Name: measuring pressure volume loops in the mouse
Uploaded: 2016-05-02T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Pressure Volume Loops in the Mouse at JoVE.com

Yazar NHLBI (K08 HL102066 ve R01 HL114832) fon kabul etmek istiyorum.

Bu protokol açıklanan işlemleri gerçekleştirmeden önce, yerel kurumsal hayvan bakımı ve kullanımı komitesi tarafından onay almalıdır. 1. Deneysel Rig Kurma Not: Bu prosedür, anestezi uygulanmış hayvanlar üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir ve veriler kalite hayvana sunulan anestezi destek kalitesi ile orantılıdır. Bu protokolü yaparken bu ilk bölümü olacak detay gerekli ekipman ve prosedürler fare anestezi sağlamak. <ol><...

<ol>
	<li>Mozaffarian, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+disease+and+stroke+statistics--2015+update:+a+report+from+the+American+Heart+Association.">Heart disease and stroke statistics--2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association.</a> Circulation. 131 (4), e29-e322 (2015).</li><li>Katz, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+altered+inotropy+and+lusitropy+on+ventricular+pressure-volume+loops.">Influence of altered inotropy and lusitropy on ventricular pressure-volume loops.</a> J Am Coll Cardiol. 11 (2), 438-445 (1988).</li><li>Kass, D. A., Maughan, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+&amp;#34;Emax&amp;#34;+to+pressure-volume+relations:+a+broader+view.">From &amp;#34;Emax&amp;#34; to pressure-volume relations: a broader view.</a> Circulation. 77 (6), 1203-1212 (1988).</li><li>Georgakopoulos, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+murine+left+ventricular+pressure-volume+relations+by+miniaturized+conductance+micromanometry.">In vivo murine left ventricular pressure-volume relations by miniaturized conductance micromanometry.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 274 (4 Pt 2), H1416-H1422 (1998).</li><li>Kass, D. A., Hare, J. M., Georgakopoulos, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+cardiac+function:+a+cautionary+tail.">Murine cardiac function: a cautionary tail.</a> Circ Res. 82 (4), 519-522 (1998).</li><li>Feldman, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+a+mouse+conductance+system+to+determine+LV+volume:+comparison+to+echocardiography+and+crystals.">Validation of a mouse conductance system to determine LV volume: comparison to echocardiography and crystals.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 279 (4), H1698-H1707 (2000).</li><li>Baan, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+measurement+of+left+ventricular+volume+in+animals+and+humans+by+conductance+catheter.">Continuous measurement of left ventricular volume in animals and humans by conductance catheter.</a> Circulation. 70 (5), 812-823 (1984).</li><li>Salo, R. W., Wallner, T. G., Pederson, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+ventricular+volume+by+intracardiac+impedance:+theoretical+and+empirical+approaches.">Measurement of ventricular volume by intracardiac impedance: theoretical and empirical approaches.</a> IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 33 (2), 189-195 (1986).</li><li>Wei, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Volume+catheter+parallel+conductance+varies+between+end-systole+and+end-diastole.">Volume catheter parallel conductance varies between end-systole and end-diastole.</a> IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 54 (8), 1480-1489 (2007).</li><li>Kutty, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+admittance+computed+left+ventricular+volumes+against+real-time+three-dimensional+echocardiography+in+the+porcine+heart.">Validation of admittance computed left ventricular volumes against real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in the porcine heart.</a> Exp Physiol. 98 (6), 1092-1101 (2013).</li><li>Kottam, A., Dubois, J., McElligott, A., Henderson, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+approach+to+admittance+to+volume+conversion+for+ventricular+volume+measurement.">Novel approach to admittance to volume conversion for ventricular volume measurement.</a> Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. , 2514-2517 (2011).</li><li>Meyers, T. A., Townsend, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+right+ventricular+fibrosis+and+reduction+in+biventricular+cardiac+reserve+in+the+dystrophin-deficient+mdx+heart.">Early right ventricular fibrosis and reduction in biventricular cardiac reserve in the dystrophin-deficient mdx heart.