Name: using digital image correlation to characterize local strains on vascular tissue specimens
Uploaded: 2016-01-24T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Digital Image Correlation to Characterize Local Strains on Vascular Tissue Specimens at JoVE.com

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NOT: Aşağıda açıklanan prosedürleri Columbia University of South Carolina, Güney Carolina Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Kurulu tarafından onaylanan protokol kapsamında gerçekleştirilmiştir. 1. Doku Toplama ve diseksiyonu <ol><li> Doku diseksiyonu önce tüm cerrahi aletler sterilize edin. Otoklav cerrahi makas ve ince forseps standart olarak 15 dakika boyunca 15 psi&#39;lik basınç ve 121 ° C sıcaklık altında cerrahi bıçaklar. </li><li> Taze domuz (7 aylık Landrace erkeklerde, 60-70 k...

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Önceki çalışmalar örnek zorlanma 18,20,21,23,24 değerlendirmek için boya izleme, video yöntemleri geniş bir yelpazede kullanılan-olmasına rağmen, bugünkü amacı değerlendirilmesi için 2D-DIC ile çift tek eksenli çekme testi için kapsamlı bir metodoloji sağlamaktır vasküler doku örnekleri üzerinde yüzey suşları. Numune tek eksenli yükleme uğrar gibi yüksek çözünürlüklü kamera ve in-house görüntü analizi yazılımı ile, gerilme alanı önceden belirlenmiş bir yüzey bö...

50 yılı aşkın bir araştırma zengin tarihi vasküler dokularda mekanik özelliklerini miktarının üzerinde yoğunlaştı. Bu çalışmalar daha iyi, kan damarlarının fizyolojik ve patolojik davranış hem anlama etkinliği / endovasküler cihazların uyumluluğunu ve yardım tasarımı ve mühendislik vasküler imalat 1-6 yapıları değerlendirmek için bir temel sağlamaktayız. Yumuşak doku ve mekanik özelliklerinin kurucu modelleme mekanik yanıtın doğru ölçülmesi özünde çoğu doku tipleri tarafından sergilenen mekanik heterojenite, anizotropide ve doğrusal olmama nedeniyle zordur. Ayrıca, deneysel ölçümler genellikle yerel mekanik test sırasında numune kavrama arayüzleri tanıtıldı karmaşıklıklar (örneğin, bükme, sürtünme, stres konsantrasyonları, sulanma) ve doku canlı hayvan kesilip sonra mekanik özelliklerinin kaçınılmaz geçişle şaşırmış edilir. &lt;/ p&gt; Bir tek eksenli çekme deneyi sert bir malzemeden yapılmış bir örnek üzerinde gerçekleştirilebilir basit mekanik testler arasında ve genellikle vasküler dokunun mekanik yanıtını değerlendirmek için kullanılır. Bu deneylerin sonuçları yerli ve mühendislik doku kaynakları için yararlı ön bilgi sağlamak ve damar duvarının 7-11 mekanik davranışına bazı tedaviler, hastalık durumları veya farmakolojik bileşiklerin etkilerini karşılaştırmak için de kullanılabilir. Yumuşak dokuların tek eksenli mekanik test tipik olarak en yaygın olarak köpek kemiği veya halka 7,8,12-14 şeklinde nispeten düzgün geometriye sahip numuneler üzerinde gerçekleştirilir. Ancak, bu idealize edilmiş geometriler gelen önemli ayrılma nedeniyle test sistemi içinde doku diseksiyonu, izolasyon ve sıkma ile ilişkili zorluklar oluşabilir. Geometri herhangi düzensizlik sonuçta heterojen stres ve gerginlik sebebiyet verecekalanları Örnek gerçek örnek şekline bağlıdır heterojenlik, yanı sıra örnek büyüklüğüne (kulpları göre) malzemenin 9,15,16 mekanik özelliklerinin derecesi ile tek eksenli uzatma gücüne tabi tutulduğunda. Alan heterojenliklerdir önemli olduğunda, göreceli kavrama pozisyonlarına dayalı örnek gerilme hesaplamaları yanlış ve mekanik davranışları değerlendirmek için böylece yetersiz temelidir. Video analiz sistemleri yaygın sık numune yüzeyine 17,18 uygulanan yüksek kontrastlı boya işaretlerini kullanarak, yumuşak dokuların gerilme ölçümleri için kullanılmıştır. Dijital görüntü korelasyon deformasyon öncesi ve sonrası, numune yüzeyi üzerinde gri seviye yoğunluk değerlerini karşılaştırarak tam-alan yüzey gerilimini ölçen bir optik metrolojik teknik, yumuşak doku 19-21 analizleri video bağlantılı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Dijital görüntü korelasyon çeşitli avantajları interferometr kıyasla vardırölçümler için kullanılabilir ic yöntemleri. İlk olarak, bir temassız ölçüm tekniği olarak, bu ölçüm sistemi numune etki biçimi nedeniyle malzeme özellikleri modifiye karıştırıcı etkilerini en aza indirir. İkincisi, çok daha az sıkı ölçüm ortamı gerektirir ve diğer yöntemlere göre daha hassasiyet ve çözünürlük, daha geniş bir yelpazesine sahiptir. Üçüncüsü, görüş tam bir alanı yakalama yeteneği ile donatılmış, bu teknik ortalama ve yerel mekanik yanıtları hem karakterize olabilir. Yöntemin ayrıntılı bir açıklama için, okuyucular Sutton 22 kitabını görmek için teşvik edilir. Numune yüzeyindeki gerilme alanları elde etmek için, iki boyutlu dijital görüntü korelasyon tekniği (2D-DIC) kullanılabilir. Kısacası, numune görüntüleri yüksüz ve çeşitli yüklü devletler yakalanır. Ilk görüntü sonraki hesaplanması için bir örgü oluşturan altkümelerini (M × M piksel) olarak adlandırılan küçük karelere bölünmüş2B gerilme alanları. Deforme örnekte her karenin pozisyonu bir görüntü eşleştirme algoritması kullanılarak elde edilir. Her bir karenin hareketi daha sonra polinom uydurma ya da sonlu elemanlar enterpolasyon dahil çeşitli yöntemlerle yoluyla deformasyon degradeler ve suşları türetmek için kullanılabilir deplasman alanları verimli, görüntü-by-görüntü izlenir. Mevcut yazıda, tek eksenli çekme testi ve 2D-DIC entegrasyonu yoluyla yerli vasküler dokularda yüzey gerilme alanlarının değerlendirilmesi için ayrıntılı bir metodoloji sağlamaktadır.

