Name: protocol of electrochemical test and characterization of aprotic li-o2 battery
Uploaded: 2016-07-12T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol of Electrochemical Test and Characterization of Aprotic Li-O2 Battery at JoVE.com

Research at Argonne National Laboratory was funded by U.S. Department of Energy, FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Office. Use of the Advanced Photon Source and research carried out in the Electron Microscopy Center at Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.

उपयोग करने से पहले सभी प्रासंगिक सामग्री सुरक्षा डाटा शीट (MSDS) से परामर्श करें। इन syntheses में प्रयुक्त रसायनों के कई तीव्रता से विषाक्त और कैंसर हैं। Nanomaterials उनके थोक समकक्ष की तुलना में अतिरिक्त खतरों हो सक?...

<ol>
	<li>Abraham, K. M., Jiang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+polymer+electrolyte-based+rechargeable+lithium/oxygen+battery.">A polymer electrolyte-based rechargeable lithium/oxygen battery.</a> J. Electrochem. Soc. 143, 1-5 (1996).</li><li>Bruce, P. G., Freunberger, S. A., Hardwick, L. J., Tarascon, J. -. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Li-O2+and+Li-S+batteries+with+high+energy+storage.">Li-O2 and Li-S batteries with high energy storage.</a> Nat. Mater. 11, 19-29 (2012).</li><li>Lu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aprotic+and+Aqueous+Li-O2+Batteries.">Aprotic and Aqueous Li-O2 Batteries.</a> Chem. Rev. 114, 5611-5640 (2014).</li><li>Black, R., Adams, B., Nazar, L. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-Aqueous+and+Hybrid+Li-O2+Batteries.">Non-Aqueous and Hybrid Li-O2 Batteries.</a> Adv. Energy Mater. 2, 801-815 (2012).</li><li>Bruce, P. G., Hardwick, L. J., Abraham, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lithium-air+and+lithium-sulfur+batteries.">Lithium-air and lithium-sulfur batteries.</a> MRS Bull. 36, 506-512 (2011).</li><li>Christensen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Critical+Review+of+Li/Air+Batteries.">A Critical Review of Li/Air Batteries.</a> J. Electrochem. Soc. 159, 1-30 (2012).</li><li>Girishkumar, G., McCloskey, B., Luntz, A. C., Swanson, S., Wilcke, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lithium-Air+Battery:+Promise+and+Challenges.">Lithium-Air Battery: Promise and Challenges.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1, 2193-2203 (2010).</li><li>Lu, J., Amine, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+Research+Progress+on+Non-aqueous+Lithium-Air+Batteries+from+Argonne+National+Laboratory.">Recent Research Progress on Non-aqueous Lithium-Air Batteries from Argonne National Laboratory.</a> Energies. 6, 6016-6044 (2013).</li><li>Ding, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+carbon+pore+size+on+the+discharge+capacity+of+Li-O2+batteries.">Influence of carbon pore size on the discharge capacity of Li-O2 batteries.</a> J. Mater. Chem. A. 2, 12433 (2014).</li><li>Nimon, V. Y., Visco, S. J., De Jonghe, L. C., Volfkovich, Y. M., Bograchev, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+and+Experimental+Study+of+Porous+Carbon+Cathodes+in+Li-O2+Cells+with+Non-Aqueous+Electrolyte.">Modeling and Experimental Study of Porous Carbon Cathodes in Li-O2 Cells with Non-Aqueous Electrolyte.</a> ECS Electrochem. Lett. 2, 33-35 (2013).</li><li>Ottakam Thotiyl, M. M., Freunberger, S. A., Peng, Z., Bruce, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Carbon+Electrode+in+Nonaqueous+Li-O2+Cells.">The Carbon Electrode in Nonaqueous Li-O2 Cells.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 494-500 (2012).</li><li>Park, J. -. B., Lee, J., Yoon, C. S., Sun, Y. -. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ordered+Mesoporous+Carbon+Electrodes+for+Li-O2+Batteries.">Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Electrodes for Li-O2 Batteries.</a> Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 5, 13426-13431 (2013).</li><li>Lei, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+porous+carbon+supported+palladium+nanoparticle+catalysts+by+atomic+layer+deposition:+application+for+rechargeable+lithium-O2+battery.">Synthesis of porous carbon supported palladium nanoparticle catalysts by atomic layer deposition: application for rechargeable lithium-O2 battery.</a> Nano Lett. 13, 4182-4189 (2013).