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 308 (4), H303-H315 (2015).</li><li>Townsend, D., Yasuda, S., Li, S., Chamberlain, J. S., Metzger, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emergent+dilated+cardiomyopathy+caused+by+targeted+repair+of+dystrophic+skeletal+muscle.">Emergent dilated cardiomyopathy caused by targeted repair of dystrophic skeletal muscle.</a> Mol Ther. 16 (5), 832-835 (2008).</li><li>Townsend, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+administration+of+micro-dystrophin+restores+cardiac+geometry+and+prevents+dobutamine-induced+cardiac+pump+failure.">Systemic administration of micro-dystrophin restores cardiac geometry and prevents dobutamine-induced cardiac pump failure.</a> Mol Ther. 15 (6), 1086-1092 (2007).</li><li>Strakova, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dystrobrevin+increases+dystrophin's+binding+to+the+dystrophin-glycoprotein+complex+and+provides+protection+during+cardiac+stress.">Dystrobrevin increases dystrophin's binding to the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex and provides protection during cardiac stress.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 76, 106-115 (2014).</li><li>Yasuda, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dystrophic+heart+failure+blocked+by+membrane+sealant+poloxamer.">Dystrophic heart failure blocked by membrane sealant poloxamer.</a> Nature. 436 (7053), 1025-1029 (2005).</li><li>Townsend, D., Daly, M., Chamberlain, J. S., Metzger, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-dependent+dystrophin+loss+and+genetic+reconstitution+establish+a+molecular+link+between+dystrophin+and+heart+performance+during+aging.">Age-dependent dystrophin loss and genetic reconstitution establish a molecular link between dystrophin and heart performance during aging.</a> Mol Ther. 19 (10), 1821-1825 (2011).</li><li>Townsend, D., Yasuda, S., McNally, E., Metzger, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+pathophysiological+mechanisms+of+cardiomyopathy+in+hearts+lacking+dystrophin+or+the+sarcoglycan+complex.">Distinct pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiomyopathy in hearts lacking dystrophin or the sarcoglycan complex.</a> FASEB J. 25 (9), 3106-3114 (2011).</li><li>Pacher, P., Nagayama, T., Mukhopadhyay, P., B&#225;tkai, S., Kass, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+cardiac+function+using+pressure-volume+conductance+catheter+technique+in+mice+and+rats.">Measurement of cardiac function using pressure-volume conductance catheter technique in mice and rats.</a> Nat Protoc. 3 (9), 1422-1434 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, B., Davis, J. P., Ziolo, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+Catheterization+in+Mice+to+Measure+the+Pressure+Volume+Relationship:+Investigating+the+Bowditch+Effect.">Cardiac Catheterization in Mice to Measure the Pressure Volume Relationship: Investigating the Bowditch Effect.</a> J Vis Exp. (100), e52618-e52618 (2015).</li><li>Barnabei, M. S., Palpant, N. J., Metzger, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+genetic+background+on+ex+vivo+and+in+vivo+cardiac+function+in+several+commonly+used+inbred+mouse+strains.">Influence of genetic background on ex vivo and in vivo cardiac function in several commonly used inbred mouse strains.</a> Physiol Genomics. 42A (2), 103-113 (2010).</li><li>Guo, X., Kono, Y., Mattrey, R., Kassab, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphometry+and+strain+distribution+of+the+C57BL/6+mouse+aorta.">Morphometry and strain distribution of the C57BL/6 mouse aorta.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 283 (5), H1829-H1837 (2002).</li><li>Weiss, R. M., Ohashi, M., Miller, J. D., Young, S. G., Heistad, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcific+aortic+valve+stenosis+in+old+hypercholesterolemic+mice.">Calcific aortic valve stenosis in old hypercholesterolemic mice.</a> Circulation. 114 (19), 2065-2069 (2006).</li><li>Palpant, N. J., Day, S. M., Herron, T. J., Converso, K. L., Metzger, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+histidine-substituted+cardiac+troponin+I+confers+protection+from+age-related+systolic+and+diastolic+dysfunction.">Single histidine-substituted cardiac troponin I confers protection from age-related systolic and diastolic dysfunction.