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		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using digital image correlation to characterize local strains on vascular tissue specimens

Characterization of the mechanical behavior of biological and engineered soft tissues is a central component of fundamental biomedical research and product development. Stress-strain relationships are typically obtained from mechanical testing data to enable comparative assessment among samples and in some cases identification of constitutive mechanical properties. However, errors may be introduced through the use of average strain measures, as significant heterogeneity in the strain field may result from geometrical non-uniformity of the sample and stress concentrations induced by mounting/gripping of soft tissues within the test system. When strain field heterogeneity is significant, accurate assessment of the sample mechanical response requires measurement of local strains. This study demonstrates a novel biomechanical testing protocol for calculating local surface strains using a mechanical testing device coupled with a high resolution camera and a digital image correlation technique. A series of sample surface images are acquired and then analyzed to quantify the local surface strain of a vascular tissue specimen subjected to ramped uniaxial loading. This approach can improve accuracy in experimental vascular biomechanics and has potential for broader use among other native soft tissues, engineered soft tissues, and soft hydrogel/polymeric materials. In the video, we demonstrate how to set up the system components and perform a complete experiment on native vascular tissue.

Damar dokusu üzerinde rampalı tek eksenli uzatma testinden elde edilen mekanik veriler, belirli bir deplasman hızında uygulanan numune değiştirme ilişkileri karşı yük oluşur. Bu çalışmada, tek eksenli mekanik test ile bağlantılı olarak 2D-DIC, çeşitli deforme Birleşik Devletler &#39;dikey yönde eden yüzey streyn alanları ölçmek için kullanılır. Vasküler doku viskoelastik yapısı mekanik önkoşullamanın önce yük-deplasman eğrileri histerezis önemli dere...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Digital Image Correlation to Characterize Local Strains on Vascular Tissue Specimens at JoVE.com

Using Digital Image Correlation to Characterize Local Strains on Vascular Tissue Specimens

Dijital Görüntü Korelasyon kullanma Vasküler Doku Örneklerinin Yerel düzensizliğin karakterize etmek

We describe the use of digital image correlation to characterize the local surface strain field on vascular tissue samples subjected to uniaxial tensile testing. These measurements facilitate precise quantification of the sample mechanical response and the generation of constitutive stress-strain relations.