</li><li>Lu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+the+size-selective+silver+clusters+on+lithium+peroxide+morphology+in+lithium-oxygen+batteries.">Effect of the size-selective silver clusters on lithium peroxide morphology in lithium-oxygen batteries.</a> Nat. Commun. 5, 4895 (2014).</li><li>Lu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+nanostructured+cathode+architecture+for+low+charge+overpotential+in+lithium-oxygen+batteries.">A nanostructured cathode architecture for low charge overpotential in lithium-oxygen batteries.</a> Nat. Commun. 4, 2383 (2013).</li><li>Lu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+characterization+of+uniformly+dispersed+Fe3O4/Fe+nanocomposite+on+porous+carbon:+application+for+rechargeable+Li-O2+batteries.">Synthesis and characterization of uniformly dispersed Fe3O4/Fe nanocomposite on porous carbon: application for rechargeable Li-O2 batteries.</a> RSC Adv. 3, 8276-8285 (2013).</li><li>Luo, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pd+nanoparticles+on+ZnO-passivated+porous+carbon+by+atomic+layer+deposition:+an+effective+electrochemical+catalyst+for+Li-O2+battery.">Pd nanoparticles on ZnO-passivated porous carbon by atomic layer deposition: an effective electrochemical catalyst for Li-O2 battery.</a> Nanotechnology. 26, 164003 (2015).</li><li>Freunberger, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Lithium-Oxygen+Battery+with+Ether-Based+Electrolytes.">The Lithium-Oxygen Battery with Ether-Based Electrolytes.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 8609-8613 (2011).</li><li>Laoire, C. O., Mukerjee, S., Abraham, K. M., Plichta, E. J., Hendrickson, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Nonaqueous+Solvents+on+the+Electrochemistry+of+Oxygen+in+the+Rechargeable+Lithium-Air+Battery.">Influence of Nonaqueous Solvents on the Electrochemistry of Oxygen in the Rechargeable Lithium-Air Battery.</a> J. Phys. Chem. C. 114, 9178-9186 (2010).</li><li>McCloskey, B. D., Bethune, D. S., Shelby, R. M., Girishkumar, G., Luntz, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solvents'+Critical+Rope+in+Nonaqueous+Lithium-Oxygen+Battery+Electrochemistry.">Solvents' Critical Rope in Nonaqueous Lithium-Oxygen Battery Electrochemistry.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 1161-1166 (2011).</li><li>Assary, R. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular-Level+Insights+into+the+Reactivity+of+Siloxane-Based+Electrolytes+at+a+Lithium-Metal+Anode.">Molecular-Level Insights into the Reactivity of Siloxane-Based Electrolytes at a Lithium-Metal Anode.</a> ChemPhysChem. 15, 2077-2083 (2014).</li><li>Du, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compatibility+of+lithium+salts+with+solvent+of+the+non-aqueous+electrolyte+in+Li-O2+batteries.">Compatibility of lithium salts with solvent of the non-aqueous electrolyte in Li-O2 batteries.</a> Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 5572-5581 (2013).</li><li>Aleshin, G. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protected+anodes+for+lithium-air+batteries.">Protected anodes for lithium-air batteries.</a> Solid State Ion. 184, 62-64 (2011).</li><li>Assary, R. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Effect+of+Oxygen+Crossover+on+the+Anode+of+a+Li-O2+Battery+using+an+Ether-Based+Solvent:+Insights+from+Experimental+and+Computational+Studies.">The Effect of Oxygen Crossover on the Anode of a Li-O2 Battery using an Ether-Based Solvent: Insights from Experimental and Computational Studies.</a> ChemSusChem. 6, 51-55 (2013).</li><li>Aurbach, D., Zinigrad, E., Cohen, Y., Teller, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+short+review+of+failure+mechanisms+of+lithium+metal+and+lithiated+graphite+anodes+in+liquid+electrolyte+solutions.">A short review of failure mechanisms of lithium metal and lithiated graphite anodes in liquid electrolyte solutions.</a> Solid State Ion. 148, 405-416 (2002).</li><li>Dey, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lithium+Anode+Film+And+Organic+And+Inorganic+Electrolyte+Batteries.">Lithium Anode Film And Organic And Inorganic Electrolyte Batteries.</a> Thin Solid Films. 43, 131-171 (1977).</li><li>Lau, K. C., Lu, J., Luo, X., Curtiss, L. A., Amine, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implications+of+the+Unpaired+Spins+in+Li-O2+Battery+Chemistry+and+Electrochemistry:+A+Minireview.">Implications of the Unpaired Spins in Li-O2 Battery Chemistry and Electrochemistry: A Minireview.</a> ChemPlusChem. 80, 336-343 (2015).</li><li>Lau, K. