Name: a novel strategy combining array-cgh, whole-exome sequencing and in utero electroporation in rodents to identify causative genes for brain malformations
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations at Jo

Vi takker Dr. G. McGillivray, Pr. J. Clayton-Smith, Pr. W.B. Dobyns, Pr. P. Striano, Pr. dvs Scheffer, Pr. S.P. Roberston og Pr. SF Berkovic for at give MCD patienter. Vi takker Dr. F. Michel og D. Mei for teknisk råd og hjælp. Dette arbejde blev støttet af midler fra EU, syv rammeprogram ønske om projektet, kontraktnummer: sundhed-F2-602531-2013, (til V.C., R.G., A.R., A.F. og C.C.), INSERM (til A.R. og C.C.), Fondation Jérôme Lejeune (R13083AA A.F, E.P.P og C.C) og Région Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur (APO2014 - DEMOTIC til C.C. og A.A.D). D.A.K er en EMBO Young Investigator og understøttes af FWF tilskud (I914 og P24367).

Etik erklæring: Wistar rotter blev parret, vedligeholdes og anvendes i de INMED dyr faciliteter, i samarbejde med EU og fransk lovgivning.
1. DNA-ekstraktion og for Array-CGH og WES
<ol><li>Uddrag genomisk DNA (gDNA) fra humant blod leukocytter fra patienter ved hjælp af en automatiseret DNA isoleret robot eller kommercielt tilgængelige manuel DNA udvinding kits efter producentens protokol. Kvantificere alle prøver ved hjælp af et spektrofotometer.</li>
</ol>2. arr...