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 80 (2), 209-218 (2008).</li><li>Palpant, N. J., D'Alecy, L. G., Metzger, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+histidine+button+in+cardiac+troponin+I+sustains+heart+performance+in+response+to+severe+hypercapnic+respiratory+acidosis+in+vivo.">Single histidine button in cardiac troponin I sustains heart performance in response to severe hypercapnic respiratory acidosis in vivo.</a> FASEB J. 23 (5), 1529-1540 (2009).</li><li>Palpant, N. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+disease+in+mucopolysaccharidosis+type+I+attributed+to+catecholaminergic+and+hemodynamic+deficiencies.">Cardiac disease in mucopolysaccharidosis type I attributed to catecholaminergic and hemodynamic deficiencies.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 300 (1), H356-H365 (2011).</li><li>Townsend, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diastolic+dysfunction+precedes+hypoxia-induced+mortality+in+dystrophic+mice.">Diastolic dysfunction precedes hypoxia-induced mortality in dystrophic mice.</a> Physiol Rep. 3 (8), e12513 (2015).</li><li>Schm&#228;hl, D., Port, R., Wahrendorf, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+dose-response+study+on+urethane+carcinogenesis+in+rats+and+mice.">A dose-response study on urethane carcinogenesis in rats and mice.</a> Int J Cancer. 19 (1), 77-80 (1977).</li><li>Freeman, G. L., Little, W. C., O'Rourke, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+vasoactive+agents+on+the+left+ventricular+end-systolic+pressure-volume+relation+in+closed-chest+dogs.">The effect of vasoactive agents on the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation in closed-chest dogs.</a> Circulation. 74 (5), 1107-1113 (1986).</li><li>Reyes, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancement+of+contractility+with+sustained+afterload+in+the+intact+murine+heart:+blunting+of+length-dependent+activation.">Enhancement of contractility with sustained afterload in the intact murine heart: blunting of length-dependent activation.</a> Circulation. 107 (23), 2962-2968 (2003).</li><li>Segers, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conductance+catheter-based+assessment+of+arterial+input+impedance,+arterial+function,+and+ventricular-vascular+interaction+in+mice.">Conductance catheter-based assessment of arterial input impedance, arterial function, and ventricular-vascular interaction in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 288 (3), H1157-H1164 (2005).</li><li>Townsend, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+administration+of+membrane+sealant+prevents+severe+cardiac+injury+and+ventricular+dilatation+in+dystrophic+dogs.">Chronic administration of membrane sealant prevents severe cardiac injury and ventricular dilatation in dystrophic dogs.</a> J Clin Invest. 120 (4), 1140-1150 (2010).</li><li>Sato, T., Shishido, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ESPVR+of+in+situ+rat+left+ventricle+shows+contractility-dependent+curvilinearity.">ESPVR of in situ rat left ventricle shows contractility-dependent curvilinearity.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 274 (5 Pt 2), H1429-H1434 (1998).</li><li>Sunagawa, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+coronary+arterial+pressure+on+left+ventricular+end-systolic+pressure-volume+relation+of+isolated+canine+heart.">Effects of coronary arterial pressure on left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation of isolated canine heart.</a> Circ Res. 50 (5), 727-734 (1982).</li><li>Cingolani, H. E., P&#233;rez, N. G., Cingolani, O. H., Ennis, I. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Anrep+effect:+100+years+later.">The Anrep effect: 100 years later.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 304 (2), H175-H182 (2013).</li><li>Baan, J., van der Velde, E. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitivity+of+left+ventricular+end-systolic+pressure-volume+relation+to+type+of+loading+intervention+in+dogs.">Sensitivity of left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation to type of loading intervention in dogs.</a> Circ Res. 62 (6), 1247-1258 (1988).</li><li>Rankin, J. S., Olsen, C. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+airway+pressure+on+cardiac+function+in+intact+dogs.">The effects of airway pressure on cardiac function in intact dogs.</a> Circulation. 66 (1), 108-120 (1982).</li></ol>