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theoretical+Exploration+of+Various+Lithium+Peroxide+Crystal+Structures+in+a+Li-Air+Battery.">Theoretical Exploration of Various Lithium Peroxide Crystal Structures in a Li-Air Battery.</a> Energies. 8, 529-548 (2015).</li><li>Black, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Screening+for+Superoxide+Reactivity+in+Li-O2+Batteries:+Effect+on+Li2O2/LiOH+Crystallization.">Screening for Superoxide Reactivity in Li-O2 Batteries: Effect on Li2O2/LiOH Crystallization.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 2902-2905 (2012).</li><li>Gallant, B. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Li2O2+morphology+on+oxygen+reduction+and+evolution+kinetics+in+Li-O2+batteries.">Influence of Li2O2 morphology on oxygen reduction and evolution kinetics in Li-O2 batteries.</a> Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 2518-2528 (2013).</li><li>Lu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetism+in+Lithium-Oxygen+Discharge+Product.">Magnetism in Lithium-Oxygen Discharge Product.</a> ChemSusChem. 6, 1196-1202 (2013).</li><li>Xu, J. -. J., Wang, Z. -. L., Xu, D., Zhang, L. -. L., Zhang, X. -. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tailoring+deposition+and+morphology+of+discharge+products+towards+high-rate+and+long-life+lithium-oxygen+batteries.">Tailoring deposition and morphology of discharge products towards high-rate and long-life lithium-oxygen batteries.</a> Nat. Commun. 4, 2438 (2013).</li><li>Zhong, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Situ+Transmission+Electron+Microscopy+Observations+of+Electrochemical+Oxidation+of+Li2O2.">In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Observations of Electrochemical Oxidation of Li2O2.</a> Nano Lett. 13, 2209-2214 (2013).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Hitachi S-4700 SEM Training &amp; Reference Guide. , (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> SEM Hitachi S4700 User Manual. , (2015).</li><li>Goldstein, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis. , (2003).</li><li>. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrometer Operation Procedure Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://nanofabrication.4dlabs.ca">https://nanofabrication.4dlabs.ca</a> (2015)</li><li>Haasch, R. T., Sardela, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Practical Materials Characterization. , 93-132 (2014).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> JEM-2100F Field Emission Transmission Electron Microscope. , (2015).</li><li>Wen, J. -. G., Sardela, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Practical Materials Characterization. , 189-229 (2014).</li><li>Williams, D. B., Carter, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Transmission Electron Microscopy. , (2009).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Beamline 11-ID-C: High-energy Diffraction Beamline. , (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Beamline 11-ID-D: Sector 11 - Time Resolved X-ray Spectroscopy and Scattering. , (2015).</li><li>Sardela, M. R., Sardela, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Practical Materials Characterization. , 1-41 (2014).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Beamline 9-BM-B,C: X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Beamline. , (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Beamline 20-BM-B: X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Beamline. , (2015).</li><li>Bunker, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Introduction to XAFS: A Practical Guide to X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy. , (2010).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Nicolet FT-IR User's Guide. , (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Nicolet iS5 User Guide. , (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Renishaw inVia Raman Microscope Training Notebook. , (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Renishaw InVia Quick Operation Summary. , (2015).</li><li>Mitchell, R. R., Gallant, B. M., Thompson, C. V., Shao-Horn, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=All-carbon-nanofiber+electrodes+for+high-energy+rechargeable+Li-O2+batteries.">All-carbon-nanofiber electrodes for high-energy rechargeable Li-O2 batteries.</a> Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 2952-2958 (2011).</li></ol>