<ol>
	<li>Meencke, H. J., Veith, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Migration+disturbances+in+epilepsy.">Migration disturbances in epilepsy.</a> Epilepsy Res. 9, 31-39 (1992).</li><li>Shorvon, S., Stefan, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+the+safety+of+newer+antiepileptic+drugs.">Overview of the safety of newer antiepileptic drugs.</a> Epilepsia. 38 (1), 45-51 (1997).</li><li>Parrini, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Periventricular+heterotopia:+phenotypic+heterogeneity+and+correlation+with+Filamin+A+mutations.">Periventricular heterotopia: phenotypic heterogeneity and correlation with Filamin A mutations.</a> Brain. 129 (7), 1892-1906 (2006).</li><li>Fox, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+filamin+1+prevent+migration+of+cerebral+cortical+neurons+in+human+periventricular+heterotopia.">Mutations in filamin 1 prevent migration of cerebral cortical neurons in human periventricular heterotopia.</a> Neuron. 21 (6), 1315-1325 (1998).</li><li>Sheen, V. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+ARFGEF2+implicate+vesicle+trafficking+in+neural+progenitor+proliferation+and+migration+in+the+human+cerebral+cortex.">Mutations in ARFGEF2 implicate vesicle trafficking in neural progenitor proliferation and migration in the human cerebral cortex.</a> Nat Genet. 36 (1), 69-76 (2004).</li><li>Cappello, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+genes+encoding+the+cadherin+receptor-ligand+pair+DCHS1+and+FAT4+disrupt+cerebral+cortical+development.">Mutations in genes encoding the cadherin receptor-ligand pair DCHS1 and FAT4 disrupt cerebral cortical development.</a> Nat Genet. 45 (11), 1300-1308 (2013).</li><li>Moro, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Periventricular+heterotopia+in+fragile+X+syndrome.">Periventricular heterotopia in fragile X syndrome.</a> Neurology. 67 (4), 713-715 (2006).</li><li>Ferland, R. J., Gaitanis, J. N., Apse, K., Tantravahi, U., Walsh, C. A., Sheen, V. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Periventricular+nodular+heterotopia+and+Williams+syndrome.">Periventricular nodular heterotopia and Williams syndrome.</a> Am J Med Genet A. 140 (12), 1305-1311 (2006).</li><li>van Kogelenberg, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Periventricular+heterotopia+in+common+microdeletion+syndromes.">Periventricular heterotopia in common microdeletion syndromes.</a> Mol Syndromol. 1 (1), 35-41 (2010).</li><li>Sheen, V. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Periventricular+heterotopia+associated+with+chromosome+5p+anomalies.">Periventricular heterotopia associated with chromosome 5p anomalies.</a> Neurology. 60 (6), 1033-1036 (2003).</li><li>Neal, J., Apse, K., Sahin, M., Walsh, C. A., Sheen, V. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deletion+of+chromosome+1p36+is+associated+with+periventricular+nodular+heterotopia.">Deletion of chromosome 1p36 is associated with periventricular nodular heterotopia.</a> Am J Med Genet A. 140 (15), 1692-1695 (2006).</li><li>Cardoso, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Periventricular+heterotopia,+mental+retardation,+and+epilepsy+associated+with+5q14.3-q15+deletion.">Periventricular heterotopia, mental retardation, and epilepsy associated with 5q14.3-q15 deletion.</a> Neurology. 72 (9), 784-792 (2009).</li><li>Cellini, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Periventricular+heterotopia+with+white+matter+abnormalities+associated+with+6p25+deletion.">Periventricular heterotopia with white matter abnormalities associated with 6p25 deletion.</a> Am J Med Genet A. 158 (7), 1793-1797 (2006).</li><li>Bertini, V., De Vito, G., Costa, R., Simi, P., Valetto, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolated+6q+terminal+deletions:+an+emerging+new+syndrome.">Isolated 6q terminal deletions: an emerging new syndrome.</a> Am J Med Genet A. 140 (1), 74-81 (2006).</li><li>Dobyns, W. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consistent+chromosome+abnormalities+identify+novel+polymicrogyria+loci+in+1p36.3,+2p16.1-p23.1,+4q21.21-q22.1,+6q26-q27,+and+21q2.">Consistent chromosome abnormalities identify novel polymicrogyria loci in 1p36.3, 2p16.1-p23.1, 4q21.21-q22.1, 6q26-q27, and 21q2.</a> Am J Med Genet A. 146 (13), 1637-1654 (2008).</li><li>Conti, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Periventricular+heterotopia+in+6q+terminal+deletion+syndrome:+role+of+the+C6orf70+gene.">Periventricular heterotopia in 6q terminal deletion syndrome: role of the C6orf70 gene.</a> Brain. 136 (11), 3378-3394 (2013).</li><li>Sheen, V. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Etiological+heterogeneity+of+familial+periventricular+heterotopia+and+hydrocephalus.">Etiological heterogeneity of familial periventricular heterotopia and hydrocephalus.</a> Brain Dev. 26 (5), 326-334 (2004).</li><li>Jaglin, X. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+the+beta-tubulin+gene+TUBB2B+result+in+asymmetrical+polymicrogyria.">Mutations in the beta-tubulin gene TUBB2B result in asymmetrical polymicrogyria.</a> Nat. Genet. 41 (6), 746-752 (2009).</li><li>Falace, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TBC1D24+regulates+neuronal+migration+and+maturation+through+modulation+of+the+ARF6-dependent+pathway.">TBC1D24 regulates neuronal migration and maturation through modulation of the ARF6-dependent pathway.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111 (6), 2337-2342 (2014).</li><li>Lunter, G., Goodson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stampy:+a+statistical+algorithm+for+sensitive+and+fast+mapping+of+Illumina+sequence+reads.">Stampy: a statistical algorithm for sensitive and fast mapping of Illumina sequence reads.</a> Genome Res. 21 (6), 936-939 (2011).</li><li>Pagnamenta, A. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exome+sequencing+can+detect+pathogenic+mosaic+mutations+present+at+low+allele+frequencies.">Exome sequencing can detect pathogenic mosaic mutations present at low allele frequencies.</a> J Hum Genet. 57 (1), 70-72 (2012).</li><li>Yu, J. Y., DeRuiter, S. L., Turner, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+interference+by+expression+of+short-interfering+RNAs+and+hairpin+RNAs+in+mammalian+cells.">RNA interference by expression of short-interfering RNAs and hairpin RNAs in mammalian cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99 (9), 6047-6052 (2002).</li><li>Bai, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNAi+reveals+doublecortin+is+required+for+radial+migration+in+rat+neocortex.">RNAi reveals doublecortin is required for radial migration in rat neocortex.</a> Nat Neurosci. 6 (12), 1277-1283 (2003).</li><li>Carabalona, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+glial+origin+for+periventricular+nodular+heterotopia+caused+by+impaired+expression+of+Filamin-A.">A glial origin for periventricular nodular heterotopia caused by impaired expression of Filamin-A.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 21 (5), 1004-1017 (2012).</li></ol>