Bu prosedürde üç kritik adımlar vardır: 1) endotrakeal tüp ve uygun havalandırma, boyun IV kateter 2) yerleştirme ve sol ventrikül PV kateterin 3) uygun yerleştirme yerleştirme. uygun solunum oranının belirlenmesinde ventilasyon desteği sağlayan önemli bir parçasıdır. Bilinçli fareler genellikle hızlı sığ nefes ile alveoler ventilasyonu sağlamak. Genel olarak, havalandırmalı fareler çok daha büyük tidal hacimleri vardır. Dolayısıyla daha yavaş bir solunum hızı gereklidir. çok az hava...

Kardiyovasküler hastalık dünyada 1 genelinde mortalite ve morbidite önemli bir nedeni olmaya devam etmektedir. kalp hastalıkları yeni tedavilerin geliştirilmesinde özellikle zor zorluklar. Genetik alanındaki gelişmeler kalp hastalığı gelişiminde potansiyel genetik katkıda çok sayıda tanımlamak için imkanı sağlamaktadır. kardiyovasküler sistem bütünleştirici yapısı bu genetik hedefler sağlam hayvan modellerinde valide gerektirir. Fare genetik esneklik ve düşük konut maliyetleri belirli bir genin fizyolojik rolünün değerlendirilmesi için ön plana getirmiş. Farenin küçük boyutlu kalp fonksiyonu değerlendirmek için benzersiz bazı zorluklar sunar. Orada kalp fonksiyonu ile ilgili bilgi verebilir çeşitli yöntemler vardır, ancak ventriküler basınç ve hacminin sadece eşzamanlı ölçüm basınç hacim ventrikül fonksiyonunun (PV) döngü analizi sağlar. PV tüm döngülerow kardiyak fonksiyon damarsal ile bağlantısı bağımsız analiz edilecek; Belirli bir genetik eleman işlevsel rolünü belirlenmesinde önemli bir faktördür. Basınç-volüm eğrileri değerlendirilmesi yıllardır hem deneysel hem de klinik olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır ve geniş bir literatür bu verilerin analizi 2,3 setleri ile ilgili Varlığından. Fare PV döngü teknolojisinin adaptasyonu fare kalp fizyolojisi 4-6 anlaşılması için önemli bir gelişme olmuştur. Kateter esaslı PV döngü teknolojileri çift basınç dönüştürücü ve ventrikül hacmini tahmin etmek iletkenlik kullanımı. ventriküler hacimli bir kateter tarafından üretilen bir elektrik alanı değişiklikleri incelenerek belirlenir. Silindir şeklinde ventrikül, yüksekliği kateter ve yarıçapı elektrotlar arasındaki mesafe ile tanımlanan bu yöntem modelleri kandaki bir elektrik alanının iletiminin hesaplanırventrikül 7-9. kateter ile ölçülen iletkenlik sinyali iki bileşeni vardır. İlk kan yoluyla iletim olduğu; Bu ventrikül hacmi ile değişir ve ventrikül hacmini belirlemek için kullanılan birincil sinyal oluşturmaktadır. İkinci bileşen aracılığıyla ve ventrikül duvar boyunca iletim kaynaklanır. Bu paralel iletkenlik olarak adlandırılan ve mutlak ventrikül hacmini belirlemek amacıyla kaldırılması gerekir. Araştırma laboratuvarında basınç-hacim veri toplama ve hesaplamak ve paralel iletkenlik kaldırmak için kullanılan yöntem için iki piyasada mevcut sistem onları 6,10,11 arasındaki temel fark Orada vardır. İletkenlik kateterler paralel iletkenlik hesaplanması için hipertonik tuzlu su enjeksiyonu gerektirir. duvar iletkenliği sabit kalmaktadır enjeksiyonu, geçici olarak, ventrikül kan iletkenlik değişir. Bu verilerden yola çıkarak tespit etmek mümkündürkandan kaynaklanan ve hangi iletkenlik sinyal bileşeni ventriküler duvara geliyor. Bu yaklaşım paralel iletkenlik kalp döngüsü sırasında değişiklik olmadığını varsayar. giriş yöntemi, genel hacim sinyaline ventriküler duvarın katkısını değerlendirmek için elektrik alanında faz değişikliklerine dayanmaktadır. Bu yöntem kan ve son hacim belirleme miyokardın iletkenlik önceden belirlenmiş sabitleri çeşitli dayanıyor, ama kalp döngüsü boyunca paralel iletkenlik sürekli önlemler yapar. Bu sistemlerin her ikisi de sol ventrikül hacminin iyi tahminleri sağlamak ve aralarındaki farklar fizyolojik olarak önemli olması muhtemel değildir. ventrikül ve diğer varsayımların silindirik modeli diğer yöntemlerle olarak doğru değil, bu kateter bazlı yaklaşımlar hale, ancak bu veriler kalp fonksiyonu yük bağımsız önlemlerin değerlendirilmesi için gerekli bir beat-by-beat bazında verilmektedir. Burada özetlenen prosedür benim laboratuvarda kullanılan ve distrofik kardiyomiyopati 12-18 temel patofizyolojik mekanizmaları inceleyen çalışmaların çok sayıda veri sağlamıştır. aşağıda belirtilen prosedürü PV köprüsü veri elde etmek için kullanılabilecek iki biridir. ilkelerin birçoğu ya yaklaşım için geçerli olsa da, bu protokol açık göğüs apikal yaklaşımla ele alınacak; Kapalı göğüs protokolü başka bir yerde 19,20 detaylı edilmiştir. Prosedür detaylı bir şekilde tarif edilecek olmasına rağmen, önemli bir ana prensip kalp veya akciğer ya da en az zararla kalp maruz bulunmaktadır. protokol boyunca bir hayatta olmayan prosedür olduğunu ve kalbin iyi bir pozlama sahip kateterin doğru yerleştirilmesi için kritik önemli olduğunu hatırlamak önemlidir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="523">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dumont 5/45 (2)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11251-33</td>
			<td style="width:63px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Vessel Dilating Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18153-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Castroviejo Micro Dissecting Spring Scissor</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Roboz Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-5668</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Octogon Forceps - Serrated/Curved</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11041-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Octogon Forceps - Serrated/Straight</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11040-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dissector Scissors- Heavy Blade</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14082-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Transpore Surgical Tape</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1527-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">3-0 Silk Suture</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18020-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TOPO Ventilator</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Kent Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TOPO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Martin ME 102 Electrosurgical Unit</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PY2 72-2484</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Syringe Pump</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Lucca Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GenieTouch</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Stereomicroscope with boom stand</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SMZ-800N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Thermocouple Thermometer</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Cole Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EW-91100-40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">T/Pump Warm Water Recirculator</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Kent Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TP-700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">ADVantage Pressure-Volume System</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Transonic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ADV500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Data Acquision and Analysis</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">DSI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ponemah ACQ-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring pressure volume loops in the mouse