Characterization of the mechanical behavior of biological and engineered soft tissues is a central component of fundamental biomedical research and ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to characterize the local surface strain field on vascular tissue samples. This is accomplished using a digital image correlation technique with uniaxial tensile testing. This method can help answer key questions in the field of soft tissue mechanics and specifically provide information to identify and invalidate increasingly sophisticated computational and mathematical models of vascular tissue.The main advantage of this technique that facilitates precise quantification of a strain field heterogeinity on the sample surface, which is a function of inherent material properties, symbol geometry and employed testing modality. As soon as the tissue arrives at the lab, isolate the abdominal aorta from surrounding tissue using surgical scissors and forceps. Then, wash the vessel three times using a syringe filled with PBS.Following the washes, use scissors and forceps to remove as much perivascular tissue as possible, without compromising the integrity of the sample. Then, onto the middle section of the vessel, position a sharp razor blade, perpendicular to the vessel's longitudinal axis and chop the vessel three times to make two ring samples. Next, position a blade onto one of the rings to make a radial cut.Firmly slice the ring to make a strip shaped sample for uniaxial mechanical testing. Do this to both rings. Temporarily store the two samples in a 100 mm glass petri dish submerged in PBS.To speckle the sample surface have an air brush ready to spray tissue marking dye. Connect the air brush to a pressure valve set to produce 100 psi. Next, add the tissue marking dye.The nozzle diameter must be calibrated for speckle diameters between 60 and 100 microns. Then, spray tissue marking dye on the intimal surface of the sample for approximately five seconds. Do this three times to ensure that the speckle pattern uniformly covers the sample surface.To begin, mount the sample to the testing apparatus. First, attach each end of the sample to a plastic strip using a tissue adhesive. Place plastic on both the top and bottom of the sample with the adhesive, making a sandwich.Place the sample flat on a tissue cutting board then measure it's dimensions using a digital caliper. Next, initiate the system controls for the test apparatus. On the system control's home screen, select waveform on the task bar located on the set up tab.Then, adjust the position of the upper grip of the mechanical tester to negative four mm to provide a 4 mm extension relative to the designated initial position in the system. Now, gently secure one plastic strip into the upper grip of the mechanical tester and allow the sample to hang freely. Next, adjust the position of the lower grip so that the free end of the sample can be secured without extension.Then, gently secure the plastic strip attached to the free end, into the lower grip of the tester. With the sample mounted, zero the system load cell. Then measure the length of the sample and use this as the reference length when calculating global circumferential strains.Now, in the software control, enter the mechanical testing protocol. Here, four uniaxial displacement cycles are applied. Each cycle extends the sample length by 18 percent at a displacement rate of 0.01 mm per second.To document the test, take a photo every few seconds. Position a camera 1.5 m from the loading frame, perpendicular to the sample and focus it on the sample. In the image capture software, in the option select system"select PGR2, then set the project path to save the images to be analyzed.Click the time square icon and specify the acquisition interval as 5 seconds. Now, import the image obtained. Zoom in on an individual speckle and then count the number of pixels within this individual speckle.After verifying the quality of the speckle pattern, simultaneously click the run"icon in the system and the start"icon in the image capture software to start the test. Throughout the protocol, intermittently spray PBS on the sample so it does not dry out. However, do this whenever it is in the unloaded state not during data acquisition.After opening the image analysis software, click the speckle images"tab and select all images which need to be analyzed. Then, click on the rectangle tool and select the area of interest in the first image. Next, enter a 31 by 31 pixel subset size and a step size of five pixels.Now click the start analysis"tab in the software and set the interpolation to be an optimized 8 trap. Also, set the criterion as zero normalized square differences and the subset weights option as Gaucian. Check the threshold options.They should be on the default. Next, click on the post processing sub tab under the start analysis tab. Select the option, string computation"and leave filter size and type of filter as the default.Set the tensor type to Lagrange. Finally, select the data tab and then select an analyzed image to visualize the surface strain field. 2D DIC in conjunction with uniaxial mechanical testing, was used to measure the surface strain field of a vascular tissue specimen, at various deformed states.The viscoelastic nature of the tissue was notable by the degree of hysteresis in the low displacement curves prior to the mechanical preconditioning. However, with preconditioning, the hysteresis was gradually diminished. As expected, the local circumferential strain values increased with applied sample displacement.Circumferential strain was generally less near the center of the sample as compared to near the sample grip interface. In the longitudinal direction, the resultant, non-uniform compressive strain on the sample intimal surface increased as the sample was gradually extended. The color changes within the contours for the full field strain measurements, clearly show the high heterogeneous nature of the aorta when subjected to nominally, uniaxial tensile loading.The coefficients of variation of the surface strain fields in orthogonal directions were then calculated in each experimental state. The variation in the surface strain was found to have an inverse relationship with the samples extension. The high level of heterogeneity in the material response is quantified in the table by the coefficent of variation, or CV.After watching this video, you should have good understanding of how to quantify the local surface mechanical response using digital image correlation coupled with uniaxial tensile testing of vascular tissue samples.After it's development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of soft tissue mechanics to explore physiological, pathological and modulated mechanical response of vascular tissue.

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