MCDs er vigtige årsager til intellektuelle handicap og tegner sig for 20-40% af resistente barndom epilepsi1,2. Interesse i MCDs er steget dramatisk i de seneste ti år som følge af to hovedfaktorer. Først er forbedringen i brain imaging (især Mr), som giver mulighed for læger og videnskabsfolk til at visualisere mange hjernen misdannelser, der ikke var tidligere genkendt. Den anden er udvikling af genetiske værktøjer, der har tilladt identifikation af man...

Cerebral cortex spiller en central rolle i kognitive og intellektuelle processer og er involveret i følelsesmæssig kontrol samt indlæring og hukommelse. Det er derfor ikke overraskende, at mange neurologiske og psykiatriske sygdomme skyldes misdannelser af kortikale udvikling (MCD). Ætiologien af MCD er komplekse siden både erhvervet og genetiske faktorer er involveret. Den kumulative forekomst af genetisk bestemt andel af MCD er omkring 2%, og de er sporadisk i de fleste tilfælde. For eksempel, forekomsten af medfødt hjerne dysgenese blev anslået til at være højere end 1% i befolkningen, og nogle former for MCD er observeret i mere end 14% af alle patienter med epilepsi og i 40% af svær eller genstridig epilepsi1, 2.
Periventricular nodulær Heterotopia (PNH) er en af de mest almindelige MCDs og er forårsaget af unormal migration af neuroner fra den ventrikulære zone (VZ) at udvikle hjernebarken. Manglende neuroner til at overføre resultater i klynger af heterotopisk neuroner langs væggene i de laterale ventrikler, der normalt kan visualiseres ved hjælp af magnetisk resonans Imaging (MR). De kliniske og anatomiske imaging funktioner i PNH er heterogene. Knuder kan variere fra små og ensidige til bilaterale og symmetrisk. Fælles kliniske sequelae omfatter epilepsi og intellektuelle handicap3. Mutationer i Filamin A (eller FLNA)-genet, der kortlægger i Xq28, blev fundet i 100% af familierne med X-linked bilaterale PNH og 26% af sporadiske patienter3,4. En sjælden, recessive form af PNH forårsaget af mutationer i ARFGEF2 genet, som kort i 20q13, er blevet rapporteret i to blodsbeslægtet familier5. For nylig, biallelic mutationer i gener kodning receptor-ligand cadherin par DCHS1 og FAT4 er blevet identificeret i ni patienter, der lider af en multisystemic lidelse, der omfatter PNH6. PNH har også været forbundet med skrøbelige X syndrom7, Williams syndrom8, 22q11 microdeletion syndrom9, gengangere på 5 p 1510, sletninger på 1 p 3611, 5q14.3-q1512, 6 p 2513 og 6q terminal sletning syndrom14,15,16,17,18,19, tyder på, at yderligere sygdomsfremkaldende gener er spredt hele genom. Ca. 74% af sporadiske PNH patienter er det genetiske grundlag imidlertid være belyst17.
Klassisk gen kortlægning tilgange som array komparativ genomisk hybridisering (array-CGH) har vist sig for at være en kraftfuld værktøj til påvisning af sub mikroskopiske kromosomafvigelser, men regionerne genomisk identificeret ved hjælp af denne fremgangsmåde er ofte store og indeholder mange gener.
Fremkomsten af massive parallelle sekventering teknikker (dvs. hele-Exome-sekventering (WES) og Whole-Genome sequencing (WGS)) har væsentligt reduceret omkostningerne og tidsforbruget til at sekventere et hele menneskelige exome eller -genom. Fortolkning af WES og WGS data er imidlertid stadig udfordrende i fleste tilfælde, siden for hver patient snesevis til hundredvis (eller endda tusindvis, afhængigt af hvilken type analyse) varianter emerge fra data filtrering.
For at fremskynde processen med at identificere roman MCD sygdomsfremkaldende gener, en roman systematisk strategi kombinerer array-CGH, blev WES og i utero elektroporation (IUE) screening af kandidat gener designet. IUE gør det muligt at selektivt inaktivere (eller overexpress) specifikke gener eller mutationer i gnavere hjerner, muliggør hurtig evaluering af deres inddragelse i corticogenesis18,19. RNAi medieret-knockdown eller overekspression af én eller flere kandidat gener forventes at medføre, når genet er forbundet med udvikling af sygdom, lokaliserede defekter i neuronal migration og/eller modning. Efter identifikation af et gen hvis inaktivering (eller overekspression) gengiver fænotype observeret hos patienter i gnavere, bliver det en enestående kandidat til screening i sporadiske patienter med MCD. Brug denne fremgangsmåde, afsløret vi for nylig den afgørende bidrag af C6orf70 -genet (også kendt som ERMARD) i PNH patogenese i patienter huser 6q27 kromosomale sletninger16.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Picospritzer III</td>
			<td >Parker Hannifin Corp</td>
			<td >P/N 051-0500-900</td>
			<td >Intracellular Microinjection Dispense Systems</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Fast Green FCF</td>
			<td >Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td >F7252</td>
			<td>Fast green allow visual monitoring of the injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >BTX ECM 830 electroporator</td>
			<td >BTX Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td >45-0002</td>
			<td>The ECM 830 is a Square Wave Pulse generator designed for in vitro and in vivo applications</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Microtome HM 650 V</td>
			<td >Microm</td>
			<td>10076838</td>
			<td>Microtome HM 650 V vibratome 240V 50/60Hz with vibrating blade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >FluoView 300</td>
			<td >Olympus</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>The Olympus FluoViewTM 300 is a point-scanning, point-detection, confocal laser scanning microscope designed for biology research application</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >eCELLence software</td>
