Name: light enhanced hydrofluoric acid passivation: a sensitive technique for detecting bulk silicon defects
Uploaded: 2016-01-04T14:00:01
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Light Enhanced Hydrofluoric Acid Passivation: A Sensitive Technique for Detecting Bulk Silicon Defects at JoVE.com

This program has been supported by the Australian Government through the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA). Responsibility for the views, information or advice expressed herein is not accepted by the Australian Government.

1. Eksperimentel opsætning <ol><li> Find en passende stinkskab til måleteknik, og fjern eventuelle irrelevante udstyr til at muliggøre en bedre luftgennemstrømning og reducerer rod. Brug ikke andre end flussyre (HF) kemikalier i stinkskab. </li><li> Teste kvaliteten af ​​deioniseret (DI) vand fra hanen i stinkskabet ved hjælp af en ledningsevnemåler. Sikre, at DI vand har en ledningsevne på højst 0,055 uS / cm ved en temperatur på 20 ° C. </li><li> Placer et mindretal lu...

<ol>
	<li>Sinton, R. A., Cuevas, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contactless+determination+of+current-voltage+characteristics+and+minority-carrier+lifetimes+in+semiconductors+from+quasi-steady-state+photoconductance+data.">Contactless determination of current-voltage characteristics and minority-carrier lifetimes in semiconductors from quasi-steady-state photoconductance data.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 (17), 2510-2512 (1996).</li><li>Wan, Y., McIntosh, K. R., Thomson, A. F., Cuevas, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low+surface+recombination+velocity+by+low-absorption+silicon+nitride+on+c-Si.">Low surface recombination velocity by low-absorption silicon nitride on c-Si.</a> IEEE J. Photovoltaics. 3 (1), 554-559 (2013).</li><li>Hoex, B., Schmidt, J., Pohl, P., van de Sanden, M. C. M., Kessels, W. M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silicon+surface+passivation+by+atomic+layer+deposited+Al2O3.">Silicon surface passivation by atomic layer deposited Al2O3.</a> J. App. Phys. 104 (4), 044903 (2008).</li><li>Dauwe, S., Schmidt, J., Hezel, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Very+low+surface+recombination+velocities+on+p.-+and+n.-type+silicon+wafers+passivated+with+hydrogenated+amorphous+silicon+films.">Very low surface recombination velocities on p.- and n.-type silicon wafers passivated with hydrogenated amorphous silicon films.</a> , 1246-1249 (2012).</li><li>Macdonald, D., Cuevas, A., Wong-Leung, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capture+cross-sections+of+the+acceptor+level+of+iron-boron+pairs+in+p-type+silicon+by+injection-level+dependent+lifetime+measurements.">Capture cross-sections of the acceptor level of iron-boron pairs in p-type silicon by injection-level dependent lifetime measurements.</a> J. App. Phys. 89 (12), 7932-7339 (2001).</li><li>Schmidt, J., Bothe, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+and+transformation+of+the+metastable+boron-+and+oxygen-related+defect+center+in+crystalline+silicon.">Structure and transformation of the metastable boron- and oxygen-related defect center in crystalline silicon.</a> Phys. Rev. B. 69 (2), 024107 (2004).</li><li>Rougieux, F., Grant, N., Murphy, J., Macdonald, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=D.+Influence+of+Annealing+and+Bulk+Hydrogenation+on+Lifetime+Limiting+Defects+in+Nitrogen-Doped+Floating+Zone+Silicon.">D. Influence of Annealing and Bulk Hydrogenation on Lifetime Limiting Defects in Nitrogen-Doped Floating Zone Silicon.</a> IEEE J. Photovoltaics. 5 (2), 495-498 (2014).</li><li>Zheng, P., Rougieux, F., Grant, N., Macdonald, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+vacancy-related+Recombination+Active+Defects+in+as-grown+n-type+Czochralski+Silicon.">Evidence for vacancy-related Recombination Active Defects in as-grown n-type Czochralski Silicon.</a> IEEE J. Photovoltaics. 5 (1), 183-188 (2014).</li><li>Grant, N. E., Rougieux, F. E., Macdonald, D., Bullock, J., Wan, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grown-in+point+defects+limiting+the+bulk+lifetime+of+p.-type+float-zone+silicon+wafers.">Grown-in point defects limiting the bulk lifetime of p.-type float-zone silicon wafers.</a> J. App. Phys. 117 (5), 055711 (2015).</li><li>Hallam, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+passivation+of+B-O+defects+in+Czochralski+silicon.">Hydrogen passivation of B-O defects in Czochralski silicon.</a> Energy Procedia. 38, 561-570 (2013).</li><li>Hallam, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+bulk+defect+passivation+for+silicon+solar+cells.">Advanced bulk defect passivation for silicon solar cells.</a> IEEE J. Photovoltaics. 4 (1), 88-95 (2014).