nedenleri ve kalp hastalığının ilerlemesini anlamak biyomedikal topluma önemli bir meydan okuma sunuyor. Fare genetik esneklik moleküler düzeyde kardiyak fonksiyonu keşfetmek için büyük bir potansiyel sağlar. Farenin küçük boyutlu detaylı kardiyak fenotiplendirilmesini performans açısından bazı zorluklar yok. Minyatürleşme ve teknolojideki diğer gelişmeler fare olası kardiyak değerlendirme pek çok yöntem yaptık. Bunlardan, basınç ve hacim verileri eşzamanlı toplama başka yöntemi ile mevcut değildir kalp fonksiyonu ayrıntılı bir resmini sunar. Burada basınç-volüm halkası verilerin toplanması için detaylı bir prosedür açıklanmıştır. ölçümleri ve olası hata kaynakları altında yatan ilkelerin bir tartışma dahil. Onlar elde yüksek kalitede hemodinamik ölçüm kritik hem de olduğu gibi anestezi uygulaması ve cerrahi yaklaşımlar ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştırs. hemodinamik protokol geliştirme ve veri analizi ilgili yönlerini ilkeleri de ele alınmaktadır.

Kongre tarafından, hacim Şekil 1&#39;de görüldüğü gibi Y ekseni üzerinde X ekseni ve basınca çizilir. Bir dikdörtgen gibi olmalıdır hacme karşı komplo basınç kaynaklanan basınç-hacim döngüleri, yani basınç izovolümik değişiklikler (temsil dikey kenarlar, mitral ve aort kapakları her ikisi de) kapalı olduğunda. mitral kapak ve üst yatay kısmı boyunca dolgu aort kapaktan boşaltma ventriküler temsil ventrikül alt yatay te...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Pressure Volume Loops in the Mouse at JoVE.com

Measuring Pressure Volume Loops in the Mouse

Bu el yazması fare basınç-volüm verilerinin toplanması için ayrıntılı bir protokol açıklar.

Fare Basınç Hacim Döngüler Ölçme

Understanding the causes and progression of heart disease presents a significant challenge to the biomedical community. The genetic flexibility of the ...

The overall goal of measuring pressure volume loops in the mouse is to obtain a detailed assessment of cardiac function. This method is useful for the physiological characterization of mice harboring specific genetic manipulations, which in turn can produce insights into the role of specific proteins in cardiac function. The main advantage of this technique is that it provides a detailed assessment of contractile function that is not available through other methodologies.Once the mouse is prepped for surgery, begin by making an incision at the sternal notch extending from about five millimeters right of the midline to about five millimeters left of the midline. Make a second incision extending along the right edge of the first rostrally to about two millimeters coddled to the end of the mandible. Then make a third incision extending from the rostral end of the second incision to about five millimeters right of midline.And retract the resulting skin flap to the right to expose the underlined tissues. Next, under a dissecting microscope, blunt dissect the parotide and sub-mandibular salivary glands at the midline to expose the underlining musculature overlining the trachea. Then bluntly separate the right and left sternal hyoideus muscles.When the trachea is visible, pass a ten centimeter piece of three-zero silk suture under the throat tissue, taking care not to include the esophagus. Using a 20 gauge needle, make a wide incision in the gap just coddle to the larynx before the first tracheal ring. Then immediately remove the anesthesia mask from the animal, and carefully insert the endotracheal tube into the trachea.Once the tube has been secured, extend the left edge of the original skin incision down to the xiphoid process and across the midline to about one point five centimeters right of the midline. Next, use blunt dissection to retract the skin flap laterally exposing the underline musculature. And use vessel dilating forceps to isolate the insertion of the pectoralis major on the right side near the coddle aspect of the sternum.Cauterize and cut the muscle. Then cut through the pectoralis major along its attachment to the sternum. And undermine the latissimus dorsi on the same side.Retract the cut end cranially to reveal the ribs. And use a pair of sharp forceps to carefully dissect down through the intercostal muscle layers to enter the chest. Once the plural space has been opened, carefully insert the blunt tip vessel dilators and lift the chest wall with gentle upward force.Now, cut laterally along the intercostal muscles taking care not to cut the lung lobe and extend the incision medially, keeping three to four millimeters lateral of the midline to avoid the internal mammary artery running parallel to the sternum. Then place a saline-soaked small cotton-tipped applicator through the incision toward the midline and provide a gentle upward traction to pull the chest wall away from the underline structures. Carefully use a cautery to cut through the chest wall beginning at the medial edge of the incision and ending about one centimeter lateral of the midline on the left side.Once the tissue has been thoroughly cauterized, use scissors to carefully cut through the sternum. The apex of the heart should be clearly visible. Then, using blunt dissection, disrupt the pericardium and identify the caudal vena cava.To place the jugular vein catheter, orient a 30-gauge needle catheter attached to a syringe containing ten percent albumin such that the needle lies upon the jugular vein on its own, bevel side up. To visualize the jugular vein, grasp the needle with forceps in one hand and retract the salivary gland with tissue forceps in the other. Apply gentle traction to the tissue surrounding the diesel jugular vein to create tension on the vessel wall.Then, using a shallow angle of approach, carefully insert the needle into the vein and advance the tip three to four millimeters into the vessel. When the catheter is in position, secure the needle to the underline salivary glands using surgical glue and begin infusing the albumin solution. To place the pressure volume catheter, first, move a syringe containing equilibrated saline solution and the pressure volume catheter next to the mouse with the catheter tip at roughly the same height as the heart and zero the pressure reading.Next, using a saline-soaked small cotton-tipped applicator, maneuver the heart to visualize the apex and use a 25-gauge needle to make a stab incision as close to the center of the apex as possible. Following the removal of the needle, quickly but gently insert the catheter through the incision. The ventricular pressure volume loops can then be measured.Following the placement of the catheter, turn the anesthesia down to illuminate the cardio dipressive effects that the anesthesia may be having. If there was excessive blood loss during the procedure, you can simply increase the volume of albumin infused. By convention, the volume is plotted on the X-axis and the pressure on the y-axis.Pressure volume loops resulting from plotting the pressure against the volume should resemble a rectangle with the vertical edges representing the isovolumic changes in the pressure. The bottom horizontal side representing the ventricular filling through the mitral valve and the upper horizontal side representing the ventricular emptying through the aortic valve. In a healthy wild type mouse, left ventricular pressures of 90 to 110 millimeters of mercury are expected with a maximal rate of a maximum derivative of pressure of 8000 to 12000 millimeters of mercury per second.Further, one of the most common artifacts of measurement that can complicate the analysis of pressure volume data is catheter entrapment which is evident as a spike in pressure at the end of systole likely resulting from the direct compression of the pressure transducer by a papillary muscle or other dynamic structure within the ventricle. While performing this procedure, it is important to remember to continuously monitor the mouse to ensure a sufficient anesthetic depth. Once mastered, this technique can be completed in roughly an hour depending on the protocol used after the catheter placement.Following the completion of this procedure, infusions of experimental compounds can be used to assess their affects on cardiac function. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to surgically place a pressure volume catheter in the left ventricle of the mouse and obtain high quality pressure volume loops for cardiac analysis.