			<td >Glance Vision Technologies</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>eCELLence is software designed for the quantitive analysis of cell migration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Agilent Microarray Scanner Bundle</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Array slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >for 1 x 244K, 2 x 105K, 4 x 44K or 8 x 15K</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >Agilent p/n G4900DA, G2565CA or G2565BA</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >for 1 x 1M, 2 x 400K, 4 x 180K or 8 x 60K</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >Agilent p/n G4900DA or G2565CA</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hybridization Chamber, stainless</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td>Agilent p/n G2534A</td>
			<td>Chamber for array CGH hybridization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hybridization Chamber gasket slides, 5-pack</td>
			<td></td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Gasket for array CGH hybridization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >for 1-pack microarrays or</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >Agilent p/n G2534-60003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >for 2-pack microarrays or</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >Agilent p/n G2534-60002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >for 4-pack microarrays or</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >Agilent p/n G2534-60011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >for 8-pack microarrays</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >Agilent p/n G2534-60014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hybridization oven</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >Agilent p/n G2545A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hybridization oven rotator for Agilent Microarray Hybridization Chambers</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >Agilent p/n G2530-60029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Thermal cycler with heated lid</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >Agilent p/n G8800A or equivalent</td>
			<td>Termal cycler for incubations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1.5 mL RNase-free Microfuge Tube</td>
			<td >Ambion</td>
			<td >p/n AM12400 or equivalent</td>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Magnetic stir bar</td>
			<td >Corning</td>
			<td >p/n 401435 or equivalent</td>
			<td>Instrument for stirring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Qubit Fluorometer</td>
			<td >Life Technologies</td>
			<td >p/n Q32857</td>
			<td>Instrument for DNA quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Qubit dsDNA BR Assay Kit, for use with the Qubit fluorometer</td>
			<td >Invitrogen</td>
			<td >p/n Q32850</td>
			<td>Kit for Qubit fluorometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >UV-VIS spectrophotometer</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >NanoDrop 8000 or 2000, or equivalent</td>
			<td>Instrument for DNA quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >P10, P20, P200 and P1000 pipettes</td>
			<td >Pipetman or equivalent</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>DNA dispensation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Vacuum Concentrator</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >p/n DNA120-115 or 
			equivalent</td>
			<td>Instrument to concentrate DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >SureTag Complete DNA Labeling Kit</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n 5190-4240</td>
			<td>DNA Labeling Kit (for Human Samples)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Purification Columns (50 units)</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n 5190-3391</td>
			<td>DNA Labeling Kit (for Human Samples)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >AutoScreen A, 96-well plates</td>
			<td >GE Healthcare</td>
			<td >p/n 25-9005-98</td>
			<td>DNA Labeling Kit (for Human Samples)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >GenElute PCR Clean-Up Kit</td>
			<td >Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td >p/n NA1020</td>
			<td>DNA Labeling Kit (for Human Samples)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Human Genomic DNA</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td >p/n G1521</td>
			<td>DNA Labeling Kit (for Human Samples)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >For CGH microarrays:</td>
			<td >Promega</td>
			<td >(female) or p/n G1471 (male)</td>
			<td>Array CGH control DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >For CGH+SNP microarrays:</td>
			<td >Coriell</td>
			<td >p/n NA18507, NA18517, NA12891, NA12878, or NA18579</td>
			<td>Array CGH control DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Oligo aCGH/ChIP-on-chip Wash Buffer Kit or</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n 5188-5226</td>
			<td>Array CGH hybridization and wash</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Oligo aCGH/ChIP-on-chip Wash Buffer 1 and</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n 5188-5221</td>
			<td>Array CGH hybridization and wash</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Oligo aCGH/ChIP-on-chip Wash Buffer 2</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n 5188-5222</td>
			<td>Array CGH hybridization and wash</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Stabilization and Drying Solution</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n 5185-5979</td>
			<td>Array CGH hybridization and wash</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Oligo aCGH/ChIP-on-chip Hybridization Kit</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n 5188-5220 (25) or p/n 5188-5380 (100)</td>
