Name: using saccadometry with deep brain stimulation to study normal and pathological brain function
Uploaded: 2016-07-14T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function at JoVE.com

Dr. Antoniades was supported by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) and by the Dementias and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Network (DENDRON) and by the Wellcome Trust. Dr FitzGerald was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre.

Le comité d&#39;éthique local a approuvé cette étude et a informé consenti a été obtenue à partir des participants comme détaillé ci-dessous dans la section 1. 1. Participant Consentement <ol><li> Fournir aux participants une fiche d&#39;information qui explique en détail ce que la séance d&#39;essais comprendra. </li><li> Après que les participants ont la possibilité de lire et de discuter des questions, des préoccupations ou d&#39;autres questions liées à leur participat...

<ol>
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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hand-Held+system+for+ambulatory+measurement+of+saccadic+durations+of+neurological+patients.+.">Hand-Held system for ambulatory measurement of saccadic durations of neurological patients. .</a> Modelling and Measurement in Medicine. , (2003).</li><li>Temperli, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+do+parkinsonian+signs+return+after+discontinuation+of+subthalamic+DBS.">How do parkinsonian signs return after discontinuation of subthalamic DBS.</a> Neurology. 60, 78-81 (2003).</li><li>Antoniades, C. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+abolishes+slowing+of+reactions+to+unlikely+stimuli.">Deep brain stimulation abolishes slowing of reactions to unlikely stimuli.</a> J Neurosci. 34, 10844-10852 (2014).</li><li>Rivaud-Pechoux, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improvement+of+memory+guided+saccades+in+parkinsonian+patients+by+high+frequency+subthalamic+nucleus+stimulation.">Improvement of memory guided saccades in parkinsonian patients by high frequency subthalamic nucleus stimulation.</a> J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 68, 381-384 (2000).</li><li>Takikawa, Y., Kawagoe, R., Itoh, H., Nakahara, H., Hikosaka, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+saccadic+eye+movements+by+predicted+reward+outcome.">Modulation of saccadic eye movements by predicted reward outcome.</a> Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. 142, 284-291 (2002).</li><li>Dorris, M. C., Munoz, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+neural+correlate+for+the+gap+effect+on+saccadic+reaction+times+in+monkey.">A neural correlate for the gap effect on saccadic reaction times in monkey.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 73, 2558-2562 (1995).</li><li>Hanes, D. P., Schall, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Countermanding+saccades+in+macaque.">Countermanding saccades in macaque.</a> Visual Neuroscience. 12, 929-937 (1995).</li><li>Opris, I., Barborica, A., Ferrera, V. 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Le facteur le plus important dans l&#39;obtention de données saccades de bonne qualité est de veiller à ce que les instructions données au participant sont claires et précises. Par exemple, si les instructions pour la tâche antisaccadic ne sont pas tout à fait clair, le participant est susceptible d&#39;exécuter prosaccades à la place. Les enregistrements peuvent également être gâtés si le participant ne peut pas voir clairement les stimuli ou l&#39;saccadometer ne peut pas mesurer avec précision la positi...