measuring-pressure-volume-loops-in-the-mouse

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Measuring Blood Pressure in Mice using Volume Pressure Recording, a Tail-cuff Method

The CODA 8-Channel High Throughput Non-Invasive Blood Pressure system measures the blood pressure in up to 8 mice or rats simultaneously. The CODA tail-cuff system uses Volume Pressure Recording (VPR) to measure the blood pressure by determining the tail blood volume. A specially designed differential pressure transducer and an occlusion tail-cuff measure the total blood volume in the tail without the need to obtain the individual pulse signal. Special attention is afforded to the length of the occlusion cuff in order to derive the most accurate blood pressure readings. VPR can easily obtain readings on dark-skinned rodents, such as C57BL6 mice and is MRI compatible. The CODA system provides you with measurements of six (6) different blood pressure parameters; systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, mean blood pressure, tail blood flow, and tail blood volume. Measurements can be made on either awake or anesthetized mice or rats. The CODA system includes a controller, laptop computer, software, cuffs, animal holders, infrared warming pads, and an infrared thermometer. There are seven different holder sizes for mice as small as 8 grams to rats as large as 900 grams.

The CODA 8-Channel High Throughput Non-Invasive Blood Pressure system measures the blood pressure in up to 8 mice or rats simultaneously. This tail-cuff system uses Volume Pressure Recording (VPR) to measure the blood pressure by determining the tail blood volume.

Cilt Basınç Kaydı, Kuyruk manşet Yöntemi kullanarak Fare Tansiyon Ölçüm

The CODA 8-Channel High Throughput Non-Invasive Blood Pressure system measures the blood pressure in up to 8 mice or rats simultaneously. The CODA ...