</li><li>Hornyi, T. S., Pavelka, T., Ttt, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+bulk+lifetime+measurement+on+silicon+with+a+chemically+passivated+surface.">In situ bulk lifetime measurement on silicon with a chemically passivated surface.</a> App. Surf. Sci. 63 (1-4), 306-311 (1993).</li><li>Meier, D. L., Page, M. R., Iwaniczko, E., Xu, Y., Wang, Q., Branz, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+surface+recombination+velocities+for+thermal+oxide+and+amorphous+silicon+on+float+zone+silicon.">Determination of surface recombination velocities for thermal oxide and amorphous silicon on float zone silicon.</a> , (2007).</li><li>Chhabra, B., Bowden, S., Opila, R. L., Honsberg, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+effective+minority+carrier+lifetime+on+silicon+substrates+using+quinhydrone-methanol+passivation.">High effective minority carrier lifetime on silicon substrates using quinhydrone-methanol passivation.</a> App. Phys. Lett. 96 (6), 063502 (2010).</li><li>Chhabra, B., Weiland, C., Opila, R. L., Honsberg, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+characterization+of+quinhydrone-methanol+and+iodine-methanol+passivated+silicon+substrates+using+X-ray+photoelectron+spectroscopy.">Surface characterization of quinhydrone-methanol and iodine-methanol passivated silicon substrates using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.</a> Phys. Stat. Sol. (a). 208 (1), 86-90 (2011).</li><li>Yablonovitch, E., Allara, D. L., Chang, C. C., Gmitter, T., Bright, T. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unusually+low+surface+recombination+velocity+on+silicon+and+germanium+surfaces.">Unusually low surface recombination velocity on silicon and germanium surfaces.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 57 (2), 249-252 (1986).</li><li>Grant, N. E., McIntosh, K. R., Tan, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+bulk+lifetime+of+silicon+wafers+by+immersion+in+hydrofluoric+acid+and+illumination.">Evaluation of the bulk lifetime of silicon wafers by immersion in hydrofluoric acid and illumination.</a> J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 1 (2), P55-P61 (2012).</li><li>Grant, N. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+enhanced+hydrofluoric+acid+passivation+for+evaluating+silicon+bulk+lifetimes.">Light enhanced hydrofluoric acid passivation for evaluating silicon bulk lifetimes.</a> 28.th. European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference. , 883-887 (2013).</li><li>Grant, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Surface passivation and characterization of crystalline silicon by wet chemical treatments. , (2012).</li><li>Kern, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+evolution+of+silicon+wafer+cleaning+technology.">The evolution of silicon wafer cleaning technology.</a> J. Electrochem. Soc. 137 (6), 1887-1892 (1990).</li><li>Angermann, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wet-chemical+passivation+of+atomically+flat+and+structured+silicon+substrates+for+solar+cell+application.">Wet-chemical passivation of atomically flat and structured silicon substrates for solar cell application.</a> App. Surf. Sci. 254 (12), 3615-3625 (2008).</li><li>Angermann, H., Henrion, W., Rseler, A., Rebien, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wet-chemical+passivation+of+Si(111)-+and+Si(100)-substrates.">Wet-chemical passivation of Si(111)- and Si(100)-substrates.</a> Mat. Sci. Eng. B. 73 ((1-3)), 178-183 (2000).</li><li>Bertagna, V., Plougonven, C., Rouelle, F., Chemla, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=p-+and+n-type+silicon+electrochemical+properties+in+dilute+hydrofluoric+acid+solutions.">p- and n-type silicon electrochemical properties in dilute hydrofluoric acid solutions.</a> J. Electrochem. Soc. 143 (11), 3532-3538 (1996).</li><li>Bertagna, V., Erre, R., Rouelle, F., Chemla, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ionic+components+dependence+of+the+charge+transfer+reactions+at+the+silicon/HF+solution+interface.">Ionic components dependence of the charge transfer reactions at the silicon/HF solution interface.</a> J. Solid State Electrochem. 4 (1), 42-51 (1999).</li><li>Kolasinski, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanism+of+Si+etching+in+fluoride+solutions.">The mechanism of Si etching in fluoride solutions.</a> Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 5 (6), 1270-1278 (2003).</li><li>Trucks, G. W., Raghavachari, K., Higashi, G. S., Chabal, Y. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+HF+etching+of+silicon+surfaces:+A+theoretical+understanding+of+hydrogen+passivation.">Mechanism of HF etching of silicon surfaces: A theoretical understanding of hydrogen passivation.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (4), 504-507 (1990).</li><li>Zhang, X. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Electrochemistry of silicon and its oxide. , (2001).</li></ol>