Ces dernières années , il y a eu un intérêt croissant pour l&#39;utilisation des mesures de temps de réaction comme une manière quantitative et non invasive d&#39;obtenir des informations sur les mécanismes de haut niveau de prise de décision 1 neural. Un type de temps de réaction qui a été largement étudié est le temps nécessaire pour initier une saccade sur présentation d&#39;un stimulus visuel, connu sous le nom de latence des saccades. Les saccades sont les mouvements oculaires rapides qui se produisent quand on passe rapidement notre regard d&#39;un endroit à l&#39;autre. Ils sont le type le plus courant des mouvements oculaires que nous faisons, se produisant à une fréquence typiquement deux ou trois par seconde. Chaque saccade est en effet une décision de regarder un repère dans le monde visuel plutôt qu&#39;une autre 2. Les voies neuronales contrôlant les mouvements oculaires ont été largement étudiés et sont assez bien documentées 3. L&#39;utilisation d&#39;équipements électroniques sensibles, les aspects de la fonction oculomotrice peuvent être précisément et objectively quantifié. Cela facilite l&#39;étude détaillée des mouvements oculaires eux-mêmes, mais leur permet également d&#39;être utilisé comme un outil pour enquêter sur d&#39;autres domaines de la neurophysiologie et la physiopathologie. mesure du mouvement des yeux peut fournir des informations utiles sur les états pathologiques. Mouvements oculaires saccadés ont récemment, par exemple, a reçu beaucoup d&#39; attention en tant que biomarqueurs potentiels dans les maladies neurodégénératives , y compris les maladies de Huntington et de Parkinson 4,5 6,7, et il est bien établi que les temps de réaction saccadés ont tendance à être plus lente que la normale dans ces conditions. Les utilisations potentielles de mesure saccades comprennent les aides au diagnostic et au suivi de la maladie. tâches saccadés vont de la simple prosaccade (recherche le plus rapidement possible vers un stimulus visuel apparaissant soudainement à gauche ou à droite) pour des tâches plus complexes telles que la antisaccade (recherche le plus rapidement possible vers le côté opposé à un stimulus visuel) ou mémoire- saccade guidée (recherchevers l&#39;emplacement souvenir d&#39;une cible qui est plus là). la stimulation cérébrale profonde est un traitement efficace pour plusieurs maladies neurologiques. Il est le plus couramment utilisé pour traiter les symptômes moteurs de la maladie de Parkinson, y compris les tremblements, la rigidité, la bradykinésie, et la dyskinésie. Il est également utilisé pour d&#39;autres troubles du mouvement, y compris la dystonie et le tremblement essentiel, et moins souvent pour la douleur neuropathique, l&#39;épilepsie et les troubles psychiatriques tels que le trouble obsessionnel compulsif. Il est le seul cadre dans lequel les scientifiques ont accès électrique direct aux structures profondes du cerveau humain in vivo et offre ainsi une occasion précieuse pour la neurologie expérimentale. Une variété de cibles sont stimulés en fonction de l&#39;état à traiter, y compris plusieurs endroits dans les noyaux gris centraux, dont beaucoup sont impliqués dans les voies de oculomoteurs. Cela signifie qu&#39;un grand nombre d&#39;études peut être effectuée en utilisant le système DBS pour fournir une stimulationà un emplacement donné du cerveau et un dispositif de suivi de l&#39;oeil pour enregistrer et analyser les effets. Selon le paradigme expérimental, ces études peuvent donner des informations sur la physiologie de la région stimulée, les effets de la maladie, ou le mécanisme par lequel DBS fonctionne dans ce contexte particulier. Cet article décrit une approche générale pour les tests de saccade oculaire chez les patients atteints de stimulation cérébrale profonde. Plusieurs types d&#39;équipements de suivi de l&#39;oeil sont disponibles. Pour la recherche décrite dans ce protocole un saccadometer portable a été utilisé pour enregistrer horizontaux saccades oculaires. Saccadometers portables ont l&#39;avantage de ne pas nécessiter l&#39; appuie-tête (voir la figure 1), ce qui signifie que les sessions sont plus confortables pour les patients atteints de la maladie de Parkinson, en particulier pour ceux qui souffrent de dyskinésies sévères. Le saccadometer utilisé ici est léger et environ 5 cm de large et 10 cm de hauteur. Le mesu de saccadometerres mouvements oculaires par l&#39;utilisation de oculographie infrarouge directe: une source et un capteur infrarouge placé en face de la médiale utilisation canthus lumière réfléchie par la cornée pour établir la position du globe oculaire de rotation à des intervalles de millisecondes. Afin d&#39;obtenir des données de bonne qualité pour l&#39;analyse de la saccadometer doit prélever des échantillons à un taux d&#39;au moins 1 kHz avec au moins une résolution de 12 bits. Dans le saccadometer utilisé ici stimuli visuels étaient trois rouges 13 cd m -2 taches de lumière produite par construit dans les lasers de faible puissance, chaque tache sous - tendant certains 0,1 degrés, avec une tache sur la ligne médiane et les deux autres à ± 10 degrés (c. à droite et à gauche). <img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53640/53640fig1.jpg" /> Figure 1. Le Saccadometer. Head monté saccadometer attaché à une bande élastique et reposant sur ​​le pont du nez. Quatre lasers miniatures projettent cible visuelles sur une surface mate, et les mouvements des yeux du participant sont mesurées par différentiels transducteurs de réflectance infrarouge du côté nasal de chaque oeil. Comme les cibles laser se déplacent avec la tête, les appuie-tête ne sont pas nécessaires. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53640/53640fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">S&#39;il vous plaît cliquer ici pour voir une version plus grande de cette figure.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="88">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Saccadometer device ( Ober Consulting Poland)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer with Windows environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software, Latency Meter for downloading the raw data from the saccadometer.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using saccadometry with deep brain stimulation to study normal and pathological brain function

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's and Huntington's can disrupt it. People with Parkinson's disease, for example, tend to have increased saccadic latencies. Consequently, the quantitative measurement of saccadic eye movements has received considerable attention as a potential biomarker for neurodegenerative conditions. A lot more can be learned about the brain in both health and disease by observing what happens to eye movements when the function of specific brain areas is perturbed. Deep brain stimulation is a surgical intervention used for the management of a range of neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, in which stimulating electrodes are placed in specific brain areas including several sites in the basal ganglia. Eye movement measurements can then be made with the stimulator systems both off and on and the results compared. With suitable experimental design, this approach can be used to study the pathophysiology of the disease being treated, the mechanism by which DBS exerts it beneficial effects, and even aspects of normal neurophysiology.