हवा के लिए ली-ओ 2 बैटरी प्रणाली की संवेदनशीलता, विशेष रूप से सीओ 2 और नमी को देखते हुए, प्रोटोकॉल में कदम के बहुत सारे आदेश interferents कम करने के लिए और पक्ष प्रतिक्रियाओं से बचने के लिए जरूरी हैं। उदाहर?...

1996 में, अब्राहम और जियांग 1 एक झरझरा कार्बन कैथोड, एक कार्बनिक इलेक्ट्रोलाइट, और एक ली धातु एनोड से मिलकर पहले प्रतिवर्ती गैर जलीय ली-ओ 2 बैटरी की सूचना दी। तब से, अपने बेहद उच्च सैद्धांतिक ऊर्जा किसी भी अन्य मौजूदा ऊर्जा भंडारण प्रणालियों के उस से अधिक घनत्व के कारण, ली-ओ 2 बैटरी, जो एनोड में लिथियम के ऑक्सीकरण से एक वर्तमान प्रवाह और कैथोड पर ऑक्सीजन की कमी (लाती समग्र प्रतिक्रिया ली + + O 2 + ई - ↔ ली 2 ओ 2), हाल ही में महत्वपूर्ण ब्याज प्राप्त हुआ है 1-8। निम्नलिखित आवश्यकताओं के साथ एक कैथोड सामग्री ली-ओ के उच्च प्रदर्शन की जरूरतों को पूरा करने में सक्षम होगा 2 बैटरी: (1) तेजी से ऑक्सीजन प्रसार; (2) अच्छा इलेक्ट्रिक और ईओण चालकता; (3) उच्च विशिष्ट सतह क्षेत्र; और (4) स्थिरता। दोनों सतह क्षेत्र और कैथोड के porosity के लिए महत्वपूर्ण हैं। ली-ओ 2 बैटरी की विद्युत प्रदर्शन 9-12 झरझरा संरचना ठोस निर्वहन 2 हे के साथ ली फैटायनों की प्रतिक्रिया से उत्पन्न उत्पादों के बयान अनुमति देता है; और बड़े सतह क्षेत्रों Electrocatalytic कणों कि विद्युत रासायनिक प्रतिक्रियाओं में तेजी लाने को समायोजित करने के लिए और अधिक सक्रिय साइटों प्रदान करते हैं। इस तरह के electrocatalysts कुछ बयान विधियों, जो, सब्सट्रेट और उत्प्रेरक कणों का अच्छा नियंत्रण को मजबूत आसंजन प्रदान सब्सट्रेट के मूल झरझरा सतह की संरचना के संरक्षण के साथ द्वारा कैथोड सामग्री के लिए जोड़ रहे हैं। 13-17 के रूप में तैयार माल परीक्षण कर रहे हैं aprotic ली-ओ 2 बैटरी के कैथोड के रूप में Swagelok प्रकार की कोशिकाओं में। हालांकि, सेल के प्रदर्शन को न केवल कैथोड सामग्री की प्रकृति पर निर्भर करता है, लेकिन यह भी aprotic इलेक्ट्रोलाइट 18-22 और ली धातु एनोड के प्रकार पर। 23-26 अधिक प्रभावों राशि और सामग्री की एकाग्रता और शामिल पीप्रभारी / निर्वहन परीक्षण में इस्तेमाल rocedure। उचित शर्तों और प्रोटोकॉल का अनुकूलन और बैटरी सामग्री के समग्र प्रदर्शन में सुधार होगा। विद्युत परीक्षण के परिणामों के अलावा, बैटरी प्रदर्शन भी प्राचीन सामग्री और प्रतिक्रिया उत्पादों निस्र्पक द्वारा मूल्यांकन किया जा सकता है। 27-33 स्कैनिंग इलेक्ट्रॉन माइक्रोस्कोपी (SEM) कैथोड सामग्री और आकृति विज्ञान की सतह microstructure जांच करने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है मुक्ति उत्पादों का विकास। संचरण इलेक्ट्रॉन माइक्रोस्कोपी (मंदिर), एक्स-रे बढ़त संरचना (XANES) के पास अवशोषण, और एक्स-रे Photoelectron स्पेक्ट्रोस्कोपी (XPS) विशेष रूप से उत्प्रेरक नैनोकणों के उस के लिए, फैटी, रासायनिक राज्य, और तत्वों के घटक निर्धारित करने के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है। उच्च ऊर्जा एक्स-रे विवर्तन (XRD) सीधे क्रिस्टलीय निर्वहन उत्पादों की पहचान के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है। संभव इलेक्ट्रोलाइट अपघटन तनु कुल प्रतिबिंब फूरियर द्वारा निर्धारित किया जा सकता बदलनाअवरक्त (एटीआर FTIR) और रमन स्पेक्ट्रा। यह लेख एक प्रोटोकॉल है कि aprotic ली-ओ 2 बैटरी का नियमित परीक्षण, बैटरी सामग्री और उपकरणों की तैयारी, विद्युत प्रदर्शन परीक्षण, और प्राचीन सामग्री और प्रतिक्रिया उत्पादों के लक्षण वर्णन सहित का एक व्यवस्थित और कुशल व्यवस्था को दर्शाता है। विस्तृत वीडियो प्रोटोकॉल मदद करने के लिए क्षेत्र में नए चिकित्सकों के कई आम प्रदर्शन परीक्षण और ली-ओ 2 बैटरी के लक्षण वर्णन के साथ जुड़े नुकसान से बचने का इरादा है।