			<td>Array CGH hybridization and wash</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Human Cot-1 DNA</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n 5190-3393</td>
			<td>Array CGH hybridization and wash</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Agilent C scanner</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Scanner for array CGH slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >SureSelect XT2 Reagent Kit</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Kit for target enrichment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >HiSeq platform (HSQ), 16 Samples</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n G9621A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >HiSeq platform (HSQ), 96 Samples</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n G9621B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >HiSeq platform (HSQ), 480 Samples</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n G9621C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >MiSeq platform (MSQ), 16 Samples</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n G9622A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >MiSeq platform (MSQ), 96 Samples</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n G9622B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >MiSeq platform (MSQ), 480 Samples</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n G9622C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >DNA 1000 Kit</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n 5067-1504</td>
			<td>Kit for the separation, sizing and quantification of dsDNA fragments from 25 to 1000 bp.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >High Sensitivity DNA Kit</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n 5067-4626</td>
			<td>Kit for analysis of fragmented DNA or DNA libraries.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >AMPure XP Kit</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Kit for automated PCR purification.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >5 mL</td>
			<td >Agencourt</td>
			<td >p/n A63880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >60 mL</td>
			<td >Agencourt</td>
			<td >p/n A63881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >450 mL</td>
			<td >Agencourt</td>
			<td >p/n A63882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Dynabeads MyOne Streptavidin T1</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Isolation and handling of biotinylated nucleic acids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >2 mL</td>
			<td >Life Technologies</td>
			<td >Cat #65601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >10 mL</td>
			<td >Life Technologies</td>
			<td >Cat #65602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Quant-iT dsDNA BR Assay Kit, for the Qubit fluorometer</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>DNA quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >100 assays, 2-1000 ng</td>
			<td >Life Technologies</td>
			<td >Cat #Q32850</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >500 assays, 2-1000 ng</td>
			<td >Life Technologies</td>
			<td >Cat #Q32853</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Qubit assay tubes</td>
			<td >Life Technologies</td>
			<td >p/n Q32856</td>
			<td>DNA quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >SureSelec tXT2 Capture Libraries</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >depending on the experiment</td>
			<td>Kit for libraries capture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >SureCycler 8800 Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n G8800A</td>
			<td>DNA amplification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >96 well plate module for SureCycler 8800 Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n G8810A</td>
			<td>DNA amplification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >SureCycler 8800-compatible 96-well plates</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n 410088</td>
			<td>DNA amplification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Optical strip caps</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n 401425</td>
			<td>DNA amplification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Tube cap strips, domed</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n 410096</td>
			<td>DNA amplification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Compression mats</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n 410187</td>
			<td>DNA amplification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >2100 Bioanalyzer Laptop Bundle</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n G2943CA</td>
			<td>DNA amplification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >2100 Bioanalyzer Electrophoresis Set</td>
			<td >Agilent</td>
			<td >p/n G2947CA</td>
			<td>DNA amplification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Covaris Sample Preparation System, E-series or S-series</td>
			<td >Covaris</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>DNA shearing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Covaris sample holders</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td >p/n 520078</td>
			<td>DNA shearing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Nutator plate mixer</td>
			<td >BD Diagnostics</td>
			<td >p/n 421105 or equivalent</td>
			<td>Plate Mixer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >GaIIx</td>
			<td >Illumina</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>next generation sequencing machine</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel strategy combining array-cgh, whole-exome sequencing and in utero electroporation in rodents to identify causative genes for brain malformations

