis and characterization that can be performed in an academic lab setting. This demonstration highlights the importance of electroprocessing on the performance of lithium-ion batteries and its electrochemical attributes. One of the key highlights is that we're trying to emphasize the importance of evaporation in the drying step for lithium battery electrode processing and fabrication.We hope that this demonstration will provide a step-by-step guideline to students and alike who are attempting to initiate the program in electrochemical engineering, and especially in the ADR family storage. To begin this procedure, cut a 4.5 inch by 12 inch sheet of 15-micrometer thick aluminum foil, using a paper cutter. Spray acetone on the surface of a clean plastic board, and then place the foil sheet onto the board.Next, spray a generous amount of acetone on the surface of the foil, and begin to scrub the entire surface with small semicircle motions, using a scotch pad. Spray additional acetone on the surface, and wipe down the residue with a paper towel. Rinse the etched aluminum sheet with deionized water on the casting side.Flip the sheet and repeat the same procedure in the bright side, and again in the dull side. After rinsing with isopropyl alcohol, place the cleaned aluminum sheet in between two paper towels. Then, place the paper towels and cleaned aluminum sheet between two flat plates and compress, using a heavy object, for approximately 20 minutes.Following this, place 0.875 grams of lithium manganese cobalt oxide, or NMC, and 0.25 grams of carbon black into a agate mortar and pestle. Lightly mix the materials together without grinding. After a mixture starts to form, mill by hand in the mortar and pestle for three to five minutes, until a uniform powder is visibly observed.Using a piece of white paper, transfer the mixed power into a disposable mixing tube. Then, add 16 glass balls and 5.5 milliliters of 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, or NMP, to the powder. Place the disposable tube onto a tube drive station and lock into place.Turn the drive on and slowly increase to the maximum speed, allowing the contents to mix for 15 minutes. When mixing is complete, add 1.25 grams of a 10%polyvinylidene difluoride in NMP solution directly to the tube. After placing the tube back onto the drive, allow the contents to mix for eight minutes.Next, apply a layer of isopropyl alcohol to the surface of the film applicator and place the dried aluminum substrate, shiny side down, onto the surface. Press out the excess isopropyl alcohol with a folded paper towel until all the wrinkles and solvent are removed. After removing the mixing tube from the tube drive, pour the slurry onto the surface of the substrate in a two-to three-inch line, approximately one inch from the top of the substrate.Then, set the casting speed to 20 millimeters per second and activate the casting arm of the film applicator. Once casting is complete, lift the cast electrode from the surface of the film applicator using a thin piece of cardboard to ensure no wrinkles form on the sheet. After allowing the electrode sheet to dry for 16 hours at room temperature, dry it at 70 degrees Celsius for approximately three hours in an oven.At this point, place the dried electrode sheet onto the previously cleaned sheet of aluminum metal. Gently place a 1/2 inch hole punch onto a region of the sheet with a uniform surface. Slowly apply pressure to the punch, and roll the pressure around the edges of the punch, to ensure a clean cut.Remove the cut electrode from the sheet with clean plastic tweezers, and place it into a labeled vial with the electrode surface facing out. Then, further dry the electrodes in a vacuum oven at 120 degrees Celsius, at minus 0.1 megaPascal, for 12 hours to remove any remaining moisture. After removing the electrodes from the oven, weigh them within 0.0001 grams.In a glove box, place a coin cell case into a small weigh boat and place the cathode into the center of the coin cell case. Apply one to two drops of electrolyte to the center of the electrode, and apply one drop on opposite sides of the rim of the case. Place a single 3/4th inch separator onto the surface of the electrode.Then, place the gasket into the case, with the flat side facing down and the lip side facing up. Apply two to three drops of electrolyte to the center of the cell and place the prepared counter electrode onto the center, with the lithium side facing down. Place the wave spring on top of the centered counter electrode.Following this, fill the cell to the brim with electrolyte, until it forms a curved, convex meniscus that covers most of the wave spring surface. Carefully place the coin cell cap on top of the cell, utilizing the tweezers to hold the cap centered vertically over the cell. Press down on the cap until it sets into the lip of the gasket.Transfer the cell to the crimper, and ensure that the cell is centered in the groove of the crimping die. Crimp the cell to a pressure of approximately 6.2 megaPascal, and release. Clean off any spilled electrolyte.When finished, remove the cell from the glove box. After removing the cell from the glove box, clean up any excess electrolyte and label the cell. At this point, connect the clean cell to the battery cycler.Ensure that the terminals are correctly connected by measuring the open circuit potential. With a measured electrode mass of 0.0090 grams an aluminum disk mass of 0.0054 grams, and a rated capacity of 155 milliAmp hours per gram, determine the desired current. Next, set the schedule on the cycler to charge and discharge the cell between the upper and lower voltage levels of 4.2 volts and 2.8 volts, respectively.Cycle the cell four times at a rate of C over 10. Then, charge the cell once at C over 10. Following the fifth C over 10 charge, perform EIS on the cell after resting for one hour.Then, place the cell back on the cycler and discharge at C over 10. After performing another EIS analysis and placing the cell back onto the cycler, cycle the cell five times at rates of C over five, C, two C, five C, and 10 C, followed by 100 one C cycles. Determine the specific capacity of the cells at each C rate, by dividing the capacity in milliAmp hours by the mass of active material present in the cathode.Calculate the capacity retention by dividing the average specific capacity of the last five one C cycles by the average specific capacity of the first five one C cycles. A properly cast electrode sheet should appear uniform and adhere to the current collector. Flaking of the sheet is caused by poor etching or too little NMP.And too much NMP can cause a higher degree of porosity. Lastly, a non-uniform surface can be caused by material pooling during drying. When the cell is not properly sealed, atmospheric exposure will cause swelling of the lithium, which causes the cell to pop open.SEM imaging of the electrode surface reveals the complexity of the cathode. The large particles are the active material, and the remaining material is polyvinylidene difluoride and carbon black. Representative cycling results for a sheet that was dried too fast and one that was properly dried are shown here.The specific energy of the cells can be determined as the area under the discharge curve. The slope of the tail in the EIS data indicates resistance due to diffusion, and the semicircle represents the number of resistances due to charge transfer resistances. The quickly dried sheet has a larger radius, indicating higher charge transfer resistance.The casting thickness, slurry viscosity and composition, and the degree of calendaring all have a direct impact on the porosity and thickness of an electrode sheet. A thinner sheet allows for shorter diffusion distances. And the porosity can be optimized to allow for more efficient transfer.Once mastered, the method can be accomplished within 24 hours if performed properly. While attempting this procedure, it's imperative to wear safety gloves and maintain clean electrode sheets, followed by final cell assembly in the glove box. Following this procedure with the assembled coin cell, electrochemical test, such as charge-discharge cycling, cycling voltometry, and electrochemical impedance spectrometry can be performed routinely to categorize cell behavior and performance characteristics under different cycling and environmental conditions.This experimental exploration highlights the importance of electroprocessing on the cell performance and electrochemical attributes. After watching through demonstration video, you should have a good understanding of the essential steps in making electrode and coin cell assembly, followed by the electrochemical test for lithium-ion batteries in the lab. Don't forget that the electrolyte can easily react with oxygen and water, and hence, the coin cell assembly must be done in the glove box.

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