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="830">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:388px;">1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), 99.5%</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">328634</td>
			<td style="width:63px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Battery test system</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">MACCOR</td>
			<td colspan="2">Series 4000 Automated Test System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:388px;">Dimethyl carbonate (DMC), &#8805;99%</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">517127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:388px;">Ethyl alcohol, &#8805;99.5%</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">459844</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:388px;">Formaldehyde solution, 37 wt. % in H2O</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">252549</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:388px;">Graphitized Carbon black, &#62;99.95%</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">699632</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:388px;">Iron(III) chloride (FeCl3), 97%</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">157740</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Kapton polyimide tubing</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>EW-95820-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:388px;">Kapton polymide tape</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>EW-08277-80</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Kapton window film</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">SPEX Sample Prep</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">3511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:388px;">Lithium Chip (99.9% Lithium)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">MTI Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">EQ-Lib-LiC25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:388px;">Lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">481548</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:388px;">Palladium hexafluoroacetylacetonate (Pd(hfac)2), 99.9%</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">401471</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:388px;">Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">182702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:388px;">Potassium permanganate (KMnO4), &#8805;99.0%&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">223468</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:388px;">Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), &#8805;97.0%</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">221465</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:388px;">Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME), &#8805;99%</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">172405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:388px;">Toray 030 carbon paper</td>
			<td>ElectroChem Inc.</td>
			<td>590637</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocol of electrochemical test and characterization of aprotic li-o2 battery

We demonstrate a method for electrochemical testing of an aprotic Li-O2 battery. An aprotic Li-O2 battery is made of a Li-metal anode, an aprotic electrolyte, and an O2-breathing cathode. The aprotic electrolyte is a solution of lithium salt with aprotic solvent; and porous carbon is commonly used as the cathode substrate. To improve the performance, an electrocatalyst is deposited onto the porous carbon substrate by certain deposition methods, such as atomic layer deposition (ALD) and wet-chemistry reaction. The as-prepared cathode materials are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). A Swagelok-type cell, sealed in a glass chamber filled with pure O2, is used for the electrochemical test on a battery test system. The cells are tested under either capacity-controlled mode or voltage controlled mode. The reaction products are investigated by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy to study the possible pathway of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). This protocol demonstrates a systematic and efficient arrangement of routine tests of the aprotic Li-O2 battery, including the electrochemical test and characterization of battery materials.

चित्रा 1 ए ली-ओ 2 बैटरी टेस्ट के Swagelok प्रकार सेल की स्थापना से पता चलता है। लिथियम फिल्म के एक टुकड़े एनोड अंत में एक स्टेनलेस स्टील रॉड पर रखा गया है। झरझरा कैथोड एक एल्यूमीनियम ट्य?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol of Electrochemical Test and Characterization of Aprotic Li-O2 Battery at JoVE.com

Protocol of Electrochemical Test and Characterization of Aprotic Li-O2 Battery

A protocol for the electrochemical testing of an aprotic Li-O2 battery with the preparation of electrodes and electrolytes and an introduction of the frequently used methods of characterization is presented here.