Den vellykkede gennemførelse af bulk silicium måling levetid teknikken beskrevet ovenfor er baseret på tre kritiske trin, (i) kemisk rensning og ætsning af silicium wafers, (ii) nedsænkning i en 15% HF-opløsning og (iii) belysning i 1 min 17, 18,19. Uden disse trin, ikke kan måles hovedparten levetid med sikkerhed. Da måleteknik udføres ved stuetemperatur, overfladen passivering kvalitet er meget modtagelige for overfladeforurening (metaller, organiske film). Således til...

Høj levetid (&gt; 1 ms) monokrystallinsk silicium bliver stadig vigtigere for højeffektive solceller. Forståelse af rekombination karakteristika af indlejrede urenheder har været og er stadig et vigtigt emne. En af de mest udbredte teknikker til at undersøge rekombination aktivitet af voksne i defekter, er ved en photoconductance metode 1. Ved denne teknik er det ofte vanskeligt at helt adskilt overflade fra bulk-rekombination, hvilket gør det vanskeligt at undersøge de rekombination karakteristika voksne i defekter. Heldigvis findes der flere dielektriske film, der kan opnå meget lave effektive overflade rekombinations hastigheder (S EFF) af &lt;5 cm / sek, og således effektivt hæmmer overflade rekombination. Disse er, siliciumnitrid (SiN x: H) 2, aluminiumoxid (Al 2 O 3) 3 og amorft silicium (a-Si: H) 4. Aflejring og ennealing temperaturer (~ 400 ° C) af disse dielektriske film anses for at være lav nok til ikke at permanent deaktivere rekombinationsaktivitet af voksne i defekter. Eksempler på dette er de jern-bor 5 og bor ilt 6 defekter. Men for nylig blev det konstateret, ledig-oxygen- og ledig-fosfor defekter i n -type Czochralski (CZ) silicium kan helt deaktiveres ved temperaturer på 250-350 ° C 7,8. Ligeledes en defekt i float-zone (FZ) p -type silicium fandtes at deaktivere ved ~ 250 ° C 9. Derfor kan konventionelle passivering teknikker såsom plasmaforstærket kemisk dampudfældning (PECVD) og atomare lag deposition (ALD) ikke være egnet til inhibering af overfladen rekombination at undersøge voksne i løs defekter. Endvidere sin x: H og a-Si: H film er blevet vist at deaktivere silikonemasse defekter ved hydrogenering 10,11. Derfor at undersøge rekombinationsaktivitet o<html> f vokset i defekter, ville en RT overfladepassivering teknik være ideelt. Vådkemisk overfladepassivering opfylder dette krav. I 1990&#39;erne Horanyi et al. Viste, at nedsænkning af siliciumskiver i iod-ethanol (IE) opløsninger tilvejebringer et middel til at passivere siliciumskiver, opnå S eff &lt;10 cm / sek 12. I 2007 Meier et al. Har vist, at iod-methanol (IM) løsninger kan reducere overfladen rekombination til 7 cm / sek 13, mens i 2009 Chhabra et al. Viste, at S eff af 5 cm / sek kan opnås ved at nedsænke siliciumskiver i Kinhydron-methanol (QM) opløsninger 14,15. På trods af den fremragende overfladepassivering opnås ved IE, IM og QM løsninger, de ikke giver tilstrækkelig overfladepassivering (S eff &lt;5 cm / sek) for at måle hovedparten levetid høj renhed silicium wafers. nt &quot;&gt; Et andet middel til at opnå et højt niveau af overfladevand passivering er ved at nedsænke siliciumskiver i HF syre. Begrebet bruge HF til at passivere silicium wafers blev først introduceret af Yablonavitch et al. i 1986, der viste en rekordlav S eff af 0,25 ± 0,5 cm / sek 16. Selvom fremragende overflade passivering blev opnået på høje resistivitet wafers, vi har fundet teknikken til at være ikke-gentagelig, således at tilføje en stor usikkerhed til levetiden målingen. Derfor at begrænse usikkerheden ved konsekvent at opnå en meget lav S eff (~ 1 cm / sek), har vi udviklet et nyt HF passivering teknik, der inkorporerer tre kritiske trin, (i) kemisk rensning og ætsning af silicium wafers, (ii) nedsænkning i en 15% HF-opløsning og (iii) belysning til 1 min 17,18. Denne procedure er både enkel og tidsbesparende i forhold til den traditionelle PECVD og ALD aflejringsteknikker anført ovenfor.