La figure 3 montre un exemple de saccades trajectoires de mouvement des yeux, du patient , de la maladie de Parkinson , avec un noyau subthalamique DBS système implanté. Les deux graphes donnent le tracé des prosaccades du patient avec le système stimulateur déclenché (graphique supérieur) et activé (graphique inférieur). Chaque tracé sur le graphique représente la trajectoire d&#39;un seul saccade, à savoir comment la position de l&#39; oeil en degr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function at JoVE.com

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

This paper describes the use of quantitative measurement of eye movements in conjunction with stimulation of focal areas of the deep brain in order to study physiology, pathophysiology, and the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation.

Utilisation de Saccadometry avec la stimulation cérébrale profonde pour l&#39;étude normale et pathologique fonction cérébrale

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to measure the effects of deep brain stimulation on saccadic eye movements. The combination of deep brain stimulation with saccade measurement provides a tool to study normal and pathological brain function. This method can help answer key questions about the pathophysiology of diseases relating to the basal ganglia.The main advantage of this technique is that it is quantitative and precise, allowing for the accurate detection of subtle abnormalities. These are some of the types of stimulator implants used in deep brain stimulation. They contain a battery and electronics to generate a small electrical stimulus.The stimulus pulses are delivered to precise target locations in the brain using contacts on the end of a wire like this one. Begin by explaining the details of the study and providing the participant with a consent form to sign. Set up the saccadometer so that for each trial the central fixation target is displayed for a random period of 1.0 to 2.0 seconds, after which it is extinguished, and one of the peripheral red targets appears randomly to the right or left.Next, ask the participant to sit 1.5 meters away from a flat matte screen. Place the saccadometer on the participant's head so that it rests on the bridge of the nose and secure with an elastic adjustable strap. Ensure that the ambient lighting is dim so that the stimuli are clearly seen.Then, instruct the participant that the 40 minute testing session consists of five blocks with a one minute break between each block. Prior to the first block, instruct the participant to move their eyes as quickly and accurately as possible in order to follow the red dot jumping from the middle to one side or the other. Explain that they must do this 60 times.Set the saccadometer to generate a sequence of 60 trials, then press the button on the device to start the first block of trials. After the completion of the first block wait one minute before starting the second block. Reset the saccadometer to generate a sequence of 40 trials.Towards the end of the one minute gap, instruct the participant to move their eyes as quickly as possible in the opposite direction of the red dot. Inform them that they will be required to do this 40 times. Then, start the second block of trials.After completion of the second block, wait one minute, then repeat the instructions from the second block two more times for blocks three and four. Finally, after completing the fourth block, wait one minute, then instruct the participants to move their eyes as quickly and accurately as possible to follow the red dot jumping from the middle to one side to the other, exactly as they did in the first block. Reset the saccadometer to generate a sequence of 60 trials and start the final block of trials.Note for participants with deep brain stimulators, or DBS systems, conduct saccadic testing two times. Once with the DBS system running as normal, and a second time with the DBS system turned off. To conduct the off stimulation session, have a trained clinical staff switch off the DBS system 30 minutes prior to testing.Then, complete saccadic testing. Once the session is complete, switch the DBS system back on. To analyze the data, download the raw data from the saccadometer to a computer.Next, use the saccadometer's software program to exclude saccades that are distorted by blinks and head movements. Calculate variables including saccadic latencies, peak velocities, and amplitudes. Here, prosaccadic latency results are shown for a Parkinson's patient after undergoing DBS of the subthalamic nucleus when the DBS is turned on and off.The distribution of saccades is altered when the stimulator is switched on, showing a reduction in the number of long latency saccades, and a corresponding decrease in the mean latency. Once mastered, this technique can be done in about 70 minutes if it is performed properly. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to ensure that the saccadometer is sitting centrally on the bridge of the nose and the room lights are dim.Following this procedure, more advanced saccadic tasks can be used in order to answer additional questions, like how the cognitive control of eye movements is affected by deep brain stimulation. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to use psychodometry in subjects with deep brain stimulator systems. Don't forget that working with lasers can be hazardous, and you should take care to ensure that both the participants and the experimentor don't look directly into the laser beams.

Research

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