विद्युत टेस्ट के प्रोटोकॉल और aprotic ली हे की विशेषता<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; बैटरी

We demonstrate a method for electrochemical testing of an aprotic Li-O2 battery. An aprotic Li-O2 battery is made of a Li-metal anode, an aprotic ...

The overall goal of this procedure, is to demonstrate a systematic and efficient arrangement of routine tests of an aprotic lithium-oxygen battery, including an electro-chemical test and characterization of the battery materials. This protocol involves the study of the aprotic lithium-oxygen battery mechanism, and the development of battery materials, such as active materials or electro-catalysts, cathodes, aprotic electrolytes, and anode materials. The main advantage of this protocol is that involves components that can affect electro-chemical reactions in lithium-oxygen battery, such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and moisture from the atmosphere.It also reduces bi-products such as lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate. To begin this procedure, mix previously prepared cathode material and polyvinylidene fluoride, or PVDF, in a four to one weight ratio. Add MP at about three times the weight of the mixture.Stir the mixture to make an even-textured slurry. Coat the slurry with a thickness around 100 micrometers onto carbon paper using a doctor blade. Then, dry the laminate overnight in a vacuum oven at 100 degrees Celsius.On the next day, punch the laminate into disks with a hole puncher and weigh them. For aprotic electrolyte preparation, dry lithium triflate overnight in a vacuum oven at 100 degrees Celsius. In an argon-filled glove box, prepare a one mole per liter solution of the dried lithium triflate in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether.Stir the solution with magnetic stirring until the salt is dissolved. To prepare the anode, punch lithium chips into disks with a hole puncher. Assemble the Swagelok Cell as shown here.Tighten the anode end and loosen the cathode end. Next, place one of the lithium disks on top of the stainless steel rod of the anode end. Place a glass fiber separator on the top of the lithium metal anode.Add five to seven drops of electrolyte to fully wet the glass fiber separator. Then, gently press the separator to remove bubbles. Following this, place a piece of cathode on the top of of the wetted separator with the active material facing the anode.Cover the cathode with a piece of aluminum mesh. Press the layers with the aluminum tube, and tighten the cathode end. Seal the whole Swagelok Cell in a glass chamber and fix the chamber with a clamp.After removing the cell from the glove box, connect the glass chamber to an ultrahigh purity oxygen tank. Purge the chamber with continuous oxygen flow at one atmosphere for 30 minutes. At this point, be sure the thermostat is set to 25 degrees Celsius.Place the cell and electrodes into the thermostat and fix them, then clip the cathode and anode on the glass chamber with the corresponding electronic clips. Next, open the operating software of the battery test system and select the Channel connected with the cable. Set the Discharge Cutoff Voltage to 2.2 volts for the discharge test.Set the Discharge Charge Step Time to 10 hours for the capacity-controlled cycling test. Then, set the Discharge Cutoff Voltage to 2.2 volts, and the Charge Cutoff Voltage to 4.5 volts for the voltage-controlled cycling test. Following this, run the procedure by clicking the run button on the software interface.Once the run is complete, disassemble the cell in the glove box. Place the electrodes in glass vials for further characterization. After removing the remaining cell parts from the glove box, place the Swagelok parts, stainless steel rod, aluminum tubes, and aluminum meshes, in a beaker containing deionized water.Then, clean them with ultrasonication for 15 to 30 minutes. Finally, dry the cell parts and glass chamber in a thermostat set to 60 to 80 degrees Celsius. SCM images of the carbon powder before, and after the catalyst loading, demonstrate preservation of the porous surface structure.TEM images show the electro-catalyst nano particles, uniformly distribute on the carbon substrate, and well crystallized nano particles are shown in the high resolution TEM image. XANES spectra show that the electro-catalyst nano particles are partly oxidized, due to the preparation of cathodes in air. Typical voltage profiles for discharge and discharge-charge cycles are shown here.In the SCM image of the discharged cathode, the products have a toroidal shape, which is widely accepted as the primary morphology of lithium peroxide in a lithium-oxygen cell. Lithium peroxide and carbon peaks are observed in the XRD pattern of the discharged cathode, suggesting that side reactions are minimized in the cell. XPS spectra show that lithium peroxide and lithium hydroxide form on the cathode surface after discharging.Lithium peroxide is reduced, but lithium hydroxide remains after charging. A trace amount of lithium superoxide is detected by Raman spectroscopy. The hydroxide and carbonyl vibration signals in the FTIR spectra, indicate the presence of the ether electrolyte, as well as other hydroxide, carbonate, or carbonyl species, which are formed in side reactions.Once mastered, this type of cell can be assembled in five minutes, if it is performed appropriately. After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the metal-air battery field to explore battery performance in both electro-chemical testing and categorization of battery materials. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to operate in a glove box filled with argon to avoid side reactions and by-products.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to study lithium-oxygen batteries systematically and efficiently. Don't forget that working with alkaline metals and organic solvents can be extremely hazardous, and precautions such as wearing gloves, working in a glove box, and working in a chemical fume hood, should be taken while performing this procedure.