Biyoloji

Catheterization of Intestinal Loops in Ruminants

The intestine is a complex structure that is involved not only in absorption of nutrients, but also acts as a barrier between the individual and the outside world. As such, the intestine plays a pivotal role in immunosurveillance and protection from enteric pathogens. Investigating intestinal physiology and immunology commonly employs 'intestinal loops' as an experimental model. The majority of these loop models are non-recovery surgical procedures that study short-term (&lt;24 hr) changes in the intestine (1-3). We previously created a recovery intestinal loop model to specifically measure long-term (&lt;6 mo) immunological changes in the intestine of sheep following exposure to vaccines, adjuvants, and viruses (4). This procedure localized treatments to a specific 'loop', allowing us to sample this area of the intestine. A significant drawback of this method is the single window of opportunity to administer treatments (i.e. at the time of surgery). Furthermore, samples of both the intestinal mucosa and luminal contents can only be taken at the termination of the project. Other salient limitations of the above model are that the surgical manipulation and requisite post-operative measures (e.g. administration of antibiotics and analgesics) can directly affect the treatment itself and/or alter immune function, thereby confounding results. Therefore, we modified our intestinal loop model by inserting long-term catheters into the loops. Sheep recover fully from the procedure, and are unaffected by the exteriorized catheters. Notably, the establishment of catheters in loops allows us to introduce multiple treatments over an extended interval, following recovery from surgery and clearance of drugs administered during surgery and the post-operative period.

We describe a novel surgical method for catheterizing 'intestinal loops' within the ileum of sheep. Once animals have recovered from surgery and have cleared antibiotics and analgesics, multiple treatments can be deposited directly in loops via the catheters.

Ruminantlarda Bağırsak Döngüler kateterizasyonu

The intestine is a complex structure that is involved not only in absorption of nutrients, but also acts as a barrier between the individual and the ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

In vivo Görüntüleme ve Yumurtalık Kanseri Ortotopik Fare Modeli Tedavi Tedaviler

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span in 96 Well Microtiter Plates

Lifespan is a biological process regulated by several genetic pathways. One strategy to investigate the biology of aging is to study animals that harbor mutations in components of age-regulatory pathways. If these mutations perturb the function of the age-regulatory pathway and therefore alter the lifespan of the entire organism, they provide important mechanistic insights1-3.
Another strategy to investigate the regulation of lifespan is to use small molecules to perturb age-regulatory pathways. To date, a number of molecules are known to extend lifespan in various model organisms and are used as tools to study the biology of aging4-16. The number of molecules identified thus far is small compared to the genetic "toolset" that is available to study the biology of aging.
Caenorhabditis elegans is one of the principle models used to study aging because of its excellent genetics and short lifespan of three weeks. More recently, C.elegans has emerged as a model organism for phenotype based drug screens5,7,16-20 because of its small size and its ability to grow in microtiter plates.
Here we present an assay to measure C.elegans lifespan in 96 well microtiter plates. The assay was developed and successfully used to screen large libraries for molecules that extend C.elegans lifespan7. The reliability of the assay was evaluated in multiple tests: first, by measuring the lifespan of wild type animals grown at different temperatures; second, by measuring the lifespan of mutants with altered lifespans; third, by measuring changes in lifespan in response to different concentrations of the antidepressant Mirtazepine. Mirtazepine has previously been shown to extend lifespan in C.elegans7. The results of these tests show that the assay is able to replicate previous findings from other assays and is quantitative. The microtiter format also makes this lifespan assay compatible with automated liquid handling systems and allows integration into automated platforms.

Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span in 96 Well Microtiter Plates

In this protocol we present a method to measure Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan in 96 well microtiter plates.

Ölçme Caenorhabditis elegans 96 Şey microtiter Tabaklar Ömrü

Lifespan is a biological process regulated by several genetic pathways. One strategy to investigate the biology of aging is to study animals that harbor ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

İsteyerek Pluripotent Kök Hücrelerinin Elde Edilen Fare Üretimi

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient (Pf) of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

Studying AQP regulation mechanisms is crucial for the understanding of water relations at both the cellular and the whole plant levels. Presented here is a simple and very efficient method for the determination of the osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) in plant protoplasts, applicable in principle also to other spherical cells such as frog oocytes. The first step of the assay is the isolation of protoplasts from the plant tissue of interest by enzymatic digestion into a chamber with an appropriate isotonic solution. The second step consists of an osmotic challenge assay: protoplasts immobilized on the bottom of the chamber are submitted to a constant perfusion starting with an isotonic solution and followed by a hypotonic solution. The cell swelling is video recorded. In the third step, the images are processed offline to yield volume changes, and the time course of the volume changes is correlated with the time course of the change in osmolarity of the chamber perfusion medium, using a curve fitting procedure written in Matlab (the &#8216;PfFit&#8217;), to yield Pf.

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient Pf of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

Measuring the osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) of cells can help understand the regulatory mechanisms of aquaporins (AQPs). Pf determination in spherical plant cell protoplasts presented here involves protoplasts isolation and numerical analysis of their initial rate of volume change as a result of an osmotic challenge during constant bath perfusion.

Ozmotik Su Geçirgenliği Katsayısı (P Ölçme<sub&gt; F</sub&gt;) Küresel Hücreleri: Bir Örnek olarak İzole Bitki protoplastlan

Studying AQP regulation mechanisms is crucial for the understanding of water relations at both the cellular and the whole plant levels. Presented here is ...