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrofluoric acid (48%)</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore,&#160; &#160;http://www.merckmillipore.com/AU/en/product/Hydrofluoric-acid-48%25,MDA_CHEM-100334</td>
			<td>1003340500</td>
			<td>Harmful and toxic. Any supplier could be used provided the chemical is Analytical Reagent (AR) grade.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid 32%, AR</td>
			<td>ACI Labscan, http://www.rcilabscan.com/modules/productview.php?product_id=1985</td>
			<td>107209</td>
			<td>Harmful and toxic. Any supplier could be used provided the chemical is Analytical Reagent (AR) grade.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonia (30%) Solution AR</td>
			<td>Chem-supply, https://www.chemsupply.com.au/aa005-500m</td>
			<td>AA005</td>
			<td>Harmful and toxic. Any supplier could be used provided the chemical is Analytical Reagent (AR) grade.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen Peroxide (30%)</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore, http://www.merckmillipore.com/AU/en/product/Hydrogen-peroxide-30%25,MDA_CHEM-107209</td>
			<td>1072092500</td>
			<td>Harmful and toxic. Any supplier could be used provided the chemical is Analytical Reagent (AR) grade.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (25% in H2O)</td>
			<td>J.T Baker, https://us.vwr.com/store/catalog/product.jsp?product_id=4562992</td>
			<td>5879-03</td>
			<td>Harmful and toxic. Any supplier could be used provided the chemical is Analytical Reagent (AR) grade.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>640 mL round plastic container</td>
			<td>Sistema, http://sistemaplastics.com/products/klip-it-round/640ml-round</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>This is a good container for storing the 15% HF solution in.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WCT-120 lifetime tester</td>
			<td>Sinton Instruments, http://www.sintoninstruments.com/Sinton-Instruments-WCT-120.html</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dell workstation with Microsoft Office Pro, Data acquisition card and software including Sinton Software under existing license.</td>
			<td>Sinton Instruments, http://www.sintoninstruments.com</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halogen optical lamp, ELH 300W, 120V</td>
			<td>OSRAM Sylvania, http://www.sylvania.com/en-us/products/halogen/Pages/default.aspx</td>
			<td>54776</td>
			<td>Any equivalent lamp could be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Voltage power source</td>
			<td>Home made power supply</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Any power supply could be used provided it can produce up to 90 Volts and 1-5 Amps.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conductivity meter</td>
			<td>WTW, http://www.wtw.de/uploads/media/US_L_07_Cond_038_049_I_02.pdf</td>
			<td>LF330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