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Protocol of Electrochemical Test and Characterization of Aprotic Li-O2 Battery

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

लिथियम बैटरी अनुप्रयोगों के लिए ठोस राज्य भ्रष्टाचार Copolymer इलेक्ट्रोलाइट्स

Battery safety has been a very important research area over the past decade. Commercially available lithium ion batteries employ low flash point (&lt;80 ...

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

जांच और ठोस ऑक्साइड ईंधन कोशिकाओं में इलेक्ट्रोड सतहों मानचित्रण

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

वीबी का निर्माण<sub&gt; 2</subविद्युत रासायनिक परीक्षण के लिए&gt; / एयर सेल

A technique to investigate the properties and performance of new multi-electron metal/air battery systems is proposed and presented. A method for ...

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

सिंक्रोट्रॉन विकिरण तकनीकों का प्रयोग लिथियम आयन और सोडियम आयन बैटरियों के लिए इलेक्ट्रोड सामग्री की विशेषता

Intercalation compounds such as transition metal oxides or phosphates are the most commonly used electrode materials in Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. ...

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron

Plasmatron में पंचमी विभक्ति सामग्री परीक्षण के दौरान उत्सर्जन स्पेक्ट्रोस्कोपी सीमा परत जांच

Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) allowed the first humans to safely return to Earth from the moon and are still considered as the only solution ...

Electrochemical Etching and Characterization of Sharp Field Emission Points for Electron Impact Ionization

विद्युत नक़्क़ाशी और इलेक्ट्रॉन प्रभाव आयनीकरण के लिए तीव्र फील्ड उत्सर्जन अंक की विशेषता

A new variation of the drop-off method for fabricating field emission points by electrochemically etching tungsten rods in a NaOH solution is described. ...

Fabrication of White Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells with Stable Emission from Exciplexes

व्हाइट का निर्माण Exciplexes से स्थिर उत्सर्जन के साथ विद्युत कोशिकाओं प्रकाश उत्सर्जक

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active ...

Three-electrode Coin Cell Preparation and Electrodeposition Analytics for Lithium-ion Batteries

तीन इलेक्ट्रोड सिक्का सेल तैयारी और Electrodeposition विश्लेषिकी लिथियम आयन बैटरी के लिए

As lithium-ion batteries find use in high energy and power applications, such as in electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, monitoring the degradation and ...

Optimization, Test and Diagnostics of Miniaturized Hall Thrusters

अनुकूलन, परीक्षण और लघुकृत हॉल के निदान के लिए जोर

Miniaturized spacecraft and satellites require smart, highly efficient and durable low-thrust thrusters, capable of extended, reliable operation without ...

Preparation of Graphene Liquid Cells for the Observation of Lithium-ion Battery Material

लिथियम आयन बैटरी सामग्री के अवलोकन के लिए ग्राफीन तरल कोशिकाओं की तैयारी

In this work, we introduce the preparation of graphene liquid cells (GLCs), encapsulating both electrode materials and organic liquid electrolytes between ...