Measuring Glutathione-induced Feeding Response in Hydra

Hydra is among the most primitive organisms possessing a nervous system and chemosensation for detecting reduced glutathione (GSH) for capturing the prey. The movement of prey organisms causes mechanosensory discharge of the stinging cells called nematocysts from hydra, which are inserted into the prey. The feeding response in hydra, which includes curling of the tentacles to bring the prey towards the mouth, opening of the mouth and consequent engulfing of the prey, is triggered by GSH present in the fluid released from the injured prey. To be able to identify the molecular mechanism of the feeding response in hydra which is unknown to date, it is necessary to establish an assay to measure the feeding response. Here, we describe a simple method for the quantitation of the feeding response in which the distance between the apical end of the tentacle and mouth of hydra is measured and the ratio of such distance before and after the addition of GSH is determined. The ratio, called the relative tentacle spread, was found to give a measure of the feeding response. This assay was validated using a starvation model in which starved hydra show an enhanced feeding response in comparison with daily fed hydra.

Here we describe a simple assay for the quantification of the feeding response in hydra induced by the reduced form of glutathione. This assay relies on measuring the distance between the apical end of the tentacle and mouth of hydra.

Hydra Glutatyon kaynaklı Besleme Tepki Ölçüm

Hydra is among the most primitive organisms possessing a nervous system and chemosensation for detecting reduced glutathione (GSH) for capturing the prey. ...

Cardiac Pressure-Volume Loop Analysis Using Conductance Catheters in Mice

Cardiac pressure-volume loop analysis is the &#8220;gold-standard&#8221; in the assessment of load-dependent and load-independent measures of ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Measures of ventricular contractility and compliance are obtained through examination of cardiac response to changes in afterload and preload. These techniques were originally developed nearly three decades ago to measure cardiac function in large mammals and humans. The application of these analyses to small mammals, such as mice, has been accomplished through the optimization of microsurgical techniques and creation of conductance catheters. Conductance catheters allow for estimation of the blood pool by exploiting the relationship between electrical conductance and volume. When properly performed, these techniques allow for testing of cardiac function in genetic mutant mouse models or in drug treatment studies. The accuracy and precision of these studies are dependent on careful attention to the calibration of instruments, systematic conduct of hemodynamic measurements and data analyses. We will review the methods of conducting pressure-volume loop experiments using a conductance catheter in mice.

Cardiac pressure-volume loop analysis is the most comprehensive way to measure cardiac function in the intact heart. We describe a technique to perform and analyze cardiac pressure volume loops, using conductance catheters.

Farelerde İletkenlik Balon Kullanımı kalp Basınç Hacim Döngüsü Analizi

Cardiac pressure-volume loop analysis is the &#8220;gold-standard&#8221; in the assessment of load-dependent and load-independent measures of ventricular ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile analytical tool for characterizing viscoelastic mechanical properties for a variety of materials ranging from hard (plastic, glass, metal, etc.) surfaces to cells on any substrate. It has been widely used to measure the stiffness of cells, but less frequently used to measure the stiffness of aortas. In this paper, we will describe the procedures for using AFM in contact mode to measure the ex vivo elastic modulus of unloaded mouse arteries. We describe our procedure for isolation of mouse aortas, and then provide detailed information for the AFM analysis. This includes step-by-step instructions for alignment of the laser beam, calibration of the spring constant and deflection sensitivity of the AFM probe, and acquisition of force curves. We also provide a detailed protocol for data analysis of the force curves.

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

We present detailed protocols for isolation of aortas from mouse and measurement of their elastic modulus using atomic force microscopy.

sertliği ölçme<em&gt; Ex Vivo</emAtomik Kuvvet Mikroskobu Kullanma&gt; Fare aorta

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...

The Mouse Isolated Perfused Kidney Technique

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a prerequisite for studying the physiology of the isolated organ and for many innovative applications that may be possible in the future, including perfusion decellularization for kidney bioengineering or the administration of anti-rejection or genome-editing drugs in high doses to prime the kidney for transplantation. During the time of the perfusion, the kidney can be manipulated, renal function can be assessed, and various pharmaceuticals administered. After the procedure, the kidney can be transplanted or processed for molecular biology, biochemical analysis, or microscopy.
This paper describes the perfusate and the surgical technique needed for the ex vivo perfusion of mouse kidneys. Details of the perfusion apparatus are given and data are presented showing the viability of the kidney&#39;s preparation: renal blood flow, vascular resistance, and urine data as functional, transmission electron micrographs of different nephron segments as morphological readouts, and western blots of transport proteins of different nephron segments as molecular readout.

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. The buffers and surgical technique are described in detail.

Fare İzole perfüze Böbrek Tekniği

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a ...