Name: three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry for turbulence applications: case of a jet flow
Uploaded: 2016-02-27T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow at JoVE.com

这项工作是由机械科学与工程学院，伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳 - 香槟分校，部作为莱昂纳多P.查莫洛的开办包的一部分支持。

1.实验室安全<ol><li>查看所选照明光源的安全指导方针（ 如激光，LED产业，卤素）。 注意：在这个实验中，一组五个250瓦卤素聚光灯被用作照明。该光源的基本安全性和推荐方面描述如下。 <ol><li>避免与卤灯，它在高温下（〜3000色温）下操作的直接接触。 </li><li>采集数据时，为了避免加热的条件下考虑流动保持光ON而已。 </li><li>远离可燃所有材料靠近光源，包括任何种类的纸张。 <...

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<html> 3D-PTV具有很大的潜力，以解开各种湍流，如在低层大气中25，室内空气分布26，或脉动流的大规模动荡运动的复杂的物理主动脉拓扑28在许多其他之中。但是，它的优点和局限性，以及经验的理解是必不可少最大限度地发挥其潜力。试错的初步测试和优化设置，包括帧速率，照明光源，G＆B级和图像滤波方法详尽的迭代，直接与重建一套（ 例如示踪）粒子的拉格...

湍流喷流是在工程应用中普遍存在。这种流动的详细描述是在从大型环保排放系统涵盖电子微尺度器件的实际问题广泛至关重要。由于其对一些广阔的应用前景影响，喷气流量已经深入研究了1 - 4。几个实验技术，包括热线测速仪4 - 8，激光多普勒测速仪（LDV）4，9 - 12，和粒子图像测速（PIV）12 - 16，都被用来描述飞机在大范围的雷诺数和边界流向条件。近日，采用3D-PTV研究湍流/非湍流界面的喷气流17，18已做了一些研究。 3D-PTV是特别合适的描述复杂湍流音响的技术从不同的角度的视场。它允许粒子轨迹在使用多视点立体参考拉格朗日框架体积内重建。该技术最早是由19张和介绍了由RACCA和杜威20进一步发展。此后，许多方面做了改进的3D-PTV算法和实验设置21 - 24。与这些成绩和以往的作品，该系统已被成功地用于研究各种流体的现象，如在4米x 2米×2米25，室内气流场26的一个结构域的大型流体运动，脉动流27和主动脉血流28 。 一个三维PTV测量的工作原理包括数据采集系统设置，记录/前处理，校准，3D的对应，时间跟踪和后处理。精确的校准允许的粒子位置的精确检测秒。在三个以上的图像视图检测到的粒子的对应允许基于对极几何形状的三维粒子位置的重建。从连续的图像帧的连锁导致定义粒子轨迹S（t）的一个时间跟踪。所述3D-PTV系统的优化是必需最大化多粒子可追溯性的可能性。 优化的第一步是获取合适的数据采集系统，包括高速摄像机，照明光源和播种颗粒的功能。与询问体积的大小沿所述照相机分辨率定义像素尺寸，因此，所需要的籽晶颗粒大小，这应该是比单一像素大。检测的颗粒的质心通过取由亮度21加权粒子像素的平均位置具有子像素精度估计。摄像机的帧率是密切associat编与雷诺数和检测到的颗粒链接的能力。较高的帧速率可以用于解决更快流量或粒子的数量较多，因为当图像之间的平均位移超过所述颗粒的平均分离的跟踪变得更加困难。 快门速度，光圈和灵敏度有三个因素在图像采集来考虑。快门速度应该足够快，以最小化颗粒，从而降低颗粒质心位置的不确定性围绕模糊。相机光圈应调整到询问体积的景深，以减少的容积之外探测粒子的概率。由于摄像机的最大感光度是固定的，作为帧速率的增加，所需要的必要的光以照亮颗粒应相应增加。不像PIV，复合光学设置以及高功率激光器没有严格要求在3D-PTV，只要光源足够粪便从示踪粒子到相机羊羔。连续LED或卤素灯属于跳过同步21，需要良好的成本效益的方案。 在3D-PTV，像其他光流的测量技术，示踪粒子速度被假设为在本地瞬时流体速度29。然而，这仅仅是对空的直径和惯性的理想示踪剂的情况下示踪颗粒应足够大，以由照相机捕获。有限微粒的保真度可以通过斯托克斯数式 T来确定， 即颗粒的弛豫时间尺度的比率和感兴趣紊流结构的时间尺度。一般来说，S T应当比1小很多对于式 T≤0.1流跟踪误差在1％以下30。在深入讨论可以在梅等人发现29 - 31 </sup&gt;。推荐的粒径为3D-PTV实验取决于光源和摄像机的灵敏度而变化。卤素或LED灯作为照明源，相对较大的颗粒被使用（ 例如 50-200微米）32，而较小的颗粒（ 例如 ，1-50微米）33，34可以用高功率激光可使用（ 例如 80-100瓦CW激光）。具有高反射率对于一个给定波长的光粒子，就像在卤素灯银涂层，可以放大自己的印记成图像。接种密度为成功的3D-PTV测量的另一个重要参数。少数颗粒导致低轨迹数，而颗粒的数量过多会导致在建立对应和跟踪歧义。在建立对应歧义包括重叠粒子和检测沿定义极线多名候选人。在跟踪的过程中，模糊性由于高seedin<html>是因为颗粒的相对短平均间隔的发生g密度。 第二步骤是在记录/预处理最佳设置，以提高图像质量。照相的设置，如增益和黑电平（G B）的，在优化图像质量方面发挥了重要的作用。黑电平限定在图像的最暗部分的亮度水平，而增益放大的图像的亮度。对G＆B水平的轻微变化可以显著影响可追溯性的可能性。事实上，高G＆B可能过亮的图像，并最终损坏相机传感器。为了说明这一点，在流程再造G＆B水平的影响也研究过这个文章。在预处理步骤中，图像被过滤，用一个高通滤波器，以从颗粒强调光散射。像素大小和灰度调整以最大化询问体积内的颗粒探测。 t“的&gt;优化的第三步是在立体成像，这是基于对极几何，照相机参数（焦距，主点，并且失真系数），以及折射率的变化的精确校准。此过程是必不可少的，以尽量减少在3D基准目标点的重构误差。极几何使用相对距离和倾斜角度（摄像机和询问体积之间）从目标图像。沿着通过询问体积相机视图折射率变化可以基于质谱的方法来考虑等 21上 。在该实验中，以规则分布的目标点的三维阶梯状结构被用作靶。 在3D-PTV实验中，虽然只需要两个图像，以确定一个三维粒子位置，典型地更多的摄像机被用来减少模糊度21。昂贵的设置有多个高速摄像机另一种是viEW分离器，由Hoyer 等人提出的。35，用于使用3D-PTV的和由Gulean 等人 28的生物医学应用最近应用。该视图分路器由一个金字塔形的镜子（关于此主镜）和四个调节后视镜（关于此副镜）组成。在这项工作中，一个四视图分离器和一个摄像机被用来从四个摄像机模仿立体成像。该系统是用于表征一个管喷射的中间流场与直径d H = 1cm到重新 ≈7,000拉格朗日和欧拉在约14.5-18.5直径下游射流原点帧。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="749">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">ImageOps</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CAMMC4082</td>
			<td style="width:407px;">High-speed camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">ImageOps</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FBD-4XCXP6</td>
			<td>Frame Grabber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:223px;">Potters Industries LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AG-SL150-30-TRD</td>
			<td>Seeding Paritcles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:223px;">Upstate Technical Equipment CO.,INC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MISNOR-STP-6-S-CL</td>
			<td>Camera appliation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Photrack AG</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Customized part and necessary if performing 3D-PTV with one camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">General Electrics&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23719</td>
			<td>Light source</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">OpenPTV(http://www.openptv.net)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Open source particle tracking software (Note: available as a service for anyone who wants to use it without all the installation mess or computer power availability problems).</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry for turbulence applications: case of a jet flow