Fødselsdefekter, der involverer hjernebarken — også kendt som misdannelser af kortikale udvikling (MCD) — er vigtige årsager til intellektuelle handicap og tegner sig for 20-40% af resistente epilepsi i barndommen. Høj opløsning brain imaging har lettet i vivo identifikation af en stor gruppe af MCD fænotyper. Trods fremskridt i brain imaging, genomisk analyse og generation af dyremodeller mangler en enkel arbejdsproces systematisk prioritere kandidat gener og teste funktionelle virkninger af formodede mutationer. For at løse dette problem, var en eksperimentel strategi muliggør identifikation af roman sygdomsfremkaldende gener for MCD udviklet og valideret. Denne strategi er baseret på at identificere kandidat genomisk regioner eller gener via array-CGH eller hele-exome sekvensering og kendetegner deres inaktivering eller overekspression af specifikke mutationer i udvikle gnaver hjerner via in utero virkninger elektroporation. Denne tilgang har ført til identifikation af C6orf70 -genet, kodning til en formodede vesikulære protein til patogenesen af periventricular nodulær heterotopia, en MCD forårsaget af defekte neuronal migration.

Den eksperimentelle strategi designet til at identificere roman MCD sygdomsfremkaldende gener er sammenfattet i figur 1.
Ved at udføre array-CGH i en kohorte af 155 patienter med udviklingsmæssige hjernen abnormiteter trinløst kombinerer PNH (figur 2A), corpus callosum dysgenese, colpocephaly, cerebellær hypoplasi og polymicrogyria forbundet med epilepsi, ataksi og kognitiv svækkelse, vi id...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations at Jo

A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations

Periventricular nodulær heterotopia (PNH) er den mest almindelige form for misdannelser af kortikale udvikling (MCD) i voksenalderen, men dens genetiske grundlag forbliver ukendt i de fleste sporadiske tilfælde. Vi har for nylig udviklet en strategi til at identificere nye kandidat gener for MCDs og direkte bekræfte deres forårsagende rolle in vivo.

En roman-strategien kombinere Array-CGH, hele-exome sekvensering og In Utero elektroporation i gnavere for at identificere sygdomsfremkaldende gener for hjernens misdannelser

Birth defects that involve the cerebral cortex &#8212; also known as malformations of cortical development (MCD) &#8212; are important causes of ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons

In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons

In vitro study of primary neuronal cultures allows for quantitative analyses of neurite outgrowth. In order to study how genetic alterations affect ...

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental ...

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

Visualisering og genetisk manipulering af dendritter og udløberne i mus cerebrale cortex og hippocampus under anvendelse<em&gt; I utero</em&gt; Elektroporation

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date ...

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

Generering af Topisk Transgene rotter ved<em&gt; In Utero</em&gt; Elektroporation og<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Bioluminescens Screening

 In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique which allows genetic modification of cells in the brain for investigating neuronal development. So far, the ...

Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents

Dyb Brain Stimulation med samtidig fMRI i Gnavere

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for ...

Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections

Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections

Kombination Dobbelt Fluorescens<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Hybridisering med immunomærkning for Påvisning af ekspression af tre gener i musehjerne Sektioner

Detection of gene expression in different types of brain cells e.g., neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors and microglia, can ...

In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity

In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity

I Utero Elektroporation Approaches to Undersøgelse ophidselse af neuronale subpopulationer og Single-celle Connectivity

The nervous system is composed of an enormous range of distinct neuronal types. These neuronal subpopulations are characterized by, among other features, ...