light enhanced hydrofluoric acid passivation: a sensitive technique for detecting bulk silicon defects

En procedure til måling af bulk-levetid (&gt; 100 psek) af siliciumskiver ved midlertidigt at opnå et meget højt overfladepassivering når nedsænke vaflerne i flussyre (HF) er præsenteret. Ved denne fremgangsmåde er nødvendigt med tre kritiske trin at nå hovedparten levetid. For det første, før nedsænkning siliciumskiver til HF, de er kemisk renset og efterfølgende ætset i 25% tetramethylammoniumhydroxid. For det andet er de kemisk behandlede skiver anbringes derefter i en stor plastikbeholder fyldt med en blanding af HF og saltsyre, og derefter centreret over en induktiv spole til photoconductance (PC) målinger. For det tredje, for at inhibere overfladen rekombination og måle hovedparten levetid, er vaflerne belyst ved 0,2 sole i 1 minut under anvendelse af en halogenlampe, er belysningen slukket, og en PC måling straks taget. Ved denne fremgangsmåde, kan egenskaberne af råsilicium fejl bestemmes nøjagtigt. Pelsdere, forventes det, at en følsom RT overflade passivering teknik vil være bydende nødvendigt for behandlingen bulk-silicium fejl, når deres koncentration er lav (&lt;10 12 cm -3).

Figur 1a viser et skematisk og Figur 1B viser et fotografi af forsøgsopstillingen. Når en siliciumskive nedsænkes i HF opløsningen, anbringes efterfølgende på levetiden testeren fase og en måling udføres (før belysning), en levetid kurve, som er begrænset af overfladen rekombination vil resultere, som det fremgår af de blå trekanter i figur 2. Men når prøven belyses i 1 min (mens nedsænket i HF), som vist i figur 1, og en...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Light Enhanced Hydrofluoric Acid Passivation: A Sensitive Technique for Detecting Bulk Silicon Defects at JoVE.com

Light Enhanced Hydrofluoric Acid Passivation: A Sensitive Technique for Detecting Bulk Silicon Defects

Lys Enhanced Flussyre Acid Passivering: En følsom teknik til påvisning af Bulk Silicon Fejl

En RT væskeoverfladen passivering teknik til at undersøge rekombinationsaktivitet af bulk silicium defekter er beskrevet. For teknikken at være en succes, er tre kritiske trin kræves: (i) kemisk rensning og ætsning af silicium, (ii) neddypning af silicium i 15% flussyre og (iii) belysning til 1 min.

A procedure to measure the bulk lifetime (&#62;100 &#181;sec) of silicon wafers by temporarily attaining a very high level of surface passivation when ...

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Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping

Silicium-oxid-halvleder Quantum Dots for Single-elektron Pumpning

As mass-produced silicon transistors have reached the nano-scale, their behavior and performances are increasingly affected, and often deteriorated, by ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

Integration af Light fældefangst Sølv Nanostrukturer i hydrogeneret Mikrokrystallinsk silicium solceller ved Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Udskrivning Fabrikation af Bulk heterojunction solceller og<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Morfologi Karakterisering

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Fabrication and Operation of Acoustofluidic Devices Supporting Bulk Acoustic Standing Waves for Sheathless Focusing of Particles

Fabrikation og drift af Acoustofluidic Devices Støtte Bulk Acoustic stående bølger for Sheathless Fokusering af partikler

Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must ...