3D-PTV是一个定量的流量测量技术，该技术的目的是跟踪使用图像序列的立体记录三个维度的一组颗粒的拉格朗日路径。其基本组件，功能，约束和3D-PTV拓扑结构由高速摄像头，支持四视图分路器的优化技巧进行了描述和本文中讨论。该技术是在重新 ≈7000施加到圆形射流的中间流场（5 &lt;X / D &lt;25）。在欧拉帧拉格朗日流动特征和湍流量围绕射流原点的下游10的直径，并在从所述喷射芯各种径向距离估计。拉格朗日属性包括轨迹，速度和选定的颗粒的加速度，以及流路，其从所述的Frenet-Serret等式获得的曲率。在位于十的横平面围绕喷射心轴的三维速度和湍流场的推定直径射流的下游与文献相比较，并在从喷射芯各种径向距离得到大规模流向速度运动的功率谱。

的照片，并将设置的示意图示于图 1和2。校准目标，在基准标记上反射的视图分离器和3D校准重建在图 3中示出。公认的校准目标的RMS为7.3微米，5.7微米和141.7微米的流向X，翼展方向y和深度z方向。在z -协调的相对较高的RMS是由于相对于那些在其它方向和相比x和y坐标与z轴四个视图相对小角度的减小目标...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow at JoVE.com

Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow

这里描述了基于高速摄像头，四视图分路器上的三维粒子跟踪测速（3D-PTV）系统。该技术是下游在雷诺数Re≈7000施加到从圆形管在十个直径附近的喷流。

湍流应用三维粒子跟踪测速：一喷流病例

3D-PTV is a quantitative flow measurement technique that aims to track the Lagrangian paths of a set of particles in three dimensions using stereoscopic ...

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Physics

Engineering

Unit 1

Motion in Two or Three Dimensions

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Echo Particle Image Velocimetry

回声粒子图像测速技术

The transport of mass, momentum, and energy in fluid flows is ultimately determined by spatiotemporal distributions of the fluid velocity field.1 ...

科研

工程学

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses ...

Process of Making Three-dimensional Microstructures using Vaporization of a Sacrificial Component

制作三维微结构，用牺牲部分汽化过程

Vascular structures in natural systems are able to provide high mass transport through high surface areas and optimized structure. Few synthetic material ...

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces

表面附近的高速粒子图像测速

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The ...

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

高速喷液嵌塞对移动表面的可视化

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds ...

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

实验装置的研制归还系数在真空条件下测量

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their ...

Methods for Measuring the Orientation and Rotation Rate of 3D-printed Particles in Turbulence

测量的方向和旋转速率方法3D打印在湍流颗粒

Experimental methods are presented for measuring the rotational and translational motion of anisotropic particles in turbulent fluid flows. 3D printing ...

Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages

利用同步辐射微断层调查的多尺度三维微电子封装

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data ...

Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic Needle Tip Tracking with a Fiber-Optic Ultrasound Receiver

基于光纤超声接收机的三维超声针尖跟踪

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. ...

Simultaneous Measurement of Turbulence and Particle Kinematics Using Flow Imaging Techniques

流成像技术同时测量湍流和粒子运动学

Numerous problems in scientific and engineering fields involve understanding the kinematics of particles in turbulent flows, such as contaminants, marine ...